CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies

underlying the framework of the study. It includes the conceptual model and
operational definition of terms.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

File Management
A File Management is a disk in a raw storage device. It has the ability to
store bits of data but inherently does not have the ability to organize those bits
into files, files into directories, and so on. The Operating System (OS) provides
these levels of disk organization. It establishes the data structure that allows
users to create partitions, directories, volumes, and other disk subdivisions.
Some file management systems allow multiple disks to be combines into one
logical disk. The file management system allows users to create, delete, and
access files. The file management system maintains the directory structure, store
directory, and file information such as the date and time last modified, end-of-file
pointer, and the file or directories’ locations on disk (Stamper, 2001).
As cited in Microsoft website (2015), File management is a file object that
provides a representation of a resource (either a physical device or a resource
located on a physical device) that can be managed by the Input/Output system
(I/O system). Like other objects, they enable sharing of the resource, they have
names, they are protected by object-based security, and they support
synchronization. The I/O system also enables reading from or writing to the
resource.
Anderson and Krogh (2012), states in their article that File Management
describes the fundamental methods for naming, storing and handling files. By
using appropriate file and folder naming strategies, along with good metadata
practice and catalog software, it can make the most of the image collection. The
data in computer is place in a hierarchical file system in which directories have
files and subdirectories below. The fundamental aspects of file management are
makes the computer operating system image data organize, naming files and
folders, arranging nested folders, and handling files in folders.
File Management also referred to as simply a file system that an operating
system or program uses to organize and keep track of files. For example, a
hierarchical file system is one that uses directories to organize files into a tree
structure (Webopedia, 2015).
Distributed file system is a client/server architecture based method of
storing and accessing files. (Beal, 2015). In this case, one or more central
servers store files that can be access with proper authorization rights, by any
number of remote clients in the network. Like an operating system, it organizes
files in a hierarchical file management system; similarly, the distributed system
uses a uniform naming convention and a mapping scheme to keep track of
where files are located.

File Manager
Hagen (2009) gives an overview that a file manager is a computer
program, which enables to navigate through the files and directories on your
system and makes it easy to work with computer's file system.
Dolphin File Manager. A Dolphin File Manager is an application that
navigates the files and folders (or directories) on computer system (Hagen,
2009).
Finder. The Macintosh OS X (Mac OS X) Finder works something like a
Web browser. Only a single window remains open as you navigate the various
folders on your hard drive (Pogue et.al., 2002). You can add, remove, reorganize,
and rename the files on it just as you would in any standard Finder window.
Norton Commander. According to Hagen (2009), Norton Commander
application is a DOS based application, which provides similar capabilities in the
DOS environment that is still available for the WIndows environment today.
Web browser. In Windows Help and Support - Windows® 7 Home
Premium (2009), a web browser is a software program used to display webpages
and to navigate the Internet.
Windows Explorer. In Windows Help and Support - Windows® 7 Home
Premium (2009), a Windows Explorer displays the files and folders on your
computer.

Open Source
Open Source was originally coined in 1998. The term open source came
out of the free software movement, a collaborative force going strong since the
dawn of computing in the 1950s. This early community was responsible for the
development of many of the first operating systems, software and, in 1969, the
Internet itself (http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php).
The open source community is thriving and today boasts some of the best
brains in the business. The aim has not changed: free systems and software
should be available to everybody, wherever they are.
Without open source, many of the systems and applications we take for
granted simply would not exist. All the big players in computing come from, or
owe a huge creative debt to, the open source community, and continue to rely on
its talent and expertise when developing new products.
Android. Abelson (2011) states that Android is referred to as the first open
source mobile application development platform.
Android is device’s operating system. Since Google™ develops Android;
the device is preloaded with several Google™ services, such as Google Maps™
and Google™ web search. Google account is need to use some of the services
provided by Google™. With Google™ account, Gmail™ used to send emails,
Hangouts™ to chat with friends, and Google Play™ to download applications
and games, music, movies and books (XPERIA™ Care, 2014).
 Java. Java is an operating system-independent, processor-independent,
object-oriented programming language that has become the leading interactive
programming environment for the Web. Java was created by James Gosling and
Green Team at Sun Microsystems in 1992 (Laudon and Laudon 2010). It is very
robust language that can handle text, data, graphics, sound, and video, all within
one program if needed. Java enables PC users to manipulate data on networked
systems using Web browsers, reducing the need to write specialized software.
Linux. According to Grebler (2005), Linux has been around since the
early '90s. Linux is based on UNIX, which has been around since 1970. In
addition to having years of refinement and experience under its belt. Linux offers
some other very big advantages. Unlike Microsoft Windows, which is developed
by a specific group of people who all work for a specific company, Linux is
developed by a worldwide community.
Moreover, Negus (2006) stressed that in terms of reliability, the general
consensus is that Linux is compatible to many commercial UNIX systems but
more reliable than most desktop-oriented operating systems. This is especially
true if you rely on your computer system to stay up because it is a Web server or
a file server.
Linspire. Linspire (formerly known as Lindows) is an open-source
operating system based in Linux (Grebler, 2005). One of the best attributes of the
Linspire operating system is that it is so easy to use. Whether you've never used
a computer before or you are a seasoned veteran, you'll find that you'll be
mastering Linspire in no time.
Ubuntu. Ubuntu Linux is a Linux distribution founded in 2004 by Mark
Shuttleworth. Originally focused on the needs of desktop and laptop users,
Ubuntu has branched out since then, and now also offers distributions focused
on the need of commercial users with its Ubuntu Server distribution, Ubuntu
JeOS for virtualization platforms, and Ubuntu Mobile for mobile and embedded
devices such as smart phones, Internet tablets, and so on (Hagen, 2009).
Lawrence and Belem (2010) in their book, Professional Ubuntu® Mobile
Development introduces mobile computing in the context of the evolution of
different computer types. It presents reasons why developing mobile applications
with Linux and Ubuntu makes economic and technical good sense. Since the first
computers were created, there has been a constant push for smaller, faster,
cheaper systems that provide more personal power. In December 2008, quarterly
laptop sales outnumbered desktop computer sales for the first time ever. Netbook
computers – smaller than laptops, with a price performance profile that took the
market by storm – were the unexpected hit of 2008.

