CHAPTER 1

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD

Objectives:

At the end of the topic, the readers are expected to:

1. Understand how science and technology has changed over the past
centuries.
2. Describe the roles of the different sectors of the society in the
development of science across ages.
3. Enumerate the technological advancements from ancient age to
date.
4. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect
society and environment.
5. Explain the importance of the social media sites to modern day
living.
6. Be familiar with the important key elements in the communication
process.

Three age system

The Three Age System is widely considered archaeology's first

paradigm: a convention established in the early 19th century that said
prehistory could be subdivided into three parts, based on technological
advances in weaponry and tools: in chronological order, they are Stone
Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age.

Stone Age

It is typically broken into three distinct periods: the Paleolithic

Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period.

Stone Age People

They are usually depicted as cavemen who only carry clubs. While
Stone Age tools were not as complex as what we find in later periods,
they were more developed than just a big stick used to beat something.
In fact, as we will see, the Stone Age people not only used more complex
tools than this, but were responsible for inventing various necessities we
use every day.
Paleolithic Period

The Paleolithic (the ‘Old Stone Age') is the earliest part of

the Stone Age, one of the periods of the Paleolithic, was the
beginning of human history and saw the invention, and
discovery, of many new necessities and commodities that we
enjoy today--read on to learn more about the development of
these technologies and inventions.

Paleolithic divides into three stages:

 Earlier Stone Age (ESA) or Lower Paleolithic (LP),

 Middle Stone Age (MSA) or Middle Paleolithic (MP)
 Later Stone Age (LSA) or Upper Paleolithic (UP).

Lower Paleolithic

The emergence of stone tool technology

represents — in hindsight — a momentous step in
human evolution. With sharp flakes and simple core
tools, early hominids could easily slice through the
thickened hides of larger-bodied animals (e.g.,
antelope and zebra), and readily access nutritious
meat, organs, and marrow.

Middle Paleolithic

MSA/MP technologies are associated with the

emergence of the most human of adaptations —
cumulative culture. In prior periods, technological
skills are widely attributed to individual trial-and-
error learning, perhaps coupled with a smidgen of
social facilitation (i.e., acquiring rudimentary
technological knowledge simply by associating with
other toolmakers).

Upper Paleolithic

Numerous highly sophisticated technologies

begin to flicker through the African archaeological
record. These innovations suddenly appear, persist
 for relatively short periods of time, and then
disappear for millennia before suddenly emerging
again. It is perhaps akin to repeatedly turning over a
stalled engine — one that just fails to start each time.

Mesolithic Period

The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age is an

archaeological term used to describe specific cultures that
fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods.

 The use of small chipped stone tools called microliths

and retouched bladelets are the key factor to identify the
Mesolithic as a prehistoric period.
 Mesolithic people likely continued the art forms
developed during the Upper Paleolithic Period, including
cave paintings and engravings , small sculptural artifacts
, and early megalithic architecture.

Neolithic Period

The term Neolithic Period refers to the last stage of the Stone
Age - a term coined in the late 19th century CE by scholars
which covers three different periods: Paleolithic, Mesolithic,
and Neolithic. The Neolithic period is significant for its
megalithic architecture, the spread of agricultural practices,
and the use of polished stone tools.

Bronze Age

Bronze Age, period in the development of technology when metals

were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure
copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately
at first; this early period is sometimes called the Copper Age. Thanks to
the agricultural development of the Neolithic Era in the Stone Age, people
of the past could settle in a permanent community, specialize in their
work, and use their free time to study the world around them. This is
how the Bronze Age came to be; experimentation with metals produced a
strong new substance called bronze. This substance further spurred new
developments. Let's take a look at some of the remarkable innovations of
that time.
Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the
prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone
Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic) and the Bronze
Age. The concept has been mostly applied to Europe and the Ancient
Near East, and, by analogy, also to other parts of the Old World.

Scientific Revolution (1440-1690 AD)

This period refers to the great scientific intellectual achievements

that leads to radical changes inquire. Some of the important
contributions to this scientific revolution are the following:

1. Universal model (Nicholas Copernicus

Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the
center of the Solar System. Such a model is called a heliocentric
system.

2. Law of Planetary Motion (Johannes Kepler)

All planets move about the Sun in elliptical.

