ATTACKING COVERAGES

WITH THE PASSING GAME

Steve Axman

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©2007 Coaches Choice. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
written permission of Coaches Choice.
Throughout this book, the masculine shall be deemed to include
the feminine and vice versa.

ISBN: 978-1-58518-005-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939950
Diagrams and book layout: Deborah Oldenburg
Cover design: Cheery Sugabo
Front cover photo: Getty Images

Coaches Choice
P.O. Box 1828
Monterey, CA 93942

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www.coacheschoice.com

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 Dedication
To the memory of my wonderful father
Julius O. Axman

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 Acknowledgments

I must first acknowledge both Coach Joe Scanella (Oakland

Raiders) and Coach Dom Anile (Indianapolis Colts) for first whetting
my appetite for passing football while at C.W. Post College. My
most significant acknowledgment must go to my true mentor, Coach
Homer Smith, my head coach during my years at the United States
Military Academy at West Point, along with Army coaches Bruce
Tarbox and Mike Mikolayunas. I was very fortunate to have worked
with Coach Willie Peete at the University of Arizona. I learned much
from Willie. I also must mention the valuable year I spent with
Coaches Mouse Davis and Don Frease at the Denver Gold (USFL),
learning the principles of the run-and-shoot offense. I was also able
to learn much about the pass game from Coaches Jack Elway and
Dave Baldwin during my time at Stanford University and from Joe
Krivak while at the University of Maryland. And, I must acknowledge
the great time I had developing potent, pass-oriented offenses while
I was the head football coach at Northern Arizona University working
with such great assistant coaches as Steve Kragthorpe, Karl Dorrell,
Ken Zampese, Eric Price, and Marty Mornhinweg. Special
acknowledgment goes to former Lumberjack offensive coordinator
Brent Myers. My one year of working with Coach Steve Loney at the
University of Minnesota was of great value to me. I also must
acknowledge the extremely valuable time I spent working with Rick
Neuheisel, Keith Gilbertson, John Pettas, and Bobby Kennedy while
at the University of Washington. Most recently, I have had the great
opportunity to become reacquainted with the run-and-shoot offense
while working with Coach Rob Phenicie at the University of Montana.
Thanks also go to Coaches John Reeves, Jim Brennan, and Lindy
Infante. And, thanks to the many, many great coaches with whom I
have had the great pleasure of talking about passing game X's and
O's over the course of my career.

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 Preface
Attacking Coverages with the Passing Game analyzes the structure
of eight basic pass coverages (four zone and four man-to-man) and
ways to beat these coverages with pass routes, pass-route
combinations, and integrated pass patterns. The four zone
coverages are cover 2, cover 3, quarters coverage, and quarter-
quarter-half coverage. The four man-to-man coverages are man-
free, cover-2 man under, four-across man, and blitz-man coverage.
Can defenses utilize more coverages? Certainly! However, other
coverages are usually offshoots or modifications of these eight basic
coverages.
When we train our quarterbacks, and the other players who make
up the actual pass-game portion of our offense, we always start out
by teaching these eight basic pass coverages. We thoroughly teach
the basics of cover 3, and then help our players to understand that
cover 3 weak, or strong, roll, or three-deep prevent are all
derivations of the basic concepts of cover 3. The same is true for
cover 1 man-free, cover 2, and all of the other basic eight coverages
that this book will deal with. However, we always start out with the
basic coverages and go from there. Is one safety in the middle of
the field? Two? None? Such information quickly helps us to
categorize the great multitude of pass coverages we may see during
the course of a season so that we can effectively know what we're
facing both in the coverage strengths and weaknesses. In addition,
such analyses help us to understand which types of routes, route
combinations, and pass patterns can most effectively attack such
coverage structures.
Is Attacking Coverages with the Passing Game all-inclusive?
Certainly not, and it is not meant to be. Chapter 5 offers 30
conceptual pass-game thoughts to attack cover-2 man under. More
approaches are certainly possible, and many of those might be
extremely effective in attacking cover-2 man under. What Attacking

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Coverages with the Passing Game is trying to do is present a solid
understanding of the eight basic pass coverages, their strengths,
their weaknesses, and their basic pass-route, pass-route-
combination, and pass-pattern vulnerabilities. When learned and
understood, such knowledge will help an offense to attack any (and
all) coverage structures that might be thrown at it. So, yes, another
way to execute a smash-route combination versus cover 2 may be
possible. However, once an offense and its players understand the
usage of the smash-route-combination concept, a multitude of
possible executions can be realized. The purpose of this book is to
help you, the coach/reader, understand the basics of pass coverage
as a foundation from which to attack and dismantle pass coverages
with a sound, effective pass offense.

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 Diagram Key

Quarterback's initial read in case of defensive coverage

presents a "gimme" (a clear, open throw).

Circled number is a quarterback read progression.

Number(s) by itself on a receiver's route stem is yardage
depth.

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 18 Number(s) by itself on a receiver's route stem is yardage depth.

Number with an "S" to the bottom right of the number

7S signifies the number of steps a receiver takes on his route
stem.

Number at the bottom of the quarterback dropback action

3, 5 or 7 telling the number of steps in the quarterback's drop.

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Squiggly portion of a route's line telling possible route "zone"
throttle down action in zone void.