The Emerging Mobile Digital Platform

According to Laudon and Laudon (2010), that computing increasingly
takes place over the network; new mobile digital computing platforms have
emerged. Communication devices such as cell phones and smartphones such as
BlackBerry and iPhone have taken on many functions of handheld computers,
including transmission of data, surfing the Web, transmitting e-mail and instant
messages, displaying digital content, and exchanging data with internal corporate
systems. The new mobile platform also includes small low-cost lightweight
subnotebooks called netbooks optimized for wireless communication and Internet
access, with core computing function such as word processing, and digital e-
book readers such as Amazon’s Kindle with some Web access capabilities. More
and more devices; managers are increasingly using these devices to coordinate
work and communicate with employees.
As the demand for mobile solutions grown, Linux and Ubuntu improved.
Today's mobile markets for both end-users and vendors who look to bundle an
operating system with their hardware align well with the Linux and Ubuntu
(Lawrence and Belem, 2010).

Recovery
Recovery is the process of restoring computer’s built-in storage device
(hard disk or SSD) to its factory condition (VAIO Care Rescue, 2011).

Related Works
Samsung Recovery Solution. Samsung Recovery Solution is a program
designed to restore or backup hard disk when a problem occurs in computer. It
also provides a System Software function used to install or backup device drivers
and system software programs needed for system to function properly. The latest
version is Samsung Recovery Solution 4 (Samsung Recovery Solution, 2010).
Startup Repair. Startup Repair is a Windows recovery tool that can fix
certain system problems that might prevent Windows from starting (Windows
Help and Support - Windows® 7 Home Premium, 2009). Startup Repair is one of
the recovery tools in the System Recovery Options menu that scans computer
problem and then tries to fix it to make the computer start correctly.
System Image Recovery. System Image Recovery is a Windows
recovery tool that recovers computer using a system image created earlier
(Windows Help and Support - Windows® 7 Home Premium, 2009).
System Restore. In Windows Help and Support - Windows® 7 Home
Premium (2009), System Restore is a way to undo system changes to your
computer without affecting your personal files, such as e-mail, documents, or
photos. It is the best choice if you installed a program or driver that caused an
unexpected change to your computer or Windows, and removing the program or
driver did not fix the problem.
Time Machine. As cited in Apple Inc. website (2015), Time Machine is the
built-in backup feature of Mac OS X. It keeps a copy of all your files, and
remembers how your system looked on any given day so you can revisit your
Mac as it appeared in the past.
VAIO Care Rescue. VAIO Care Rescue is a software program designed
for restoring computer if the operation has become unstable (VAIO Care Rescue,
2011). It also provides convenient tools for maintaining the computer. VAIO Care
is installed separately from VAIO Care Rescue. VAIO Care Rescue can restore
computer to its factory condition (or commonly known as recovery). It provides
tool used for examining computer hardware problems, rescuing data when
Windows cannot start, or erasing all data before giving computer to others.
Synthesis
The study shows how important is developing an Android based mobile
phones application. Since mobile phone has fundamentally affected our lives, in
coordination of social and business activities, it allows people to become more
vigilant in making a decision pertaining to their files such as image or photos,
songs, and so on by protecting, deleting, and recovering of it.
The information and data hereby acquired gave the researcher an interest
and excitement on the course of the development of the proposed study.
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF STUDY
Based on the foregoing concepts, theories and findings of related
literature, studies and insights taken from them, a conceptual model was
developed as shown:

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Requirement System Analysis

File Management Requirement Analysis
File Manager Utility Tool Requirement Definition
Android Operating
System
Android Application System Design
Evaluation System Software Engineering
Life Cycle
Software Requirements Context Flow Diagram
Microsoft Windows 7 Data Flow Diagram
OS Home Premium x64
Motherboard Driver
Mobile Phone Driver System Development FILE MANAGER
Eclipse IDE for Mobile Schedule of Activities UTILITY FOR
Developers (for Program Flowchart ANDROID OS
Windows) Block Diagram
BlueStacks Program Coding PHONES
Bill of Materials
Hardware Requirements
Computer with the
following minimum System Testing
requirements: Alpha testing
CPU - Intel® Core™ i5- Beta Testing
2430M 2.4GHz
RAM - 4GB
HDD - 512GB
Android Mobile Phone
with system
requirements:
Ice Cream Sandwich
Memory - 8GB
USB Cable
Bluetooth Device

