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Smart Grid Modeling

Jaime Cepeda
cepedajaime@ieee.org / jcepeda@cenace.org.ec

mayo de 2018
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Smart Grid
• The digital technology that allows for two-way
communication between the utility and its customers, and
the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the
grid smart.
• The Smart Grid consists of controls, computers,
automation, and new technologies and equipment
working together with the electrical grid to respond
digitally to the quickly changing electric demand or
reconfiguring the topology as required.
• The consumer plays an active role, not only in the form of
consumption, but also in the generation
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Smart Grid
• Intelligent metering for capturing data in real time. Bidirectional
data streaming.
• Advanced and distributed communications. All the grid
components are able to communicate. The grid operates like a
power-Internet (distributed, multiple-redundant, interactive and
autonomous) Power-Net.
• Distributed energy resources (generation and storage) are
fundamental parts. They provide the necessary active
characteristics to an otherwise passive grid.
• Policies and regulatory actions. Necessary to achieve integration
of all the parts. Inadequate pricing models is a significant barrier to
introduce service-based business models (vs. energy-based).
• Advanced data analysis for determining adequate decision making
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Contingency Response Behavior

Pre-contingency
Static Data Post-contingency
Dynamic Data
On-Line Static
Security (SSA) or Real Time Dynamic
Dynamic Security Security Assessment
Assessment (DSA)
Corrective control
Preventive control

Power System Bus Voltages

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Power System Simulation

Power System
Simulation

x  f  x, y , t  , x  t 0   x0
0  g  x, y , t  , y  t0   y0
Steady-state Dynamic
differential algebraic equations (DAE)

EMT RMS
instantaneous
values phasors
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Power System Simulation

System behaves

• Predictions of the actual as predicted by

simulation

system behavior, which are Power system

model
Actual power
system
obtained from computer
based simulations Actual system
Actual system
behavior
(mathematical model) does not
behave as
cannot be
predicted by
model predicts
model
• Power system decision
making

• The various system physical components should be modeled with

enough detail and precision, depending on the phenomenon to
be analyzed and its corresponding evolution time-frame.
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Power System Simulation

a) Off-line Simulation

b) Real-time Simulation
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Power System Simulation

a) Off-line Simulation

b) Real-time Simulation
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Smart Grid Simulation

• As previously mentioned, a smart grid consists not only of
electric components, but also of other “Smart” technology
(i.e. electronics, telecommunication, software).

• Therefore, the simulation of a Smart Grid requires a more

sophisticated modeling that also contemplates the
influence of the “Smart” technology in the static or
dynamic behavior of the power system.

• In this connection, the traditional models or tools need to

be complemented by additional programming.
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Smart Grid Simulation

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Modeling and Simulation Software

Off-line simulation Real-time simulation

Analytics Software
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PowerFactory
• DIgSILENT Power Factory software is a digital simulator of
electric power systems, which can be used for analysis of
generation, transmission, distribution and industrial process.
This software additionally offers the advantage of being a data
manager capable of handling huge volumes of data.

• In addition to typical functions for power system analysis,

DIgSILENT Power Factory offers versatility to model new
components, as well as to develop new calculation routines and
interactive processes with external software tools by ​using its
programming languages: DSL (DIgSILENT Simulation Language),
DPL (DIgSILENT Programming Language) and Python Scripting.
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DIgSILENT Programming Language

DIgSILENT Programming Language offers an interface to develop
automatic tasks in DIgSILENT Power Factory. This functionality allows
the creation of new user-defined calculation functions.
The main features of DPL are:
• Particular programming language, similar to C++.
• Arithmetic and standard functions availability.
• Logic functions, Loops: do {...} while (...)
• Conditionals: if (...) then {...} else {...}
• Access from the script to any system variable or parameter.
• Use of each command inside the script.
• Ability to automatically define results and create graphs.
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DIgSILENT Programming Language

• The input to the DPL script can be: predefined input
parameters, single objects from the sin¬gle line diagram,
elements of the database, or a set of objects or elements.
• This input information can then be evaluated using functions
and internal variables in¬side the script. Also internal objects
can be used and execute (i.e. calculation commands,
subscripts also released in DPL, filter sets, etc.).
• The DPL script is designed to run a set of operations to
communicate itself with the database in order to read and/or
change set¬tings, parameters or results directly in the
database objects.
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DIgSILENT Programming Language

PYTHON SCRIPTING
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Smart Grid Devices via DPL

Transient Stability Assessment:
Single Machine Equivalent (SIME)

Advanced Smart Grid Functionalities

based on PowerFactory (Edition)

SIME with Preventive and Corrective Control:

PHYTON Interface
 PSS Tuning Methodology
Modelo Generador –
Barra Infinita CCS

Generación de la Planta
Definición de Escenarios Demanda del SNI
Operativos Probables
Algoritmo MVMO
1 1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋 𝑇1 𝑇2 Identificación Garantiza el amortiguamiento fijado en la
función objetivo para todos los modos de
parámetros PSSs oscilación
Añadir nuevas
min𝑂𝐹 = |𝜉𝑡ℎ − 𝜉𝑠𝑦𝑠 |
restricciones
Análisis en el dominio de
la frecuencia

No cumple con el Cumple con el requerimiento

requerimiento de fase de fase

Parámetros del PSS

definidos
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Stochastic Simulation
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DIgSILENT Simulation Language

DIgSILENT Simulation Language allows programming control models of any
power system element, including protection devices, as well as it permits
developing other components or routines oriented to run together with the
time domain simulations.
The DSL model structure comprises three parts:
• Interface: To set the model name, title, classification and set of variables.
• Code definition: To define the properties of parameters and initial
conditions.
• Equation code: To include all equations necessary to define the simulation
model, i.e. differential equations (state equations) that describe the
relationships between input and output signals. These relationships can
range from simple linear functions (transfer functions between an input
and an output) to highly complex nonlinear functions (non-continuous
functions of multiple inputs and multiple outputs).
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DIgSILENT Simulation Language

A DSL model can use five types of variables:
• Output signals: These variables are then available as inputs to other more
complex DSL models.
• Input signals: These variables can be originated from other DSL models or
by an object of the power system. The currents and voltages, as well as
any other power system signal, will be available for DSL.
• State variables: These signals are generated within the same model. They
are time-dependent and result from the state equations integration.
• Parameters: These variables are read-only values that are set to adjust the
behavior of the DSL model.
• Internal variables: These variables are defined and used inside the DSL
model in order to facilitate the construction of a set of equations into the
model.
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DIgSILENT Simulation Language

In order to structure a DSL model, some hierarchical levels of models are used
by PowerFactory:
• DSL Block Definitions: Basic building blocks to represent transfer functions
and differential equations of complex transient models. In the block definition
dialogue, input and output variables, parameters, state variables and limiting
signals can be defined. Furthermore, additional equations, initial conditions
of variables as well as names and units of parameters can be inserted.
• Built-in models and common models: Transient models of Power Factory
standard equipment (i.e. power system objects such as generators, motors,
etc.), and user-defined models (i.e. common models) are the components of
a DSL model.
• Composite models: Objects in charge of combining and interconnecting
elements and/or Common Models, based on Composite Frames.
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Smart Grid Devices via DSL

Renewables:
Wind Turbines and Wind Farms

FACTS:
Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), Static series
synchronous compensator (SSSC), Static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM),Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

PowerFactory Applications for

Power System Analysis
Real Time Digital Simulation

Amplificador de
Potencia
( 40 kW)

Vehículo Eléctrico
(32 kW)
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Real Time Digital Simulation

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¡Gracias por su
Atención!