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 Understanding
Pass-Coverage Structure

To attack pass coverages effectively, coaches and players must first

understand the fundamental concepts of coverage structure. Cover
2, cover 3, quarters coverage, 2 man, Tampa 2, blitz man, quarter-
quarter-half, 3 sky, 3 weak, 3 prevent, pressman free, off-man free,
and so on—where does it all start? How is the coach in the press
box able to quickly identify the coverages being used in a game in an
effort to shut down his pass game so that he can effectively call his
plays? More importantly, how does the quarterback, with a
threatening stunt or blitz breathing down his neck, quickly identify the
coverage being utilized to help him anticipate where he should be
going with the ball in regard to the pass pattern being utilized? How
are the wide receivers, the tight ends, and even the backs quickly
able to discern the coverages in front of them to help them execute
their pass routes correctly? Actually, such coverage-structure
identification is simpler than it seems. If the quarterback, the
potential receivers, and the coaching staff can understand the basic
concepts of pass-coverage structure, then the offense will always
have a good chance of identifying and understanding the multitude of
defensive pass coverages it may face during the course of a
season.

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 The 0-1-2 System
A very easy system can be utilized to help
understand and teach pass-coverage structure. The
system, known as 0-1-2, starts and bases the
understanding and

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teaching of pass-coverage structure on the number of deep safeties
in the middle of the field.
In the 0-1-2 system of identifying and understanding pass-
coverage structure, "0" refers to no deep safeties in the middle of
the field. You should categorize such pass coverages as being in the
zero-safeties family. With no deep safeties in the middle of the field,
you should anticipate either a four-across man coverage (cover
zero) by the secondary with the probability of some form of frontal
stunt pressure. Or, you might anticipate a three-across man
coverage (blitz man) with a secondary blitzer and a probable tie into
some form of frontal stunt pressure.
"1" refers to one deep safety in the middle of the field. Categorize
such pass coverages as being in the one-safety family. With one
deep safety in the middle of the field, you should anticipate either
some form of three-deep zone coverage (cover 3) or man-free
coverage (cover 1).
"2" refers to two deep safeties in the middle of the field.
Categorize such pass coverages as being in the two-safeties family.
With two deep safeties in the middle of the field, you should
anticipate some form of a two-deep zone (cover 2) or man-under
coverage (cover-2 man-under), four-across zone coverage
(quarters), or a mixture of cover 2 and quarters coverages (quarter-
quarter-half).
The 0-1-2 system is a starting point for identifying and
understanding pass-coverage structure. A multitude of variations of
the aforementioned coverages can certainly be implemented.
However, if they are all explained as coming from the basics of the
0-1-2 system, such coverage variations or deviations become easy
to identify and understand.
It is important to realize that in the identification and
understanding of coverage structure, a coverage on the field can,
very simply, be wrong. Players can make mistakes and align
incorrectly. In addition, a coverage can be unsound or seem to be
unsound. And, a defense can gamble using overloaded and
seemingly unsound blitzes that leave a (or some) receiver(s) left
uncovered. Once again, relying on the 0-1-2 system for identifying

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and understanding coverage structure will allow coaches and players
a sound basis from which to analyze and quickly recognize any such
coverage variation during the midst of a pressure-filled game. In this
fashion, the offense can go on the attack immediately to exploit the
weaknesses of any coverage structure.

Zero-Safeties Coverage Family

When no deep safeties are in the middle of the field, you should be
thinking cover zero (four-across man coverage) with the strong
possibility of some form of a frontal stunt pressure. Or, you should
be thinking blitz man (three-across man coverage) with a secondary
blitzer and the strong possibility of being tied into some form of a
frontal stunt. Once you see no deep safeties in the middle of the
field, think stunt and blitz

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pressure. If it's cover zero (four-across man coverage), think frontal
stunts and pressures by the defensive line and the linebackers. If
it's blitz man (three-across man coverage), think secondary blitzer.
The blitzer might be the weakside cornerback, the weak safety, or
the strong safety.
Cover Zero (Four-Across Man Coverage)
In cover zero (four-across man coverage), no deep safeties are in
the middle of the field. All four defensive backs are positioned down
low, camped by alignment on receivers in off-man coverage. Press-
man coverage techniques are a possibility. More often, all four
defensive backs show off-man-coverage techniques. They are
usually down low, seven to nine yards off the line of scrimmage, in
tightened off-coverage alignments. The man-alignment stances are
angled out at the receivers. The defensive backs aligned in man-to-
man coverage will probably be in a bent-legged stance and looking
(or staring) directly at the receivers. As a result of the cover-zero
(four-across man coverage) alignment and stance look, you should
expect frontal stunts and pressures. Diagram 1-1 shows cover zero
(four-across man) off-man coverage with a six-man frontal pressure
stunt.

Diagram 1-1. Cover zero (four-across man) off-man coverage with

a six-man frontal stunt

Blitz Man (Three-Across Man Coverage)

On blitz man (three-across man coverage), no deep safeties are in
the middle of the field. Three defensive backs are eventually

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positioned down low, camped by alignment on receivers in off-man
coverage as the fourth defensive back blitzes. Press-man-coverage
techniques are a possibility. One safety, or the other, will often
cheat his alignment to cover a specific receiver with a man-to-man
coverage technique. The cheating of the man-coverage alignment,
no matter how subtle the cheating action, often helps to tell where
the secondary blitzer is coming from.