Evaluation

Figure 2. Conceptual Model of File Manager Utility

 The conceptual model of File Manager Utility, as illustrated in Figure 2
shows the different stages of the processes involved in order to achieve the
objectives of the study.
The input stage consists of the Knowledge Requirement, such as File
Management, step-by-step procedure in using the File Manager Utility, operation
familiarization of Android Operating System and different Android Application,
and most of all the Evaluation System. In the Software Requirements of the
system supports the following platform of at least Microsoft Windows 7 Operating
System Home Premium x64, Motherboard Driver, Mobile Phone Driver, Eclipse
IDE for Mobile Developers (for Windows), and BlueStacks. For Hardware
Requirements, these consists of a set of computer with a minimum system
requirements of Intel® Core™ i5-2430M 2.4GHz of central processing unit
(CPU), 4 Gigabyte (GB) of Random Access Memory (RAM), 512GB of Hard Disk
Drive (HDD), Android Mobile Phone with minimum system requirements of Ice
Cream Sandwich as the Android Operating System (OS) version, 8GB Internal
Memory, Bluetooth Device or Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), universal serial bus (USB)
Cable.
The process block is composed of system analysis, system design,
system development, and system testing for the whole system. A system analysis
consists of requirement analysis and definition. The system design includes
software engineering life cycle, context diagram and system data flow diagram. A
system development comprises the schedule of activities, program flowchart,
block diagram and bill of materials. Finally, the system testing undergoes the
alpha and beta testing.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

File Manager Utility. It is a software application used to organize files on a disk. It
provides functions to copy, delete, restore, move and rename files as well as
create and manage folders.
Microsoft Windows 7. It is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on
personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, and media
centers.
Mobile phone drivers. Offer a way to make better use of cell phone. These
drivers for cell phones and mobile phones allow attaching cell to PC just like any
other hardware device.
Reference:

File Management

A file object provides a representation of a resource (either a physical device or a

resource located on a physical device) that can be managed by the I/O system.
Like other objects, they enable sharing of the resource, they have names, they
are protected by object-based security, and they support synchronization. The I/O
system also enables reading from or writing to the resource.

Topic Description
About File Management Information about file management.
Using File Management Samples that use the file management
functions.
File Management Reference Elements used in file management.

Electronic Source:
File Management
© 2015 Microsoft
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/windows/desktop/aa364229(v=vs.85).aspx
===

Introducing Ubuntu Linux

Ubuntu Linux us a Linux distribution founded in 2004. Originally focused
on the needs of desktop and laptop users, Ubuntu has branched out since then,
and now also offers distributions focused on the need of commercial users with
its Ubuntu Server distribution, Ubuntu JeOS for virtualization platforms, and
Ubuntu Mobile for mobile and embedded devices such as smart phones, Internet
tablets, and so on.

Introducing the Dolphin File Manager

A file manager is an application that enables you to navigate through the
files and directories on your system and makes it easy to work with your
computer's filesystem. Microsoft Windows users are probably quite familiar with
Windows Explorer (and its WIndows 3.1 ancestor, the aptly named File
Manager), while Apple Macintosh users are similarly familiar with the Mac OS X
Finder. Old-time DOS users probably even remember the Norton Commander
application, which provided similar capabilities in the DOS environment, and
which is still available for the WIndows environment today.

Book Source:
Ubuntu® 8.10 Linux® Bible
William von Hagen
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Indianapolis, Indiana 46256
2009
===

According to Negus (2006), in terms of reliability, the general consensus is that

Linux is compatible to many commercial UNIX systems but more reliable than
most desktop-oriented operating systems. This is especially true if you rely on
your computer system to stay up because it is a Web server or a file server.

Book Source:
Fedora 5 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 Bible
By Christopher Negus
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Indianapolis
2006
===

Linux has been around since the early '90s. Linux itself is based on UNIX, which
has been around since 1970. In addition to having years of refinement and
exprerience under its belt. Linux offers some other very big advantages. Unlike
Microsoft Windows, which is developed by a specific group of people who all
work for a specific company, Linux is developed by a worldwide community.

Linspire is an open-source operating system based in Linux.

One of the best attributes of the Linspire operating system is that it is so easy to
use.
Whether you've never used a computer before or you are a seasoned veteran,
you'll find that you'll be mastering Linspire in no time.

Book Source:
Linspire Five-O Learn The No NonSense Way!
Eric Grebler
Mimosa Books Inc.
United States of America
2005
===

The Mac OS X Finder works something like a Web browser. Only a single
window remains open as you navigate the various folders on your hard drive.

You can add, remove, reorganize, and rename the files on it just as you would in
any standard Finder window.

Book Source:
Mac OS X: The Missing Manual, 2nd Edition
David Pogue
O'Reilly
October 2002
===

This chapter introduces mobile computing in the context of the evolution of

different computer types. More important, it presents reasons why developing
mobile applications with Linux and Ubuntu makes economic and technical good
sense.

Going Mobile
Since the first computers were created, there has been a constant push
for smaller, faster, cheaper systems that provide more personal power. In
December 2008, quarterly laptop sales outnumbered desktop computer sales for
the first time ever. Netbook computers -- smaller than laptops, with a price
performance profile that took the market by storm -- were the unexpected hit of
2008. Consider the following statistics: International Data Corp (IDC) estimates
20.6 million netbooks will ship in 2009 (compared to 137 million full-sized
laptops) ABI Research says that number could reach 35 million in 2009 and 139
million in 2013. Ultra Mobile PCs (UMPCs) seem to be trickling along at one or
two million. Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs) are projected to see a healthy jump in
sales, with some estimates placing sales at nearly 6 million in 2009 and triple that
in 2010 -- not yet the runaway success of netbooks, but still substantial in
comparison to smartphones. As demand for mobile solutions has grown, Linux
and Ubuntu have improved. Today's mobile markets -- for both end-users, and
vendors who look to bundle an operating system with their hardware -- align well
with the Linux and Ubuntu.