3. Work of Motion (Galileo Galilei)

Galileo measured that all bodies accelerate at the same rate

regardless of their size or mass. Key among his investigations is
developed the concept of motion in terms of velocity (speed and
direction) through the use of inclined planes.

4. Law of Motion (Isaac Newton)

Law of inertia - Every object in a state of uniform motion

tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force
is applied to it.
Acceleration - the relationship between an object's mass, its
acceleration, and the applied force.
Action-Reaction - For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
 5. Law of Universal Gravitation

The Law of Universal Gravitation states that every point

mass attracts every other point mass in the universe by a force
pointing in a straight line between the centers-of-mass of both
points, and this force is proportional to the masses of the
objects and inversely proportional to their separation This
attractive force always points inward, from one point to the
other. The Law applies to all objects with masses, big or small.
Two big objects can be considered as point-like masses, if the
distance between them is very large compared to their sizes or
if they are spherically symmetric. For these cases the mass of
each object can be represented as a point mass located at its
center-of-mass.

Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1895 AD)

Industrial Revolution generally covers the complex technological

innovations that led to substitution of machines and inanimate power for
human skill and human and animal forces, respectively.

 The term Industrial Revolution, like similar historical concepts, is

more convenient than precise.
 It is convenient because history requires division into periods for
purposes of understanding and instruction and because there were
sufficient innovations at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries to
justify the choice of this as one of the periods.
 The term is imprecise, however, because the Industrial Revolution
has no clearly defined beginning or end. Moreover, it is misleading
if it carries the implication of a once-for-all change from a
“preindustrial” to a “postindustrial” society, because, as has been
seen, the events of the traditional Industrial Revolution had been
well prepared in a mounting tempo of industrial, commercial, and
technological activity from about 1000 CE and led into a
continuing acceleration of the processes of industrialization that is
still proceeding in our own time.
 The term Industrial Revolution must thus be employed with some
care. It is used below to describe an extraordinary quickening in
the rate of growth and change and, more particularly, to describe
the first 150 years of this period of time, as it will be convenient to
pursue the developments of the 20th century separately
18th to 19th Century

This emerging modern world was driven by an unending stream of

new products turned out by factories employing radically new
technologies, skills, and organization. Technological innovations, being
the most tangible results of this new, accelerated mode of reproduction,
were soon understood to represent the rationale of nascent industrial
society. Never before in history and never within a single lifetime had so
much novel material culture been produced. This sudden leap of
productive potential puzzled contemporaries and continues to preoccupy
historians.

20th Century

Science advanced dramatically during the 20th century. There were new
and radical developments in the physical, life and human sciences,
building on the progress made in the 19th century. The development of
post-Newtonian theories in physics, such as special relativity, general
relativity, and quantum mechanics led to the development of nuclear
weapons. New models of the structure of the atom led to developments in
theories of chemistry and the development of new materials such as
nylon and plastics. Advances in biology led to large increases in food
production, as well as the elimination of diseases such as polio. A
massive amount of new technologies were developed in the 20th century.
Technologies such as electricity, the incandescent light bulb, the
automobile and the phonograph, first developed at the end of the 19th
century, were perfected and universally deployed. The development of the
television and computers caused massive changes in the dissemination
of information.

Information Age

The Information Age is the idea that access to and the control of
information is the defining characteristic of this current era in human
civilization.

 The Information Age, also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age
and the New Media Age, is coupled tightly with the advent of
personal computers and gadgets.
 More technological changes, such as the development of fiber optic
cables and faster microprocessors, accelerated the transmission
and processing of information.
 The World Wide Web, used initially by companies as an electronic
billboard for their products and services, morphed into an
interactive consumer exchange for goods and information.
  Electronic mail (email), which permitted near-instant exchange of
information, was widely adopted as the primary platform for
workplace and personal communications.
 The digitization of information has had a profound impact on
traditional media businesses, such as book publishing, the music
industry and more recently the major television and cable
networks.

The Rise of Digital Age

With the advent of modern technologies, printing presses are not

the only tool used in spreading information. Computers, cellphones,
computer printers, digital camera, etc. are now readily available to pass
information from one individual to another from here to even faraway
places.