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 Three of the defensive backs show man-coverage techniques.
They are usually down low, seven to nine yards off the line of
scrimmage, in tightened off-man alignments. The man-alignment
stances are angled out at the receivers. The man-toman covering
defensive backs will probably be in a bent-legged stance looking
(or staring) directly at the receivers. As a result of the blitz-man
(three-across man coverage) alignment and stance look, you
would expect some type of blitz from the fourth secondary
defender (he might be the weak corner, the weak safety, or the
strong safety). In addition, the offense must also be aware of the
strong possibility of frontal stunt action in combination with the
secondary blitz action.
Diagram 1-2 shows blitz man (three-across man coverage)
with a weak corner blitz in combination with a weakside frontal
edge stunt pressure. Diagram 1-3 shows blitz man (three-across
man coverage) with a weak safety blitz to the weakside of the

Diagram 1-2. Blitz man (three-across man coverage) with weak

corner crash and weakside frontal edge stunt

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Diagram 1-3. Blitz man (three-across man coverage) with weak
safety blitz and strongside linebacker cross stunt

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offensive formation combined with a strongside linebacker cross
stunt. Diagram 1-4 shows blitz man (three-across man coverage)
with a strong safety blitz in combination with a strongside frontal
"in" stunt.

Diagram 1-4. Three-across man coverage with strong safety blitz

and strongside frontal "in" stunt

One-Safety Coverage Family

When one deep free safety is in the middle of the field, you should
be thinking some form of a three-deep zone coverage—the most
common of which are cover 3. Or, you should be thinking cover 1
(man-free coverage). The key—once it has been determined that a
one-deep free safety is in the middle of the field, making it part of
the one-safety family—is to switch the key read from the one
single safety in the middle of the field to the cornerbacks. You now
want to see how the cornerbacks are aligned, and what type of
coverage techniques they are showing. You want to see if the
cornerbacks are playing zone-coverage alignments and techniques,
which would tell you that it's probably some form of three-deep
zone coverage (cover 3). Or, are the cornerbacks playing man
coverage alignments and techniques, telling you it is cover 1 (man-
free coverage)?

Cover 3 (Three-Deep Zone Coverage)

In cover 3 (three-deep zone coverage), one deep free safety is in
the middle of the field. The cornerbacks are positioned off and
deep normally aligned in a head-up to outside alignment on the

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widest receiver. The cornerbacks will probably be in more of a
straight-legged, squared-up stance—and, rather than the man-
coverage technique of looking (or staring) at the receiver, the
cornerbacks will probably be looking ("peeking in") to the
quarterback. Diagram 1-5 shows cover 3, the most basic three-
deep zone coverage with four-underneath zone-coverage
defenders.

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 Diagram 1-5. Cover 3 three-deep, four-underneath zone coverage

Cover 1 (Man-Free Coverage)

In cover 1 (man-free coverage), one deep free safety is in the
middle of the field. He is the deep-zone "free" safety backing up
the underneath man coverage. The other three defensive backs
and two linebackers—and possibly a fifth (nickel) and sixth (dime)
defensive back substituting for the coverage linebackers—are
positioned down low, tighter in alignment, seven to nine yards off
the receivers in an off-man-free coverage alignment technique.
They are camped down by alignment on the receivers in man
coverage. Press man-free coverage is a popular part of the
cover-1 (man-free coverage) package. Press techniques can be
used in combination with off-man-free-coverage techniques in an
effort to press specific or certain receivers while playing off-man-
free-coverage techniques on others. In their man-coverage
techniques, the man-coverage defenders are usually aligned in an
inside-out alignment in more of a bent-legged stance, looking (or
staring) at the receivers. Diagram 1-6 shows cover-1 (man-free)
off-man-coverage techniques. Diagram 1-7 shows press cover 1
(man-free coverage).

Two-Safeties Coverage Family

When two deep safeties are in the middle of the field, think cover
2 (two-deep, five-under zone coverage). Or, think of coverages
that are related to cover 2, such as cover-2 man under (two-

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man), quarters coverage, and quarter-quarter-half coverage. All
of these coverages are related by the fact that they have two
safeties in the middle of the field, making them all part of the two-
safeties family. Once it has been determined that two deep
safeties are in the middle of the field, check to see the depth of
the safeties and the alignment depth and techniques of the
cornerbacks. Doing so helps to determine if the two-safeties
coverage is cover 2 or another coverage in the two-safeties
coverage family.

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Diagram 1-6. Cover 1 (man-free coverage) with off-man-coverage
techniques

Diagram 1-7. Cover 1 (man-free coverage) with press-man-

coverage techniques

Cover 2
In cover 2, the most common, or basic, coverage in the two-
safeties family, two deep safeties are in the middle of the field.
The two deep safeties are aligned deep and normally tight, or
near, to the hashes. They play deep half-field zone coverage,
approximately 14 yards deep.
The cornerbacks are low, or squatted, in alignment, five to six

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yards deep. They are normally aligned head-up to outside of the
widest receivers. The cornerbacks will probably be in more of a
straight-legged, squared-up stance. And, rather than the man-
coverage technique of looking (or staring) at the receiver, the
cornerbacks will look

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through the wide receiver in an effort to "peek in" towards the
quarterback. Diagram 1-8 shows cover-2, two-deep, five-under
zone coverage.
Diagram 1-9 shows cover-2, man-under (two-man) coverage. As
in base cover 2, the two deep safeties are aligned deep and tight to
the hashes playing deep, half-field coverage. The cornerbacks and
other underneath coverage defenders (linebackers, nickel or dime
secondary defenders), however, are aligned inside-out in press-man
coverage .