Book Source:
Professional Ubuntu (R) Mobile Development
Ian Robert Lawrence and Rodrigo Cesar Lopes Belem
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Indianapolis, Indiana 46256
2010
===

Page 207
Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends
Although the cost of computing has fallen exponentially, the cost of the IT
infrastructure has actually expanded as a percentage of corporate budgets.
Why? The costs of computing services (consulting, systems integration) and
software are high, and the intensity of computing and communicating has
increased as other costs have declined. For instance, employees now use much
more sophisticated applications, requiring more powerful and expensive
hardware of many different types (laptop, desktop, mobile handheld computers).
Firms face a number of other challenges. They need to integrate
information stored in different applications, on different platforms (telephone,
legacy systems, intranet, Internet sites, desktop, and mobile devices). Firms also
need to build resilient infrastructure that can withstand huge increases in peak
loads and routine assaults from hackers and viruses while conserving electrical
power. Firms need to increase their service levels to respond to growing
customer and employee expectations for service. The trends in hardware and
software platforms we now describe address some or all of these challenges.

The Emerging Mobile Digital Platform

As computing increasingly takes place over the network, new mobile
digital computing platforms have emerged. Communication devices such as cell
phones and smartphones such as BlackBerry and iPhone have taken on many
functions of handheld computers, including transmission of data, surfing the
Web, transmitting e-mail and instant messages, displaying digital content, and
exchanging data with internal corporate systems. The new mobile platform also
includes small low-cost lightweight subnotebooks called netbooks optimized for
wireless communication and Internet access, with core computing function such
as word processing, and digital e-book readers such as Amazon’s Kindle with
some Web access capabilities. More and more devices; managers are
increasingly using these devices to coordinate work and communicate with
employees.

Page 211
Virtualization and Multicore Processors
This Interactive Session describe organizations curbing hardware
proliferation and power consumption by using virtualization to reduce the number
of computers required for processing. Virtualization is a process of presenting a
set computing resources (such as computing power or data storage) so that they
can all be accessed in ways that are not restricted by physical configuration or
geographic location. Server virtualization enables companies to run more than
one operating system at the same time on a single machine. Most servers run at
just 10 to 15 percent of capacity, and virtualization can boost utilization server
utilization rates to 70 percent or higher. Higher utilization rates translate into
fewer computers required to process the same amount of work.
Server virtualization software runs between the operating system and the
hardware masking server resources, including the number and identity of
physical servers, processors, and operating systems, from server users. VMware
is the leading server virtualization software vendor for Windows and Linux
systems. Microsoft offers its own Virtual Server product and has built
virtualization capabilities into the newest version of Windows Server.
In addition to reducing hardware and power expenditures, virtualization
allows businesses to run their legacy applications on older versions of an
operating system on the same server as newer applications. Virtualization also
facilitates centralization of hardware administration.

Page 212
Linux and Open Source Software
 Open source software is software produced by a community of several
hundred thousand programmers around the world. According to the leading open
source professional association, OpenSource.org, open source software is free
and can be modified by users. Works derived from the original code must also be
free, and the software can be redistributed by the user without additional
licensing. Open source software is by definition not restricted to any specific
operating system or hardware technology, although most open source software is
currently based on Linux or Unix operating system.
Open source software is based on the premise that is superior to
commercially produced proprietary software because thousands of programmers
around the world working for no pay can read, perfect, distribute, and modify the
source code much faster, and with more reliable results, than small teams of
programmers working for a single software company. The open source
movement has been evolving for more than 30 years and has demonstrated after
many years of effort that it can produce commercially acceptable, high quality
software.
Now many thousands of open source programs are available from
hundreds of Web sites. Popular open source software tools include the Linux
operating system, the Apache HTTP Web server, the Mozilla Firefox Web
browser, and the OpenOffice desktop productivity suite. Open source tools are
being used on netbooks as inexpensive alternatives to Microsoft Office. Major
hardware and software vendors, including IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Oracle,
and SAP, now offer Linux-compatible versions of their products. You can find our
more out more about the Open Source Definition from the Open Source Initiative
and the history of open source software at the Learning Tracks for this chapter.

Linux
Perhaps the most well known open source software is Linux, an operating
system related to Unix. Linux was created by the Finnish programmer Linus
Torvalds and first posted on the Internet in August 1991. Linux applications are
embedded in cell phones, smartphones, netbooks, and other handheld devices.
Linux is available in free versions downloadable from the Internet or in low cost
commercial versions that include tools and support from vendors such as Red
Hat.
Linux is currently a small but rapidly growing presence on the desktop,
especially as an operating system for Internet-enabled netbooks. It plays a major
role in the back office running local area networks, Web servers, and high-
performance computing work, with 20 percent of the server operating system
market. IBM, HP, Intel, Dell, and Sun have made Linux a central part of their
offerings to corporations. More than two dozen countries in Asia, Europe, and
Latin America have adopted open source software and Linux.
The rise of open source software, particularly Linux and the applications it
supports, has profound implications for corporate software platforms: cost
reduction, reliability and resilience, and integration, because Linux works on all
the major hardware platforms from mainframes to servers to clients.
Software for the Web: Java and Ajax
Java is an operating system-independent, processor-independent, object-
oriented programming language that has become the leading interactive
programming environment for the Web. Java was created by James Gosling and
Green Team at Sun Microsystems in 1992.
Nearly all Web browsers come with a Java platform built in. More recently,
the Java platform has migrated into cellular phones, smartphones, automobiles,
music players, game machines, and finally, into set-top cable television systems
serving interactive content and pay-per-view services. Java software is designed
to run on any computer or computing device, regardless of the specific
microprocessor or operating system the device uses. For each of the computing
environments in which Java is used, Sun has created a Java Virtual Machine that
interprets Java programming code for that machine. In this manner, the code is
written once and can be used on many machine for which there exists a Java
Virtual Machine.
Java is very robust language that can handle text, data, graphics, sound,
and video, all within one program if needed. Java enables PC users to
manipulate data on networked systems using Web browsers, reducing the need
to write specialized software. A Web browser is an easy-to-use software tool with
a graphical user interface for displaying Web pages and for accessing the Web
and other Internet resources. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and
Netscape Browser are examples. At the enterprise level, Java is being used for
more complex e-commerce and e-business applications that require
communication with an organization’s back-end transaction processing systems.
The rapid deployment of Java was hindered in the past because of
disagreements between Sun Microsystems and Microsoft over Java standards.
In April 2004, under pressure from major customers such as General Motors,
Microsoft agreed to stop distributing the Microsoft Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM)
it had developed for its proprietary version of Java and to cooperate with Sun in
the development of new technologies, including Java.

