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WHY 8279???
WHAT WE KNOW,
8255 can be used in interfacing keyboards and displays.
The disadvantages of this method of interfacing keyboard and
display is that the processor has to refresh the display and check
the status of the keyboard periodically
using polling technique.
 Thus a considerable amount of CPU time is wasted, reducing
the system operating speed.
 Intel’s 8279 is a general purpose keyboard display
controller that simultaneously drives the display of a
system and interfaces a keyboard with the CPU, leaving it
free for its routine task.

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Keyboard segment
Scans the keyboard, Display segment
detects key press It puts data from
transmits to CPU the CPU to display
the characteristic s
of key
devices

8279

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 • Connected to a 64 contact key matrix
• Keyboard entries and debounced and
stored in FIFO
Keyboard • Interrupt signal is generated with each
segment entry

• 16character scanned display

• 16x8 R/W memory ( RAM )
Display • Right entry or left entry
segment

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 KEYBOARD

BLOCK
MPU
DIA SCAN
INTERFACE
8279

DISPLAY

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 A set of
eight output
A set of four lines for
scan lines interfacing
and eight display
return lines
The keyboard for
display interfacing
controller keyboard
chip 8279
provides IIE - SAP
 • The I/O control section controls the flow of data to/from
I/O the 8279
Control • The I/O section is enabled only if CS is low.
• The pins A0, RD and WR select the command, status or
and data read/write operations carried out by the CPU with
Data 8279.
Buffers : • The data buffers interface the external bus of the system
with internal bus of 8279.

Control • These registers store the keyboard and display modes and
and other operating conditions programmed by CPU.
Timing • The registers are written with A0=1 and WR=0. The
Timing and control unit controls the basic timings for the
Register operation of the circuit.
and • Scan counter divide down the operating frequency of
Timing 8279 to derive scan keyboard and scan display
Control : frequencies.
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 • The scan counter has two modes to scan
the key matrix and refresh the display.
• In the encoded mode, the counter provides
binary count that is to be externally decoded
to provide the scan lines for keyboard and
display
Scan • Four externally decoded scan lines may drive
upto 16 displays.
Counter • In the decode scan mode, the counter
: internally decodes the least significant 2 bits
and provides a decoded 1 out of 4 scan on
SL0-SL3
• Four internally decoded scan lines may drive
upto 4 displays.
• The keyboard and display both are in the
same mode atIIE -aSAPtime.
 Return
Buffers • This section scans for a key closure row wise. If a
and key closer is detected, the keyboard debounce
unit debounces the key entry (i.e. wait for 10 ms).
Keyboard
• After the debounce period, if the key continues to
De- be detected, The code of key is directly
bounce transferred to the sensor RAM along with SHIFT
and and CONTROL key status.
Control:

Display
Address • The display address register holds the address
of the word currently being written or read by
Register the CPU to or from the display RAM.
s and • The contents of the registers are automatically
Display updated by 8279 to accept the next data entry
RAM : by CPU.
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 • In keyboard or strobed input mode, this block
acts as 8-byte first-in-firstout (FIFO) RAM.
• Each key code of the pressed key is entered
in the order of the entry and in the mean
time read by the CPU, till the RAM become
empty.
• The status logic generates an interrupt after
FIFO/Sensor each FIFO read operation till the FIFO is
RAM and empty.
Status Logic:
• In scanned sensor matrix mode, this unit acts
as sensor RAM.
• Each row of the sensor RAM is loaded with
the status of the corresponding row of
sensors in the matrix.
• If a sensor changes its state, the IRQ line goes
high to interrupt the CPU.
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• Scanned Operating
keyboard mode modes of 8279
• Scanned sensor • Display scan
matrix mode • Display entry
•
• Strobed input
mode
INPUT ( OUTPUT
keyboard) (display )
MODES MODES

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 Scanned Keyboard
Mode : 2 key
This mode allows a key lock out
matrix to be interfaced
using either encoded or
decoded scans.
encoded scan 8*8
keyboard,
decoded scan  4*8 N – key
keyboard. roll over
The code of key pressed
with SHIFT and
CONTROL is stored in
FIFO RAM.