Diagram 1-8. Cover-2, two-deep, five-under zone coverage

Diagram 1-9. Cover-2 man-under (two-man) coverage

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Quarters Coverage
In quarters coverage, two deep safeties are in the middle of the
field. The two deep safeties, however, are not aligned with
discipline on or near the hashes, nor are they in the 12-14-yard
cover-2 depth range. The quarters coverage safeties align lower (9
to 11 yards) and in more of a position that will allow them to
become inside-out perimeter support defenders rather than as
cover-2, deep-halves, zone-coverage defenders. And, rather than
being deep-halves, zone-coverage defenders, the safeties are part
of a four-across-zone, quarters (quarter-quarter-quarter-quarter)
scheme with the cornerbacks.
In quarters coverage, the cornerbacks are aligned off, or deep,
as part of the four-across, quarters-coverage scheme,
also in the 9 to 11-yard range. The cornerbacks are
positioned head-up to outside of the widest receivers in a straight-
legged stance, but do not necessarily look in at the quarterback
(because of the common use of inside-outside, brackets, or
combination coverage keys between the cornerbacks and the
safeties in quarters coverage on the first two receivers, outside-in,
to their sides). Diagram 1-10 shows quarters coverage with three
underneath-zone-coverage defenders.

Diagram 1-10. Quarters coverage with three underneath-zone-

coverage defenders

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Quarter-Quarter-Half Coverage
In quarter-quarter-half coverage, two deep safeties are in the
middle of the field. However, the two safeties play two different
techniques in the quarter-quarter-half coverage scheme. The
field/formationside strong safety plays normal quarters cover
alignment and technique. The weak safety (i.e., the safety away
from the formation strength side) plays a form of halves coverage
that is approximately 12-14 yards deep,

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but slightly off the hash towards the sideline. This alignment is
premised on the belief that considerable inside safety help is coming
from the field/formation side quarters coverage strong safety.
Much like the safeties, the cornerbacks also play different
techniques in the quarter-quarter-half coverage scheme. The
field/formation-side cornerback plays normal off, head-up to outside-
aligned, quarters coverage. The weakside cornerback (i.e., the
cornerback away from the formation strength side) plays a normal
squatted, cover-2 technique. Such action by the cornerbacks and the
safeties helps to produce the combination of quarters coverage and
cover 2 that produces the quarter-quarter-half coverage shown in
Diagram 1-11.

Diagram 1-11. Quarter-quarter-half coverage with four underneath-

zonecoverae defenders

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 Pass Attack of Cover 3

Cover 3 is the most common, or basic, zone coverage in the one-

safety family. One deep free safety is in the middle of the field. The
one deep safety is normally aligned in deep center field. However,
when the ball is on a hash mark, the one deep safety may be aligned
tight to the hash, depending on the formation the coverage is facing
and/or the split of the wide receivers—especially the spread receiver
to the field. The one safety is responsible for the middle third of the
field, aligning approximately 12 to 14 yards deep (however, the
cover-3 safety's depth can vary greatly from team to team).
The cover-3 cornerbacks play deep-zone coverage, aligning
approximately 10 to 12 yards deep (this depth can also vary greatly
from team to team). They normally align head-up to outside of the
widest receiver to their side. The cornerbacks will probably be in
more of a straight-legged, squared-up stance. Unlike the man-
coverage technique of looking or staring at the receiver they are
aligned on, the cover-3 cornerbacks will normally look through their
wide receiver to the inside in an effort to "peek in" toward the
quarterback. Such "peek-in" action helps the cornerbacks to study
the quarterback's eye focus on a pass pattern, helping to produce
read keys for the cornerbacks as pass defenders.
A strong safety aligns to the field as the flat-pass-coverage

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defender and the coverage's perimeter-run-support defender. As a
result, the front normally supplies a flat-zone-coverage defender to
the weakside, away from the field strong safety. Diagram 2-1 shows
cover-3 three-deep, four-under zone coverage.

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 Diagram 2-1. Cover-3 three-deep, four-under zone coverage

Cover-3 Pass-Game Strengths

• Cover 3, with its three-deep, four-under zone coverage, is a
balanced coverage. By design, one-and-a-half deep-zone
defensive backs are assigned to each side of the field and two
underneath-zone defenders are assigned to each side of the
field.
• The three deep-zone defenders (the two cornerbacks and the
middle safety) are considered the strength of the coverage,
providing strong deep-pass coverage. The play of the three deep
defenders is focused on staying as deep as the deepest
receivers to prevent deep-pass completions. The deep-coverage
emphasis is very much designed to force shorter, underneath
throwing by an offense. In essence, cover 3 is designed to force
passing offenses to patiently attack with the short, underneath
throw game, something many pass-oriented teams are unwilling
—or unable—to do.
• With the emphasis of the cover-3 cornerbacks staying as wide
as (or wider than) the widest receivers, cover 3 does a good job
of containing—or boxing in—pass completions to the inside,
helping to prevent big gains.
• The four underneath-zone defenders (normally three
linebackers and the strong safety) provide strong inside-out
underneath-zone coverage. Many cover-3 teams feel that they
are doing a good job of bunching up their under coverage to clog

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 up middle routes and route combinations with their four
underneath- coverage defenders.
• Depending on the technique utilized by the underneath-zone-
coverage linebackers, the linebackers can run vertically with
inside-receiver vertical-release routes. Doing so can force
possible floating throws to such receivers, making such passes
vulnerable to interceptions by the deep-middle-zone cover-3 free
safety.

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• Cover 3 is an excellent disguise coverage from which to stem
to other coverages— especially cover 1 (man-free coverage).
Cover 3 can also roll over to the frontside or backside to produce
coverages in the two-safeties family.
• Substitution of an extra defensive back (strong-safety-type
defender) for the weakside outside linebacker fits well for nickel-
type pass coverage in the cover-3 scheme.