Page 516
The System Development Process
Book Source:
Management Information Systems – Managing the Digital Firm 11th Edition
Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon
Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd.
Jurong, Singapore 629733
2010
===

Page 135-137
Classes of Software
The reason for having a computing system is to solve problems and accomplish
the business’ work. The software that does this is called application software.
Ordinarily, application software operates in an environment that makes writing
and using the application software easier. The environment-creating software can
be separated into network management, development and network access.

Application Software
As we mentioned at the beginning of this section, the main reason we use
computing system is to solve business or scientific problems. Thus, the computer
and its extension, the network, are simply problem-solving tools. Throughout
history, humankind has constantly built new tools and improved on those already
invented. At the beginning of the computer era, computers were quite primitive
tools (at least by today’s standards). Programmers at the dawn of the computing
age needed to know not only the nuances of the business problem they were
solving but also many of the intricacies of the hardware their solution would be
running on. In today’s application environment, we have a supporting cast of
software that helps to create an application environment that is mostly hardware
independent.

Operating System Software

Today, we are so need to using OSs to create the system environment that we
take them for granted. However, we were into the second generation of
computers before OSs appeared and into the third generation of computers
before OSs became common. You may correctly infer from this that OSs are not
absolutely necessary and, in the early years of personal computing, a variety of
applications run without using the services of an OS. The IBM Personal
Computer (PC) came equipped with a BASIC interpreter in a read-only memory.
Thus, if you did not have the disk operating system (DOS), you could still use
your computer by writing and running BASIC programs. Without DOS, BASIC
was the operating environment. Furthermore, a few early programs functioned in
a stand-alone mode. These programs where on a diskette and were loaded when
the computer was loaded. In this mode, if you wanted to run another program,
you swapped disk and rebooted.
Without an OS, the application program is responsible for accomplishing
many hardware-oriented functions such as input/output (I/O) and memory
management. Because these task are common to all applications, software
engineers developed OS software. The OS manages the resources of the
computer and creates an application environment in which it is easier to develop
and use application software because the OS takes care of a variety of functions
formerly done by applications. Some of these functions are:
 Memory management
 File management
 User interface
 I/O interfaces
 Resource allocation
 Accounting
 Protection/security

Today, systems running on a LAN are more sophisticated that the early systems
that ran without an OS; a LAN node without an OS is unthinkable.

Memory Management – When the computer is started, the OS is loaded into

memory a certain portion of the available memory is constantly occupied by the
resident portion of the OS. The OS manages the remaining memory and
allocates it among itself and the requesting processes according to a memory
management scheme adopted by the OS designers. Most current OSs use a
memory management algorithm called virtual memory. With virtual memory, the
disk is used as an extension of real memory. A process may be thought of as
consisting of pages of data and code.

File Management – A disk is a raw storage device. It has the ability to store bits
of data but inherently does not have the ability to organize those bits into files,
files into directories, and so on. The OS provides this level of disk organization. it
establish the data structure that allows users to create partitions, directories
volumes, and other disk subdivisions. Some file management systems allow
multiple disks to be combines into one logical disk. The file management system
allows users to create, delete, and access files. The file management system
maintains the directory structure and store directory and file information such as
the date and time last modified, end-of-file pointer, and the file or directories’
locations on disk. Obviously, there are fundamental aspects of using a system.

User Interface – When a programmer begins to write a program, an environment

is created for that user.
If you are a programmer, you may need to use a text editor, compiler, link editor,
and application program interface (API), which allows you to use OS procedures
to carry out activities such as creating a new file, or starting a new process.
Sometimes a compiler or interpreter includes the API interfaces.

Protection Security – Today, nearly everyone is aware that security is an

important aspect of computer usage. The OS provides the base on which
security is established. We expect the OS to prevent user programs from
crashing the system and to eliminate the intrusion of one program into the
memory occupied by another program’s data. In shared systems, we also expect
the OS and the file management system to provide certain levels of file security.
Commonly, an OS will at least provide capabilities that allow administrators to
define which users can read, write, or erase a file. Furthermore, most OSs allow
file attributes that define a file as read-only, hidden (so it will not appear in a
standard directory listing), and execute-only (so the file cannot be illegally
copied).
Page 262
BACKUP HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND PROCEDURES
Data backups and restorations require both hardware and software. The
hardware provides the medium to which the backup is written or from which data
to be restored is read. The software provides the logic to write the correct file to
the backup medium or to read those files from the backup medium for
restoration. Good backup/restore software also provides a variety of options.

