DEMO VERSION FLD12

COMPLEX POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER LEAKAGE FLUX

USER’S MANUAL

It is recommended to download the user’s manual for the full version of the program before
proceeding, http://home.broadpark.no/~oddwalte/fld12.doc

The demo version is stored in only one directory and does not support all the features of the full
version, but most of the information applies for both. The demo can also be stored on a memory stick
and run from there.

A major revision of the full version has also been made. It is now more similar to the demo.

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

The demo version of FLD12 is restricted to two layers (windings), whereas the full version can have
up to 30. Connections are restricted to wye, delta and single phase.

FLD12 calculates vector potentials as complex numbers. That is of particular importance when sheet
windings are present, and when there are phase shift connections. The program calculates reactance,
losses and forces in core type transformers with only the most essential information as input. Design
program TRA1 generates input automatically for FLD12.

The earlier scalar potential program FLD5 with the same input and output has now been superseded by
FLD12, because the faster calculation time with FLD5 is no longer an issue.

All the author’s programs run under Command Prompt, which can be found under Windows
Accessories. Fortran 77 is used for technical calculations. It is particularly well suited, because
individual bits can be used for storage, and complex numbers can be easily used as variables.
Individual bits suffice for variables of the yes/no type. Visual Basic 2008 has been used for graphics.

COMMAND PROMPT ENVIRONMENT

The Command Prompt window should be maximized and the size adjusted to fill the screen after right
clicking the top title bar. Cursor size small and letter size 12x16 pixels are recommended.
Since many PC users are not familiar with Command Prompt, here are some hints and frequently used
commands. The commands are examples and may be modified in obvious manners. Large and small
letters are interchangeable.

Commands given once on startup, perhaps in a STARTUP.BAT file:

Other commands:
C: Moves to unit C or another unit.
CD\ Changes to base directory.
MD GRAPHICS Makes directory GRAPHICS.
CD\GRAPHICS Changes directory to GRAPHICS, just below the base directory.
COPY OLD.INP NEW.INP Copies old file OLD.INP to a new file NEW.INP.
COPY /? Explains options available for command COPY.
REN OLD.INP NEW.INP Renames OLD.INP as NEW.INP.
DEL OLD.INP Deletes OLD.INP.
DIR *.INP Lists all files in the directory with extension INP.
DIR *.I?? Lists all files in the directory with three letter extension starting with I.
START NOTEPAD OUTPUT Invokes Windows program NOTEPAD with file OUTPUT.

RUNNING THE DEMO INPUT

Here all the Command Prompt commands and file names will be in capital letters. However, they are
case insensitive, and small letters can also be used.

To run the program with input file DEMO.INP, enter:

RUN DEMO.INP

After a few seconds, a flux plot with 25 flux lines appears on the screen. It has been drawn on a Visual
Basic Form. If the picture appears to be cropped or too small, adjust the file SIZESCR.FIL. At the
same time a bitmap picture file PLOTFILE.BMP has been produced. Close the form and enter
command:

PLOT

The flux plot now reappears in a standard Windows program. The tic-marks to the left and at the
bottom show the positions of horizontal and vertical finite element grid lines. The windings are red. In
other cases, winding segments which don’t carry current will be green.

If it is now desired to print the flux plot, crop the picture file first to remove empty space and save it.
Microsoft Office Picture Manager or Microsoft Paint can be used for that. Rather than printing it
directly, it is recommended to transfer the picture file to Microsoft Word. Here it can easily be resized
and comments added before printing.
Output is stored in file OUTPUT. To display it on the screen, enter:

FILE OUTPUT

Batch command FILE starts the standard Windows program NOTEPAD. It will be used here for
viewing, editing and printing text files. The first time it is invoked, it should be set to Courier New
size 9, word wrap, and to no top and bottom extra text when printing. The window should always be
maximized.

To display the finite element grid on the screen, enter:

NEW INPUT

The demo input file can be viewed with the command:

FILE DEMO.INP

What the numbers mean can be found on the input sheets in the manual, pages 5 and 6. For an
explanation of what else can be done with the input file, copy it first to a new file with the command:

COPY DEMO.INP NEW.INP

Introduce headings with the command:

HEADINGS NEW.INP

To see how the file now has been modified, enter:

FILE NEW.INP

The abbreviated headings on the input file also explain the numbers. With a little experience, that
explanation suffices to enter new numbers and to make up new input files.

Old input as similar as possible is first copied to a new input file. Then headings are introduced and
the file changed. Numbers always start in columns 1, 11, 21 and so on. They can be entered with or
without decimal point.

Before the new file can be run, the headings must be removed. Do this first with:

CLEANUP NEW.INP

A file without headings can have headings introduced and be viewed at the same time with:

HEADFILE NEW.INP
Headings can also be removed and the file run at the same time with:

CLEANRUN NEW.INP

An input file in a different format is in:

INPUT.FIL

It consists of lines with a more detailed explanation, followed by a comma and a value. The comma is
interpreted as a delimiter and must be the only one on the line. INPUT.FIL can be copied to a new file,
where also more terminals, layers and segments can be added in the same format:

COPY INPUT.FIL INPNEW.FIL

Then a standard input file NEW.INP can be created with the command:

INPUT INPNEW.FIL NEW.INP

Input must be entered very carefully. Small mistakes like a comma instead of a decimal point or a
number starting in the wrong column are not tolerated. Some mistakes are caught by the program and
are explained on the output. Another way to catch mistakes is by giving a command such as:

CHECK NEW.INP

The input must here be in the standard format, without headings. A picture similar to a flux plot, but
without flux lines, will be displayed on the screen. Mistakes with the geometry can be caught this way.

OTHER CALCULATIONS

DEMO.INP calculated only half the window height because of symmetry. Without symmetry, the full
height must be calculated. Repeat the calculations with:

RUN FULLHGT.INP

After studying the flux plot and the normal output, a post processor can now be run to find ideal
locations of crossover (transposition) points of parallel conductors:

LOCATIONS

Some manufacturers make these crossover points evenly spaced, but since the axial flux density is not
uniform, this can lead to quite high losses due to circulating currents. Ideally, spacings should be
inversely proportional to average axial flux density.
What happens when the transformer has a sheet winding is demonstrated with:

RUN SHEETWDG.INP

It can be seen how flux lines are forced to flow axially, except at the ends. Radial flux through the
sheet winding will be almost zero because of induced eddy currents.

The current density distribution is very non uniform in sheet windings. It can be studied with
command:

GRAPH

To get a more uniform distribution, the sheet winding should be made longer than the high voltage
winding.

Some other calculations have been made to demonstrate the full program with more than two layers.
Only the flux plots are shown here. Give commands:

START DEMO-1.BMP
START DEMO-2.BMP