Cover-3 Pass-Game Weaknesses

The most basic pass-game weaknesses of cover 3 are the (initially)
uncovered flat zones and the deep seams between the cornerbacks
and the safety. Such cover-3 voids are shown in Diagram 2-2.

Diagram 2-2. Cover-3 voids

• Most pass attacks will focus on throwing in the short,

underneath zones versus cover 3. The basic thinking is that cover
3 exposes itself to flat-zone throwing or opens itself up to inside
routes and route combinations when the coverage works hard to
cover the flats.
• Cover 3 gets most hurt by teams who are willing to patiently
attack the coverage underneath when only four underneath
defenders are covering the horizontal width of the field. Short,
quick, underneath pass routes and pass-route combinations can
effectively lead to sound, control-type passing that can
successfully help "move the chains."

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• Cover 3 is extremely susceptible to quick-game passing—
especially in the flats (i.e., hitch and quick speed-out routes). The
strong safety and weakside outside linebacker simply have a
tough time covering such quickly-thrown outside-flat-area routes.

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• Out-type routes also help to expose the vacated cover-3 flat-
zone areas. Just as in quick-game passing, the strong safety
and weakside outside linebacker have a tough time covering
quickly-thrown outside flat routes.
• Cover 3 is especially vulnerable to side-by-side, lateral-read-
route combinations, which are a big part of many offensive pass
designs. Diagram 2-3 shows how the route combinations of a
side-by-side lateral-read flanker (Z) rollaway and a tight- end (Y)
alley route, and a split-end (X) curl and back flat can effectively
attack cover- 3 underneath coverage.
• Due to the heavy emphasis of the cover-3 strong safety and
weakside outside linebacker in flying out hard to cover the flats,
inside two-on-one and three-on-two

Diagram 2-3. Side-by-side lateral-read-route combinations versus

cover 3

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Diagram 2-4. Three-on-two isolation on two cover-3 inside
linebackers

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• linebacker in flying out hard to cover the flats, inside two-on-one
and three-on-two route isolations versus the weak and strong
inside linebackers help to create excellent isolations in favor of the
offense. Such a favorable three-on-two isolation on the two cover-
3 inside linebackers is shown in Diagram 2-4.
• Deep intermediate holes can be produced in cover 3 to open
up effective deep intermediate throws (such as comeback-outs
and dig routes) by pushing the three- deep scheme vertically with
streak-route threats and/or post/clear-out-type routes.
• Cover 3 can be exploited in the voids between the cornerbacks
and the deep middle (or free) safety with the four-streak
concepts. Two streaks occupy the outside cornerbacks, helping
to create a two-on-one inside streak isolation on the middle (free)
safety.
• Two-on-one high-low reads can be effectively executed on the
cover-3 inside linebackers. A post or clear-out-type route helps to
occupy the middle (free) safety and prevent him from interfering
with the (high) dig route. Play-action helps to hold the isolated
linebacker and open the desired throw to the dig route. Such a
two-on-one high-low isolation on a cover-3 inside linebacker with
play-action is shown in Diagram 2-5.

Diagram 2-5. Two-on-one high-low isolation on cover-3 inside

linebacker

• One-on-one option-route isolations—such as a tight-end (Y)

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 option route—can be very effective versus the two cover-3 inside
linebackers, since the cover-3 strong safety and weakside
outside linebacker are often forced to work out to the flats so
heavily.
• Naked action can be very effective versus cover 3. The
misdirection action can help the offense to outflank the cover-3
underneath coverage with flat routes and comeback-out routes,
while creating an excellent crossing naked-route isolation, as
shown in Diagram 2-6.

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• Screens of all types can be very effective versus cover 3.
Formationing can help spread out the cover-3 underneath
coverage to make such screens especially effective.

Diagram 2-6. Misdirection naked action versus cover 3

Route Combination and

Pass-Pattern Attack of
Cover 3

Quick-Game Hitch
The quick-game (three-step-drop-timed throw by the quarterback)
hitch route is an excellent route concept versus cover 3. The hitch
route helps to exploit the cover-3 flat-zone-coverage void. Diagram
2-7 shows hitch action versus cover 3 to both sides of the
formation, allowing the quarterback to make a pre-read decision as
to which side of the formation has the best hitch isolation throw
opening

Quick-Game Double Hitch with Lateral

Read

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The quick-game double-hitch-route combination is an excellent
concept versus cover 3—strong or weak. The two-on-one, side-by-
side, lateral-read concept helps to isolate

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the strong safety or the weakside outside linebacker, forcing the
defenders to cover either the inside or outside hitch route. The quick-
game double-hitch-route concept with lateral-read action is shown in
Diagram 2-8.

Quick-Game Speed-Out
The quick-game speed-out route is an excellent route concept
versus cover 3. Just like the hitch route, the speed-out route helps to
exploit the cover-3 flat-zone-coverage void, as shown in Diagram 2-
9. The diagram also shows double-quick speed-out-route action to
the strongside of the formation to produce effective double-quick
speed-out, side-by-side, lateral-read action.