Page 273 – 274

Recovery
At some point, every LAN fails and recovery must be done. Whenever data
or data integrity is lost, it must be restored.

Page 3 – 7
Essential Elements of Communications
Networks are communications mechanism. For communication of any type to
occur, there must be four basic elements present: a message, a sender, a
receiver, and a medium. Figure 1-1 shows the sender, receiver, medium, and
message in a telephone connection. In addition to these four basic elements, the
message should be understandable and there should be an ability to detect
errors that may be occur during data transmission. Moreover, in data
communications network we often have an additional requirements of security.

Message – are various formats and lengths.

The sender is the transmitter of the message – either a person, an application, or
a machine with enough intelligence to originate a message or response without
human intervention.
The Receiver
The Medium

Book Source:
Local Area Networks – Third Edition
David A. Stamper
2001
Prentice-Hall, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
===

Android is referred to as the first open source mobile application

development platform.

Book Source:
Center for Mobile Learning
Hal Abelson
2011
McGraw-Hill Book Company
USA
===

System Restore is a way to undo system changes to your computer without

affecting your personal files, such as e-mail, documents, or photos. System
Restore is the best choice if you installed a program or driver that caused an
unexpected change to your computer or Windows, and uninstalling the program
or driver didn’t fix the problem.

What is System Restore?

System Restore helps you restore your computer's system files to an
earlier point in time. It's a way to undo system changes to your computer without
affecting your personal files, such as e-mail, documents, or photos.
Sometimes, the installation of a program or a driver can cause an
unexpected change to your computer or cause Windows to behave
unpredictably. Usually, uninstalling the program or driver corrects the problem. If
uninstalling doesn't fix the problem, you can try restoring your computer's system
to an earlier date when everything worked correctly.
System Restore uses a feature called system protection to regularly
create and save restore points on your computer. These restore points contain
information about registry settings and other system information that Windows
uses. You can also create restore points manually. For information about creating
restore points, see Create a restore point.
 System image backups stored on hard disks can also be used for System
Restore, just like the restore points created by system protection. Even though
system image backups contain both your system files and personal data, your
data files will not be affected by System Restore. For more information about
system images, see What is a system image?
System Restore isn't intended for backing up personal files, so it cannot
help you recover a personal file that has been deleted or damaged. You should
regularly back up your personal files and important data using a backup program.
For more information about backing up personal files, see Back up your files.

What is system protection?

System protection is a feature that regularly creates and saves information
about your computer's system files and settings. System protection also saves
previous versions of files that you've modified. It saves these files in restore
points, which are created just before significant system events, such as the
installation of a program or device driver. They're also created automatically once
every seven days if no other restore points were created in the previous seven
days, but you can create restore points manually at any time.
System protection is automatically on for the drive that Windows is
installed on. System protection can only be turned on for drives that are
formatted using the NTFS file system.
There are two ways that you can take advantage of system protection:
-If your computer is running slowly or isn't working properly, you can use System
Restore to return your computer's system files and settings to an earlier point in
time using a restore point. For more information about System Restore, see
System Restore: frequently asked questions.
-If you accidentally modify or delete a file or folder, you can restore it to a
previous version that's saved as part of a restore point. For more information
about previous versions, see Previous versions of files: frequently asked
questions.

web browser = A software program used to display webpages and to navigate the
Internet.

Electronic Source:
Windows Help and Support
Windows® 7 Home Premium
Microsoft® Corporation
2009
===
Mac Basics: Time Machine backs up your Mac
Time Machine is the built-in backup feature of OS X. It keeps a copy of all
your files, and remembers how your system looked on any given day so you can
revisit your Mac as it appeared in the past.

Set Up Time Machine

 Before you can use Time Machine, you need to select a backup
destination. You can back up your files to:
 an external hard drive (sold separately) connected to a USB, FireWire, or
ThunderBolt port on your Mac
 an external hard drive (sold separately) connected to the USB port of an
AirPort Extreme 802.11ac
 an AirPort Time Capsule or OS X Server on your network

Time Machine keeps hourly backups for the past 24 hours, daily backups
for the past month, and weekly backups. The oldest backups are deleted when
your backup drive becomes full.

Use Time Machine with external drives

Setting up Time Machine is as simple as connecting an external drive to
your Mac. If you haven't already specified a backup device, Time Machine asks
you when you connect a blank drive to your Mac if you want to use it for backing
up.

Backing Up
Backing up happens automatically when your Time Machine drive is
available.

About the First Backup

Your first backup may take a while, depending on how many files you have
on your startup disk. You can continue to use your Mac while Time Machine is
working. Time Machine displays a notification after your first backup is complete,
or if any issues happen during the initial backup.

Restoring data from Time Machine backups

With Time Machine, you can go "back in time" to restore files, versions of
files, or your entire system.0020If Time Machine alerts you that your Time
Machine backup disk can't be found, make sure your backup drive is connected
and mounted.

Restoring specific files or folders

Switch to the Finder, then choose Enter Time Machine from the Time
Machine menu to see earlier versions of your files and folders.

