Logic Formulation

Jhune Hay L. Mitra

Instructor 1
DCIT21
Programming Cycle
Problem Definition

Problem Analysis

Algorithm Development

Coding and Debugging

Algorithm
a step-by-step problem-solving procedure
finite sequence of steps for solving a logical or
mathematical problem
a specific set of well-defined, simple mathematical
and logical procedures that can be followed to
solve a problem in a finite number of steps
Algorithm
 Guide to a good Algorithm

1. Specify each step or instruction exactly.

2. There must be a finite number of steps.
3. There must be an output.
 Pseudocodes
generic way of describing an algorithm
without the use of any specific programming
language syntax
models and resembles real programming
code
while not at end of list Enter Age
compare adjacent elements If(age>18)
if second is greater than first printf(“\n Qualified to vote);
switch them else
get next two elements print(“Too young”)
if elements were switched
repeat for entire list
Flowchart
a chart that contains symbols referring to computer operations, describing how
the program performs

a graphic map of the path of control or data through the operations in a

program or an information-handling system

 symbols such as squares, diamonds, and ovals represent various operations

 thesesymbols are connected by lines and arrows to indicate the flow of data or
control from one point to another
Flowchart Symbols
Terminal block

Process block

Input/output block

Decision block

Initialization block

Connector

Flow Lines
Flowchart Symbols

Flow Lines
 indicated by straight lines with arrows to show the direction of data flow
 the arrowhead is sometimes not shown when the direction of flow is clear
 used to connect blocks by exiting from one and entering another
Flowchart Symbols
Terminal block
 ovals or rounded rectangles used to indicate the start and the end of a
module or program
 an oval is labeled with the name of the module at the start
 the end is indicated by the word end or stop for the top or Control Module

START

END
Flowchart Symbols
Initialization block

used for declaring / initializing variables

needed to solve a certain process
Declaration:
binding of an identifier to the information that
relates to it
stating a variable name to be used X = 10
Y = 25
Initialization:
to set (a starting value of a variable)
to prepare (a computer or a printer) for use; boot
to format (a storage medium, such as a disk)
Flowchart Symbols
Process block
 the rectangle indicates a processing block
 has one entrance and one exit

X=Y+Z
A = 18
B=A-2
Flowchart Symbols
Input / Output block
 the parallelogram indicates input to and output operations
 has one entrance and only one exit

Get X Display X
Flowchart Symbols
Decision block
 the diamond indicates a decision
 has one entrance and exactly two exits from the block

T F
Condition

Action when Action when

TRUE FALSE
Flowchart Symbols

Connectors
 the circle is used as a connection point between two sections of a
flowchart that are not adjacent or closely located to each other
 used to enhance readability

A
Flowchart: Example 1
 Create a flowchart that displays your age five years from now.

Start

Age = 18

Age = Age + 5

Display Age

Stop
Flowchart: Example 2
Create a flowchart that will increase the value of
the number by 5 if it is greater than 10 and display
the result; otherwise no action shall be done Start

x=0

Get x

Yes No
x > 10?

x=x+5

Display x

Stop
Flowchart: Example 3
 Create
a flowchart that displays the user’s name, birthday, age, gender, and phone
number. Your flowchart should display the variables with the following format:

Name: ??????
Age: ??
BDay: ?????????
Gender: ?
Phone#: ???????
Flowchart: Example 3
 Answer: Start

Name=“”
BDay=“”
Age=0
Gender=‘ ’
Pno=“|”

Get Name, BDay,

Age, Gender, Pno

Display “Name:” Name

“Age:” Age
“BDay:” BDay
“Gender:” Gender
“Phone#:” Pno

Stop
Flowchart: Example 4
 Createa flowchart that will compute for the Average score of a student based
on three quizzes. The quiz scores are integers that may range from 0 to 100 and
are entered by the user. The Average may be a decimal number.

 Example:
Q1: 98
Q2: 79
Q3: 88
Ave is 83.33
Flowchart: Example 4
 Answer:

Start

Set Sum, Ave,

Q1, Q2, Q3 to 0

Get Q1, Q2, Q3

Sum=Q1+Q2+Q3
Ave=Sum/3

Display Ave

Stop
Flowchart: Exercise 1
 Create a flowchart that computes for the circumference of a circle.
 Assume the following values:
 Radius = 7.23
 Pi = 3.1416

 Your flowchart should be able to show the value of the circumference.

 You can compute the circumference by using the formula: 2piR.
Flowchart: Exercise 2
 Draw a flowchart for a college’s admissions office with the following
specifications:
 Allow the user to input the student’s high school GPA and admission test score
 Print the message “Accept” if the student has a grade point average of 3.0 or above
and an admission test score of at least 60
 If the student does not meet either of the qualification criteria, print “Reject”
Flowchart: Exercise 3
 Create a flowchart that will increase the value of the number by 5 if it is
greater than 10 and display the result. Otherwise, multiply the value by 5
and display the result.
Conditional Statements
 Conditions
 are statements that result to a Boolean value.
 Boolean value
 may either be a TRUE or FALSE, 0 or 1 value
 Operators which give Boolean value as results:
 Logical Operators
 Relational Operators
Conditional Statements
Basic Logical Operators

Logical
Operators
AND OR

NOT
Conditional Statements
 NOT operator
 reverses the logic or result of a certain condition

Condition A !A

F T

T F
Conditional Statements
 AND/OR truth table
Condition a Condition b a AND b a OR b
F F F F