Diagram 2-7. Quick-game hitch action versus cover 3

Diagram 2-8. Quick-game double-hitch action with lateral read

versus cover 3

42
 Diagram 2-9. Quick-game speed-out versus cover 3

Quick-Game Slant/Arrow Lateral Read

The quick-game slant/arrow lateral-read-route combination is an
excellent concept to utilize versus cover 3. The arrow route is a
special route to help accommodate a slant route in the side-by-side,
lateral-read concept. The arrow route is a route run directly out to
the sideline without any normal up-the-field flat-route buildup in an
effort to influence the strong safety or the weakside outside
linebacker to work quickly to the flat to open up the slant throw. Tell
the quarterback to throw the arrow route until he can't. Doing so can
help influence the strong safety or weak outside linebacker to drive
on the arrow route as those defenders see the quarterback staring
down the arrow route. The slant/arrow lateral-read-route concept
versus cover 3 is shown in Diagram 2-10.

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Stick-

Route Isolation
The quick-game inside-receiver stick-route isolation can be a very
effective concept versus cover 3. The flat route of the back can help
to stretch the coverage of the cover-3 strong safety to help open up
the tight-end (Y) stick-route isolation, as shown in Diagram 2-11.

43
Quick-Game Double-Move Route
Isolations
Double-move action off of quick-game pass routes is an excellent
way to attack cover-3 cornerbacks who try to jump the quick-game
prime routes. Double-move route isolations off of the hitch and quick
speed-out routes to produce hitch-and-go and quick speed-out-and-
up routes are shown in Diagram 2-12.

44
 Diagram 2-10. Quick-game slant/arrow lateral-read-route
combination versus cover 3

Diagram 2-11. Quick-game inside-receiver stick-route isolation

versus cover 3

Speed-Out/Rollaway Lateral-Read
Combinations
The five-step-quarterback-drop-timed speed-out and rollaway
lateral-read-route combinations are excellent ways to attack cover
3. Both the prime-route speed-out and rollaway routes effectively
attack the cover-3 flat-zone-coverage voids. As shown in Diagram
2-13, the tight-end (Y) alley route helps to create a true lateral

45
read on the strong safety, while the back's seam route helps to
hold the weakside linebacker from getting out to the rollaway
route. The rollaway route is an excellent concept to use when the
ball is on the hash into the boundary where the speed-out may not
have enough

46
room to operate. Diagram 2-14 shows a similar lateral-read concept
with deeper, seven-step-quarterback-drop-timed comeback-out and
deep rollaway routes.
Acute/Rollaway/Speed-Out Isolations with Middle-Read Action
Acute (short 10- to 12-yard comeback-out routes), rollaways, and
speed-out routes work very well with an inside-receiver, middle-
read-route concept versus cover 3. The middle-read route has the
option of breaking into an open deep middle (i.e., cover 2), or the
middle-read receiver breaks his middle-read route off into a short
square-in-type dig route versus a coverage where a safety is in the
middle of the field (such as cover

Diagram 2-12. Quick-game double-move routes versus cover 3

Diagram 2-13. Speed-out and rollaway lateral-read concepts versus

cover 3

47
48
3). If the middle-read-route receiver sees "no-one deep" in front of
him, he, simply, keeps on going deep. Versus deep-middle coverage,
the outside acute, rollaway, or speed-out routes become the prime
routes for the quarterback. The underneath back sit routes and the
tight-end (Y) break-off route action on the tight end's middle-read
route become the late-outlet routes, as shown in Diagram 2-15.
Diagram 2-16 shows how the middle-read concept can be used with
seven-step-quarterback-drop-timed comeback-out and deep-
rollaway routes.

Diagram 2-14. Comeback-out and deep rollaway lateral-read

concepts versus cover 3

49
Diagram 2-15. Acute/rollaway/speed-out routes with middle-read
route versus cover 3

50
Diagram 2-16. Comeback-out and deep-rollaway routes with middle-
read route versus cover 3

Comeback-Out Play-Action Pass

The comeback-out to the split end (X) in a pro-set formation with
play-action faking is a very popular method of attacking cover 3. The
route combination actually becomes a high-low read in relation to the
action of the weakside outside linebacker as he covers the tight-end
(Y) cross route or the split-end (X) comeback-out route, as shown in
Diagram 2-17.

Diagram 2-17. Split-end (X) comeback-out isolation with play-action

versus cover 3

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Curl (or Hook)/Flat Lateral-Read Concept
The curl/flat (or deeper hook/flat) lateral-read concept is an excellent
way to attack the lack of underneath coverage of cover 3. To the
weakside, the lateral-read action isolates on the weakside outside
linebacker, as shown by the split-end (X) curl route and the back's
flat route in Diagram 2-18. To the strongside, the lateral-read action
isolates on the strong safety, as shown by the flanker (Z) hook
route and the tight-end (Y) flat route. The only difference between
the curl and hook routes are the depths of the routes and the need
for seven-step-timed drop action by the quarterback for the deeper
hook route. Diagram 2-19 shows the use of curl (or deeper
hook)/flat lateral-read action with middle-read thinking by an inside
receiver.

Diagram 2-18. Curl/flat or hook/flat lateral-read concept versus

cover 3

52
Diagram 2-19. Curl/flat or hook/flat lateral-read concept with middle
read versus cover 3

53
Double Square-In Concept
Double square-in action is an excellent concept versus cover 3. The
pattern concept helps to isolate the three receivers to the
strongside on the two strongside underneath-coverage defenders
(the strong safety and the strongside inside linebacker). The
quarterback simply scans inside-out from the tight-end (Y) short
square-in to the flanker (Z) square-in to the back's flat route, as
shown in Diagram 2-20.