 Use the timeline on the right side of the window to reach a certain point
back in time. The timeline shows the times of all backups on your backup
drive. If you don’t know exactly when you deleted or changed a file, you
can use the back arrow to tell Time Machine to travel through time to show
you when that folder last changed.
 You can also search for a file using a Finder window. From the Finder,
enter Time Machine. Then, enter a search term in the search field of the
 Finder window. Use the back arrow to have Time Machine search through
your backups to find what you are looking for.
 To restore a file, select the file/folder and click the "Restore" button. The
file will automatically be copied to the desktop or appropriate folder. If the
file you are restoring has another file in the same location with the same
name, you will be prompted to choose which file to keep or keep both.
Right-click or control-click on a file in the Time Machine window to see
additional options.
 If you're not sure if you're restoring the right version of a file, you can use
Quick Look to preview the file's contents first. Highlight the file and press
the Space Bar to take a closer look.
Restoring and reverting within apps
You can also revert to earlier versions of your documents from within
apps. In apps that support this feature, open a file you want to revert and do one
of the following:
 Choose Enter Time Machine from the Time Machine menu
 Choose File > Revert to > Browse All Versions
 Click the Time Machine icon in the Dock

Electronic Source:
Apple Inc. Site
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201250
Copyright © 2015 Apple Inc.

===
What is Android™?

Android is your device’s operating system. Since Google™ develops Android;

your device is preloaded with several Google™ services, such as Google
Maps™ and Google™ web search. To use some of the services provided by
Google™, you need a Google account.

Google™ account
With Google™ account, you can use Gmail™ to send emails, Hangouts™ to chat
with friends, and Google Play™ to download applications and games, music,
movies and books.

Journal / Manual Source:

XPERIA™ Care
User Guide
www.sonymobile.com/support
Sony Mobile Communication AB.
© 2014

===
Samsung Recovery Solution is a program that can restore or backup your hard
disk when a problem occurs with your computer. It also provides a System
Software function that enables you to install or backup device drivers and system
software programs needed for your system to function properly.

Electronic Source:
Samsung Recovery Solution 4
November 2010
===

Features
VAIO Care Rescue is software for restoring your computer if the operation of
your computer has become unstable. VAIO Care Rescue also provides
convenient tools for maintaining your computer.

Hint:
VAIO Care is installed separately from VAIO Care Rescue. You can use VAIO
Care when you can start Windows.

What you can do with VAIO Care Rescue

-Start recovery wizard
You can restore computer to its factory condition (recovery). Select Start
recovery wizard to recover your computer using simple procedures. Select Tools
and Start advanced recovery wizard to create a D: drive, or delete recovery
content.

-Tool
Provides tool for examining your computer hardware problems, rescuing
your data when you cannot start Windows, or erasing all of your data before you
give your computer to others.

-Exit
Exit VAIO Care Rescue. If you want to shut down or restart Windows,
select Exit.

What is recovery?
Recovery is the process of restoring your computer’s built-in storage
device (hard disk or SSD) to its factory condition.
You have to recover your computer if your computer has been unstable for
one of the following or similar reason.
-You cannot start your computer because it is infected with a computer
virus.
-You have formatted the C: drive on your computer by mistake.

How to recover your computer

 You can perform a recovery from the recovery area of your computer’s
built-in storage device. If you have deleted the recovery content, you can perform
a recovery from Recovery Media that you created or that you purchased,
You can create Recovery Media using VAIO Care. Start Windows as
usual, click Start, and select VAIO Care to start up VAIO Care.

What is Data Rescue?

Rescue Data can be used only when you cannot start Windows and want
to save your data. If you can start Windows, it is recommended that you use
Backup and Restore on Windows.

Electronic Source:
VAIO Care Rescue
Version 2.3.0.16010
Sony Corporation
©2009, 2010, 2011
===
File Management Overview
Richard Anderson and Peter Krogh

File management describes the fundamental methods for naming, storing

and handling files. By using appropriate file and folder naming strategies, along
with good metadata practice and catalog software, you can make the most of
your image collection.

What is file management?

The data that we work with on computers is kept in a hierarchical file
system in which directories have files and subdirectories beneath them. Although
we use the computer operating system to keep our image data organized, how
we name files and folders, how we arrange these nested folders, and how we
handle the files in these folders are the fundamental aspects of file management.
The operating system's organization of our data can be enhanced by the use of
cataloging programs, which make organizing and finding image files easier than
simply relying on the computer's directory structure. Another feature of catalog
programs is that they can streamline backup procedures for better file protection.

Know your primary

As we outline in the Backup section of the website, one of the most
fundamental concepts in your image collection is the distinction between Primary
and Backup. The Primary is the main copy of the data, and it is protected by the
creation of backup copies. This File Management section deals with the Primary
copy of the data only. The creation of a well-structured file management system
can make backup and restoration relatively simple, but separate, processes.

Storage vs. Organization

 It's helpful to approach file management issues by separating the concept
of Storage from the concept of Organization. Storage describes how you handle
the files: What's in a folder? What kind of folder names do you use? How do you
design a folder hierarchy?

Organization, by contrast, describes how images are grouped according to

content, usage or value. Organization lets you find all pictures of Josie, or all
pictures done for the Acme Company, or all images used in my portfolio. We
recommend that your organization be based fundamentally on metadata, rather
than on folders.

There are two main problems with using folders for organization. The first
is that the work you can do to organize with folders is very limited. There must be
one top-level organizational method, which can only be subdivided in a limited
way before the system becomes too cumbersome and breaks down. Is it most
important to divide by date, client, project, subject matter, rating, or usage?
Furthermore, information that is dependent on folder structure is very fragile. If
you remove an image from a folder that designates what that image is, that
content information can be lost.