Computer

A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out

sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via
computer programming. Modern computers have the ability to follow
generalized sets of operations, called programs. These programs
enable computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A
"complete" computer including the hardware, the operating system
(main software), and peripheral equipment required and used for
"full" operation can be referred to as a computer system. This term
may as well be used for a group of computers that are connected
and work together, in particular a computer network or computer
cluster.

Internet
Alternatively referred to as the net or web, the Internet
(interconnected network) was initially developed to aid in the
progress of computing technology by linking academic computer
centers. The Internet we use today started being developed in the
late 1960s with the start of ARPANET and transmitted its first
message on Friday, October 29, 1969. In 1993, the Internet
experienced one of its largest growths to date and today is accessible
by people all over the world.

World Wide Web

World Wide Web (WWW), byname the Web, the leading

information retrieval service of the Internet (the worldwide computer
network). The Web gives users access to a vast array of documents
that are connected to each other by means of hypertext or
hypermedia links, hyperlinks, electronic connections that link
related pieces of information in order to allow a user easy access to
them. Hypertext allows the user to select a word or phrase from text
and thereby access other documents that contain additional
information pertaining to that word or phrase. Hypermedia
documents feature links to images, sounds, animations, and
movies. The Web operates within the Internet’s basic client-server
format; servers are computer programs that store and transmit
documents to other computers on the network when asked to, while
clients are programs that request documents from a server as the
user asks for them. Browser software allows users to view the
retrieved documents.

Electronic Mail

Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored

on a computer that is exchanged between two users over
telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message that may
contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a
network to a specified individual or group of individuals.

Facebook

Facebook is a social networking site that makes it easy for you

to connect and share with family and friends online. Originally
designed for college students, Facebook was created in 2004 by
Mark Zuckerberg while he was enrolled at Harvard University. By
2006, anyone over the age of 13 with a valid email address could
join Facebook. Today, Facebook is the world's largest social
network, with more than 1 billion users worldwide.

Twitter

Twitter is known as a micro-blogging site. Blogging has been

around for some time. Usually blogging consists of people setting up
basic websites where they write about whatever they want, whether
it is politics, sport, cooking, fashion etc. Posting a message is known
as a tweet. People make connections by following other people’s
twitter feeds. Once you click follow, anything that person or
organization says will appear on your timeline. You can tweet a
person by putting the @ symbol before their username.
Messenger

Messenger is a FREE mobile messaging app used for instant

messaging, sharing photos, videos, audio recordings and for group
chats. The app, which is free to download, can be used to
communicate with your friends on Facebook and with your phone
contacts.

Functions:

 Instant messaging
 Photo/video
 Sharing Group chats – users can chat with their Facebook friends
and phone book contacts
 Ability to record voice messages
 Live video chat // video calling

Youtube

YouTube is a free video sharing website that makes it easy to

watch online videos. You can even create and upload your own
videos to share with others. Originally created in 2005, YouTube is
now one of the most popular sites on the Web, with visitors
watching around 6 billion hours of video every month.

Functions:

 Users can search for and watch videos

 Create a personal YouTube channel
 Upload videos to your channel
 Like/Comment/share other YouTube videos
 Users can subscribe/follow other YouTube channels and users
 Create playlists to organize videos and group videos together

Google

Originally known as BackRub. Google is a search engine that

started development in 1996 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page as a
research project at Stanford University to find files on the Internet.
Larry and Sergey later decided the name of their search engine
needed to change and decide upon Google, which is inspired from
the term googol. The company headquarters is currently based out
of Mountain View, California.

Instagram

Instagram was started in San Francisco by Kevin Systrom and

Mike Krieger, who initially tried creating a platform similar to
Foursquare but then turned their attention exclusively to photo
sharing. The word Instagram is an amalgam of "instant camera" and
"telegram."

Instagram is a free, online photo-sharing application and social

network platform that was acquired by Facebook in 2012. Instagram
allows users to edit and upload photos and short videos through a
mobile app. Users can add a caption to each of their posts and use
hashtags and location-based geotags to index these posts and make
them searchable by other users within the app. Each post by a user
appears on their followers' Instagram feeds and can also be viewed
by the public when tagged using hashtags or geotags. Users also
have the option of making their profile private so that only their
followers can view their posts