Diagram 2-20. Double square-in action versus cover 3

Speed-Out, Rollaway, Curl Double-Move-

Route Concepts
As has been shown, speed-outs, rollaways, and curl routes are
excellent ways to attack cover 3. Quite often, a cover-3 cornerback
will try to jump such wide-receiver routes. As a result, double-
move-route concepts can be very effective to create "home-run"
deep-ball threats to combat aggressive cornerback play on such
five-step-timed quarterback drop actions. Diagram 2-21 shows a
rollaway- (fake-) and-go double-move action by the split end (X),
and speed-out-and-up double-move action by the flanker (Z).
Diagram 2-22 shows a curl-and-go double-move action by the split
end (X), and a flat-and-up double-move action by the tight end (Y).

54
Deep-Hook/Flat-Route Combinations as
Outlets
The deep-hook/flat-route outlet combination can be a very effective
side-by-side, lateral-read concept in attacking cover 3, as shown in
Diagram 2-23. Deep, longer-developing hook routes that push the
cover-3 cornerbacks vertically can find excellent cover-3 void
pockets to work into to effectively act as late outlets. Diagram 2-23
shows

55
 the quarterback reading the flanker (Z) curl/flat prime-route-read
combination and scans back to the hook/flat outlet-route
combination (reading the hook route first and the flat route
second). The timing of the pattern is coordinated with the five-step
timing of the prime-route curl/flat read and the backside seven-
step timing of the hook/flat-route outlet combination.

Diagram 2-21. Rollaway-and-go/speed-out-and-up double-move

concepts versus cover 3

Diagram 2-22. Curl-and-go/flat-and-up double-move concepts

versus cover 3

56
 Diagram 2-23. Deep hook/flat outlet action versus cover 3

Diagram 2-24. Three-tiered dig/square-in concept versus cover 3

Three-Tiered Dig/Square-In High-Low

Isolation
The three-tiered dig/square-in high-low-isolation concept
presents an excellent high-to-low read action for the
quarterback versus cover 3. As shown in Diagram 2-24

57
from a sprint-draw play-action fake, the flanker receiver (Z) runs
a deep skinny-post clear-out route

58
through the middle (free) safety to prevent that defender from being
able to jump the dig (or square-in) route. The split end (X) runs a dig
to produce a high-low read for the quarterback on the playside
inside linebacker in combination with the tailback's sit route. If the
quarterback has time, he should check the skinny post for a big play
potential pass.

Four-Streaks Concept
The four-streaks concept is an extremely effective way of attacking
cover 3 deep in the seams between the cornerbacks and the free
safety. True four-streak action will definitely occupy the outside
cornerbacks via the wide receivers' streak routes to help produce
the inside two-on-one streak isolation on the middle (free) safety.
However, the outside receivers may be better off running deep
rollaway routes or comeback-out routes as outlets if the
cornerbacks are aligned deeply, as shown by the dotted lines of the
outside-wide-receiver streaks in Diagram 2-25. The deep rollaways
or comeback-out routes do, however, still come off of the deep-
streak threats.
If the two-on-one, inside-streak-read isolation does not look
good, the quarterback can dump the ball off to the back, or the
quarterback could go to the outside to the outlet deep rollaways or
comeback-outs if they are being utilized instead of outside-streak
routes.

Under Concept
The under concept is a decent concept versus cover 3. Often, the
lack of cover-3 flat
coverage has the under route turn into a hitch route, as the under
route stays out wide in the coverage void rather than unnecessarily
working to the inside to produce a high-

59
Diagram 2-25. Four-streaks concept versus cover 3

60
low read on the inside linebacker. However, the under-route
receiver will work inside if the strong safety or weak outside
linebacker drives out hard to the flat. The under concept versus
cover 3 is shown in Diagram 2-26 from a no-backs set—both weak
and strong.

Diagram 2-26. Under concept versus cover 3

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create a three-on-two flood isolation on
the two inside cover-3 linebackers. The drive-route wide receiver,
the tight end, and the back form a triangle-alignment position to
help create the three-on-two isolation advantage. The drive concept
versus cover 3 is shown in Diagram 2-27.

Cross Concept
Versus cover 3, the cross concept also helps to create a three-on-
two flood isolation on the two inside linebackers. The slot receiver,
tight end, and back form a triangle-alignment position to help create
the three-on-two isolation advantage. The cross concept, from a
balanced doubles set with a tight-end cross and a slot short-dig
action, is shown in Diagram 2-28.

61
Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a two-on-one crossing isolation
on the cover-3 strongside inside linebacker. The underneath cross
route stretches the cover-3 strong

62
safety with an initial flat-route stem and threat. He then breaks
underneath and crosses the square-out action of the tight end. If the
inside linebacker runs out with the tight end's square-out route, the
underneath cross route should be open underneath. If the tight end is
able to wall off the inside linebacker, the quarterback can stick a
tight throw in to the tight end before the tight end works out wide
toward the coverage of the cover-3 strong safety. The Texas
concept versus cover 3 is shown in Diagram 2-29

Diagram 2-27. Drive concept versus cover 3

Diagram 2-28. Cross concept versus cover 3

63
 Diagram 2-29. Texas concept versus cover 3

Option-Isolation Concept
Option-isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on cover-3 linebackers. Option routes can help to
produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed mismatches. Option
routes are best run off of five-step-drop timing by the quarterback.
This timing allows for option routes to be run in the 8- to 12-yard
range, giving the option-route receivers time to properly maneuver
and execute their option-route manor zone-separation techniques.
Diagram 2-30 shows a tight-end (Y) option and a halfback (H)
option versus cover 3.