While folder structure can be helpful in organizing your images, we

suggest that the main job of folders should be as a storage structure.

Catalog software
If folders are not the main method for organizing files, what is? We
suggest that you need to use metadata and catalog software to most efficiently
organize, manage, preserve, and get the most value from your images. Catalog
software keeps a record of all images, and lets you use metadata to group them
in any number of ways. You can bring images together that have common
subject matter, were shot for the same client, were sent out for similar uses, or
any other commonality.

Be consistent
The work you do to manage your files will be much more valuable if you
do it consistently. While this can take some work to develop a system and train
yourself to stick to it, you'll be paid back in the long term. We suggest you make
some effort to standardize file naming, folder structure, metadata use and more.
As you do this, keep in mind that your collection of image files will be growing,
and you will want your systems to be scalable so they can grow with you.

Originals and derivatives

One thing you'll want to consider as you create a file management system
is the treatment of camera original files and the derivative files made from them.
While it seems natural to keep these together in one folder structure, there are a
number of advantages to separating them into two different directory structures.
 Your camera originals (which we suggest storing as DNG files for most
people) are different from derivatives in a number of ways.

There should be one and only one primary copy of an original image. This
is not the case with regard to derivatives.
An archived original image may be reedited with PIEware like Lightroom
without creating the need to re-archive the file. In general, that's not true of
derivatives.
Derivative files are frequently made or reworked after the camera originals
have been archived. It can simplify the backup process when new work is not
mixed in with older work that has a 3-2-1 backup.
Catalog software, along with a good naming convention, can make it easy
to link derivatives to their originals, even if they are far apart in the directory
structure.
Separating originals and derivatives is not the only way to structure an
archive, of course. Some photographers will always make derivatives right away,
and then can safely archive the entire shoot together. In these cases, it is still
advisable to group the derivatives in folders separately from the originals.

Folder strategies
Folders and backup strategies
If folders are most useful as a storage tool (rather than an organizational
tool), then one of the most important aspects of your directory structure is the
ability to back up the files easily and safely. You can simplify this process by
keeping files together if they need the same backup treatment.

Working files folder

We suggest that each computer have a place to store works in progress. If
all your "works in progress" are inside a parent folder called "Working", you can
set up a single backup task to protect the entire group. Use of a single working
folder also helps you keep track of your work in progress, which is particularly
helpful for people who use multiple computers. Set the working folder up the
same way on all computers.
FIGURE 2 shows the parent Working folder that contains all the works in
progress.

Archive folder structures

While the Working folder is a temporary home for your images on the way
from card to archive, there should be a more permanent structure to the image
archive. This needs to be a scalable structure that can grow with the collection,
and it needs to lend itself to easy and safe backup. Let's look at some options.

Date-based folders
One popular way to create a structured image storage directory is to
create a folder hierarchy based on date. It's a clean and easily understood
structure that scales by simply adding dates as time goes by.

FIGURE 3 shows a folder hierarchy based on date.

Client-based folders
You can also structure your archive directory around the client or project
names. In many ways, this corresponds most closely to the filing system many
photographers used to store film.

FIGURE 4 shows a folder hierarchy based on client and project names.

Size-limited folders
Another way to structure your archive is to make folders the size of your
optical media backups. These would be approximately 4.7GB for single layer
DVD or 25GB for single layer Blu-ray discs. This system is also commonly known
as a "bucket" system. The great advantage of this system is that it makes
restoring your data from an optical media backup much easier than any other
folder structure.

Electronic Source:
dpbestflow.org
Richard Anderson and Peter Krogh
http://www.dpbestflow.org/file-management/file-management-overview
Copyright 2015 American Society of Media Photographers, Inc.
FEBRUARY 27, 2012
===

distributed file system

By Vangie Beal

(dis-trib´ū-tid fīl sis´t&m) (n.) A method of storing and accessing files based in a
client/server architecture. In a distributed file system, one or more central servers
store files that can be accessed, with proper authorization rights, by any number
of remote clients in the network. Much like an operating system organizes files in
a hierarchical file management system, the distributed system uses a uniform
naming convention and a mapping scheme to keep track of where files are
located. When the client device retrieves a file from the server, the file appears
as a normal file on the client machine, and the user is able to work with the file in
the same ways as if it were stored locally on the workstation. When the user
finishes working with the file, it is returned over the network to the server, which
stores the now-altered file for retrieval at a later time.
Distributed file systems can be advantageous because they make it easier
to distribute documents to multiple clients and they provide a centralized storage
system so that client machines are not using their resources to store files.
NFS from Sun Microsystems and Dfs from Microsoft are examples of
distributed file systems.

Electronic Source:
webopedia
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/distributed_file_system.html
QuinStreet Inc.
Property of Quinstreet Enterprise.
2015

===
Also referred to as simply a file system or filesystem. The system that an
operating system or program uses to organize and keep track of files. For
example, a hierarchical file system is one that uses directories to organize files
into a tree structure.
Although the operating system provides its own file management system,
you can buy separate file management systems. These systems interact
smoothly with the operating system but provide more features, such as improved
backup procedures and stricter file protection.

Electronic Source:
Webopedia
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file_management_system.html
QuinStreet Inc.
Property of Quinstreet Enterprise.
2015
===
Definition of Terms
Android – It is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, and designed
primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet
computers. Android is the required operating system used by the researchers, so
that the application or system can function.
Operating System – It is a collection of software that manages computer
hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is essential component of the system software in a computer
system. Application programs usually require and operating system.