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 2 key
lock out

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When a key is pressed, a debounce logic comes into operation. During the
next two scans, other keys are checked for closure and if no other key is
pressed the first pressed key is identified.

The key code is entered with SHIFT and CNTL status, provided the FIFO is
not full, i.e. it has at least one byte free. If not free, data will not be entered
and the error flag is set.

If FIFO has at least one byte free, the above code is entered into it and the
8279 generates an interrupt on IRQ line to the CPU to inform about the
previous key closures.

A key code is entered to FIFO only once for each valid depression,
independent of other keys pressed along with it, or released before it.

If two keys are pressed within a debounce cycle (simultaneously ), no key is

recognized till one of them remains closed and the other is released. The
last key, that remains depressed is considered
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as single valid key depression.
 N2–key
key
roll
lockover
out

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Scanned Keyboard with N-Key Rollover : In
this mode, each key depression is treated
independently.

When a key is pressed, the debounce circuit

waits for 2 keyboards scans and then checks
whether the key is still depressed. If it is still
depressed, the code is entered in FIFO RAM.
Any number of keys can be pressed
simultaneously and recognized in the order,
the keyboard scan recorded them. All the
codes of such keys are entered into FIFO.

In this mode, the first pressed key need not be

released before the second is pressed.

All the keys are sensed in the order of their

depression, rather in the order the keyboard
scan senses them, IIEand
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independent of the
order of their release.
Scanned Keyboard Special Error Mode :
This mode is valid only under the N-Key rollover mode.
This mode is programmed using end interrupt / error
mode set command.
If during a single debounce period ( two keyboard scans )
two keys are found pressed , this is considered a
simultaneous depression and an error flag is set.
This flag, if set, prevents further writing in FIFO but
allows the generation of further interrupts to the CPU
for FIFO read.
The error flag can be read by reading
the FIFO status word. The error Flag is reset by sending
normal clear command with CF = 1.

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Scanned Sensor Matrix :
 In this mode, a sensor array can be interfaced with 8279 using either
encoded or decoded scans. With encoded scan 8*8 sensor matrix or
with decoded scan 4*8 sensor matrix can be interfaced.
 The sensor codes are stored in the CPU addressable sensor RAM.
 In the sensor matrix mode, the debounce logic is inhibited. The 8-
byte FIFO RAM now acts as 8 * 8 bit memory matrix.
The status of the sensor switch matrix is fed directly to sensor RAM
matrix. Thus the sensor RAM bits contains the rowwise and column
wise status of the sensors in the sensor matrix.
 The IRQ line goes high, if any change in sensor value is detected at
the end of a sensor matrix scan or the sensor RAM has a previous entry
to be read by the CPU.
 The IRQ line is reset by the first data read operation, if AI = 0,
otherwise, by issuing the end interrupt command. AI is a bit in read
sensor RAM word.

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Strobed input:
 In this mode, if the control lines goes low, the data on return lines, is stored in the
FIFO byte by byte.

Output (Display) Modes : 8279

provides two output modes for
selecting the display options.

Display Entry Display Scan :

( right entry or left • In this mode 8279
entry mode ) provides 8 or 16
• 8279 allows options character
for data entry on the multiplexed displays
displays. those can be
• The display data is organized as dual 4-
entered for display bit or single 8-bit
either from the right
side or from the left
display units.
side.
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 Left Entry Mode Right Entry Mode
( TYPE WRITER) ( CALCULATOR)
• In the left entry mode, the data is • In this right entry mode, the first
entered from left side of the display entry to be displayed is entered on
unit. the rightmost display.
• Address 0 of the display RAM • The next entry is also placed in the
contains the leftmost display right most display but after the
characters and address 15 of the previous display is shifted left by
RAM contains the right most display one display position.
characters. • The leftmost characters is shifted
• It is just like writing in our note out of that display at the
books ie left to right. seventeenth entry and is lost, i.e. it
• In autoincrement mode, address is is pushed out of the display RAM.sss
automatically updated with
successive readsor writes.
• The first entry is displayed on the
leftmost display and the sixteenth
entry on the rightmost display.
• The seventeenth entry is again
displayed at the leftmost display
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 All the command words or status words are written or
read with A0 = 1 and CS = 0 to or from 8279.