F T F T

T F F T

T T T T
Conditional Statements: Exercise1

Condition Condition Condition a AND b AND c a OR b OR c

a b c
F F F
F F T
F T F
F T T
T F F
T F T
T T F
T T T
Conditional Statements
Relational Operators
 compare two values and returns a Boolean value depending on whether the
test condition is true or false

< Less than

> Greater than
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
== Is equal to
!= Not equal to
<> Not equal to
Conditional Statements: Exercise 2
X Y X<Y X>Y X <= Y X >= Y X == Y X != Y

5 17 T F T F F T

18 4 F T F T F T

12 12 F F T T T F

30 31 T F T F F T
Conditional Statements

Conditions inside a decision box must:

 either result to TRUE or FALSE
 be represented in a mathematical form

Is variable X
X < 20? less than 20?
Conditional Statements
Single Alternative Selection Structure
 A decision box may not necessarily have to do something for both the TRUE path
and the FALSE path

T F
Conditional Statements
Dual Alternative Selection Structure
 This performs two different things when the condition is TRUE or FALSE

T F
Conditional Statements: Exercise 3
1. Draw a flowchart that will ask the user to enter a character (either ‘M’ or ‘F’) to
indicate the user’s gender (Male or Female).
 Display “Male” if the user enters the value of ‘M’ and “Female” for the value of ‘F’
 Assume all inputs are correct
2. Draw a flowchart that will ask the user to input the values of four variables, A, B,
C, and D
 Print “TRUE” if A is greater than B, and C is less than D Print “FALSE” if otherwise
Conditional Statements
 Multiple Decision Boxes

Start

x=0

Get x

Yes
x == 1? Disp “Hello”
No
Yes Disp “Hi”
x == 2?
No Stop
Yes
x == 3? Disp “Bye”

No
Disp “Invalid”
Conditional Statements
Using Decision Box with Ranges
 Example:
 Create a flowchart that would print the name of the supervisor under a certain
department number.

Department Number Supervisor

1-3 Mr. X
4-7 Mr. Y
8-9 Mr. Z
Conditional Statements
 Solution #1:

Start

Dept = 0

Get Dept

Yes
Dept <= 3? Disp “Mr. X”
No
Yes
Dept <= 7? Disp “Mr. Y” Stop

No
Disp “Mr. Z”
Conditional Statements
 Solution #2:
Start

Dept = 0

Get Dept

Yes
Dept <= 8? Disp “Mr. Z”
No
Yes
Dept <= 4? Disp “Mr. Y” Stop

No
Disp “Mr. X”
Conditional Statements: Exercise 4
 Draw a flowchart that will print the student’s letter grade given the following
specifications:

90 – 100 = A
80 – 89 = B
70 – 79 = C
60 – 69 = D
below 60 = F
Looping Constructs
What is a Loop?
 It is a set of program instructions that executes repeatedly until a condition is
satisfied.

Loop

Run True +*-/%

Condition Variable User Input

Stop False Initialization

Looping Constructs
Repetition Structure
 Also referred to as a loop or iteration
 repeats one or more instructions until a certain condition is met

Yes
X>Y?
Process A
No
Looping Constructs

Yes
X < Y? Display X
No

Yes
X < Y? Display X X=X+1
No
Looping Constructs
 Pre-test repetition structure
 The condition is tested BEFORE any actions are performed
 if the condition does not exist, the loop will never begin and the actions inside the
loop will not be executed
Looping Constructs
 Post-test repetition structure
 The condition is tested AFTER the actions are performed
 always performs its actions at least once

Display X

X=X+1

Yes
X < Y?
No
Looping Constructs: Example 1
 Create a flowchart that will display the following result that the variable is
initialized to 5
Start
 Output:
5 X=5
4
3 Yes
X > 0? Disp X
2 No
1 Disp “Done” X=X-1
Done
Stop
Looping Constructs: Example 2
 Create a flowchart that will print a series of numbers based on what was entered
by the user.

Start

X, Y

Get X, Y

Yes
X<Y X=X+1
No
Disp “Done” Disp X

Stop
Looping Constructs: Example 3
 Create a flowchart that will print the sum of all even numbers from 1 - 100.
Start

SUM,
CTR = 0

Yes
CTR < 100? SUM = SUM + CTR
No
CTR = CTR + 2
Disp SUM

Stop
Looping Constructs: Example 4
 Create a flowchart that will print the sum of all odd numbers from 1 - 100.
Start

SUM = 0
CTR = 1

Yes CTR = CTR + 2

CTR < 100?

No
SUM = SUM + CTR
Disp SUM

Stop
Looping Constructs: Example 5
 Create a flowchart that prints your name five times.

Start

Name=“”
Ctr=1

Get Name

Yes
Ctr<=5 Ctr=Ctr+1

No

Stop Disp Name

Looping Constructs – Multiple Loops
Looping Constructs – Multiple Loops
 Multiple loops
 are useful if there is a need to perform repetitive tasks
 when there is a need to perform user input validations
Looping Constructs – Multiple Loops
Start

Gen=“”
Ctr=1

No
Ctr<=5

Yes
Disp Stop
Get Gen
‘Invalid’

Yes Gen!=‘M’
AND
Gen!=‘F’

No
Yes No
Gen==‘M’

Disp ‘Male’ Disp ‘Female’

Ctr=Ctr+1