a) Keyboard Display Mode Set : The format of the command word to select different
modes of operation of 8279 is given below with its bit definitions.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 D D K K K

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 SENSOR MATRIX

SENSOR MATRIX

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B) Programmable clock :

The clock for operation of 8279 is obtained by dividing

the external clock input signal by a programmable
constant called prescaler.
 PPPPP is a 5-bit binary constant.
The input frequency is divided by a decimal constant
ranging from 2 to 31, decided by the bits of an internal
prescaler, PPPPP.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 0 1 P P P P P

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c) Read FIFO / Sensor RAM : The format of this command is given
below.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 1 0 AI X A A A

AI – Auto Increment Flag

AAA – Address pointer to 8 bit FIFO RAM
X- Don’t care

This word is written to set up 8279 for reading FIFO/ sensor RAM.
In scanned keyboard mode, AI and AAA bits are of no use. The 8279
will automatically drive data bus for each subsequent read, in the
same sequence, in which the data was entered.
In sensor matrix mode, the bits AAA select one of the 8 rows of
RAM.
If AI flag is set, each successive read will be from the subsequent
RAM location.
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d) Read Display RAM :
This command enables a programmer to read the display RAM data.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 1 1 AI A A A A

The CPU writes this command word to 8279 to prepare it for

display RAM read operation.
AI is auto increment flag and AAAA, the 4-bit address points to
the 16-byte display RAM that is to be read.
If AI=1, the address will be automatically, incremented after
each read or write to the Display RAM.
The same address counter is used for reading and writing.

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d) Write Display RAM :
This command enables a programmer to write the display RAM data.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 0 AI A A A A

AI – Auto increment Flag.

AAAA – 4 bit address for 16-bit display RAM to be
written.
e) Display Write Inhibit/Blanking :
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 1 X IW IW BL BL

IW - inhibit write flag

BL - blank display bit flags
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 The IW ( inhibit write flag ) bits are used to mask the individual
nibble.
The output lines are divided into two nibbles ( OUTA0 – OUTA3 )
and (OUTB0 – OUTB3 ), those can be masked by setting the
corresponding IW bit to 1.
 Once a nibble is masked by setting the corresponding IW bit to
1, the entry to display RAM does not affect the nibble even
though it may change the unmasked nibble.
The blank display bit flags (BL) are used for blanking A and B
nibbles.
D0, D2 corresponds to OUTB0 – OUTB3
D1, D3 corresponds to OUTA0 - OUTA3 for blanking and
masking.
 If the user wants to clear the display, blank (BL) bits are
available for each nibble as shown in format.
Both BL bits will have to be cleared for blanking both the
nibbles.
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g) Clear Display RAM :
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 1 0 CD2 CD1 CD0 CF CA

CD2 CD1 CD0

0X - All zeros ( x don’t care ) AB=00

ENABLES CLEAR DISPLAY 10 - A3-A0 =2 (0010) and B3-B0=00 (0000)
WHEN CD2=1 11 - All ones (AB =FF), i.e. clear RAM
• CD2 must be 1 for enabling the clear display command.
• If CD2 = 0, the clear display command is invoked by setting
CA(CLEAR ALL) =1 and maintaining CD1, CD0 bits exactly same as
above.
• If CF(CLEAR FIFO RAM STATUS) =1, FIFO status is cleared and IRQ
line is pulled down and the sensor RAM pointer is set to row 0.
•If CA=1, this combines the effect of CD and CF bits.
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h) End Interrupt / Error mode Set :
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 1 1 E X X X 1

E- Error mode
X- don’t care

For the sensor matrix mode, this command lowers the IRQ
line and enables further writing into the RAM.
Otherwise, if a change in sensor value is detected, IRQ
goes high that inhibits writing in the sensor RAM.
 For N-Key roll over mode, if the E bit is programmed to be
‘1’, the 8279 operates in special Error mode

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 I/O Interface
FIFO status register

•Code given in text for reading keyboard.

•Data returned from 8279 contains raw data that need to be translated to ASCII:

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