High-Low Delay-Route Isolations

High-low delay-route isolations can be very effective against cover
3. With a vertical read route (with a strong chance of the inside
receiver's read route breaking off into a square-in route if the read-
route receiver does not read open space in front of him) and a
delay route working underneath, the quarterback simply throws off
of the two-on-one coverage reaction of the isolated strongside
inside linebacker. A high-low-read fullback delay versus cover 3 is
shown in Diagram 2-31.

High-Low Pivot and Break Route

64
Isolations
Just like delay-route high-low isolations, tight-end (Y) pivot and
break route isolations can be very effective versus cover 3. Since
the vertical route is run by a back who takes greater time to work
through the line of scrimmage, the back isn't given an inside-break
square-in outlet-route option versus deep, middle, free-safety
coverage. As a result, the quarterback reads the high-low action of
the back's streak route and the Y-pivot or Y-

65
break route off of the reaction of the isolated strong inside
linebacker. Of course, if the read is high, the quarterback must be
aware of the position of the cover-3 free safety. As a result, the
quarterback is primarily thinking Y-pivot or Y-break action with the
hope that the back's streak route will pull the inside linebacker out of
the Y-pivot or Y-break area. The pivot and break routes are run in
the six- to seven-yard range. Diagram 2-32 shows both a Y-pivot
and high-low-read isolation action to attack cover 3. Diagram 2-33
shows Y-break action versus cover 3.

Diagram 2-30. Option isolation routes versus cover 3

Diagram 2-31. High-low-read fullback-delay route isolation versus

cover 3

66
67
 Diagram 2-32. High-low-read Y-pivot isolation versus cover 3

Diagram 2-33. High-low-read Y-break isolation versus cover 3

Post Isolation
Many coaches believe that a highly timed five-step-drop, skinny-
post throw is a very effective way to beat cover 3 deep. As a
result, many passing offenses will tack on skinny-post routes to
the backside of a pattern to give the quarterback a potential
"home-run" throw if the middle (free) safety does

68
not honor the coverage of the

69
skinny-post seam. Such backside skinny-post action versus cover 3
is shown in Diagram 2-34 with a frontside speed-out/alley prime-
route-read combination.

Double-Post Concept
An excellent quick, post-throw action versus cover 3 is the double-
post-isolation concept. The pattern concept is a two-on-one double-
post isolation on the middle

Diagram 2-34. Backside skinny-post-route concept versus cover 3

Diagram 2-35. Double-post-isolation concept versus cover 3

70
(free) safety. Both wide receivers run skinny-post routes in the
cornerback/safety seams. The quarterback throws off of the
positioning of the middle (free) safety to the most open skinny-post
route. The double-post concept is shown versus cover 3 in Diagram
2-35.

Post Isolation with Backside Read/Curl

Concept
Another excellent means of attacking the seams between the cover-
3 cornerbacks and the middle (free) safety is a post isolation with a
backside read/curl-route combination. The read/curl route receiver,
recognizing a middle (free) safety, runs the seam route aspect of the
read route between the cornerback to his side and the middle (free)
safety. The quarterback throws off of the position of the middle
(free) safety to either the skinny-post route or the seam-route action
of the read route. (The read/curl route would become a broken
arrow versus an open, two-deep-safety middle.) The curl/flat-route
combination acts as the pattern's outlet. The post isolation with the
backside read/curl-route combination is shown in Diagram 2-36.

Three-Tiered Outside-Flood Concept

The three-tiered outside-flood concept is an excellent means of
attacking cover 3. The concept pushes the playside cornerback
deep and floods the strong safety with a two-on-one flood isolation.
The flat route stretches the strong safety to open up a hole for the
tight end (Y) to work his flood route into. The flood-route-pattern
concept versus cover 3 is shown in Diagram 2-37.

71
Diagram 2-36. Post isolation with backside read/curl concept versus
cover 3

72
 Diagram 2-37. Flood-pattern concept versus cover 3

Naked-Bootleg Concept
The naked-bootleg concept can be an effective way to attack cover
3. The naked-bootleg action refers to the fact that no fakeside
lineman is pulling to the backside to block protect for the
bootlegging quarterback. The naked-bootleg pattern works to pull
out the weakside outside linebacker or the strongside strong safety
with flat-route action so that the naked-route receiver can work to
get open off of the playside inside linebacker. In addition,
comeback-out routes can be extremely effective additions to naked
action versus cover 3. Naked-bootleg action is shown in Diagram 2-
38 in its effort to attack cover 3, with a comeback-out route added
to the basic naked pattern.

Wide-Receiver Screens
Outside-wide-receiver screens that work to the inside can be very
effective versus cover 3. The weakside outside linebacker and the
strong safety, in their efforts to work out hard to cover the flats, are
very susceptible to inside-breaking wide-receiver screens with kick-
out action, as shown in Diagram 2-39.

73
Inside-Backfield and Tight-End Screens
Inside-backfield and tight-end screen action can be very effective
versus cover 3. With the hard flow to the outside flats by the
weakside outside linebacker and the strongside

74
strong safety, inside screen blocking can be very effective versus
the lone remaining screenside inside linebacker. A naked-action
screen to the faking back is shown in Diagram 2-40.

Diagram 2-38. Naked-bootleg action with a comeback-out route

versus cover 3

Diagram 2-39. Wide receiver screen versus cover 3

75
Diagram 2-40. Inside naked screen action versus cover 3

76
 Pass Attack of Cover 1
(Man Free)

Cover 1 (man-free coverage) is one of the most basic man

coverages used in football today. Man free plays man-to-man
coverage underneath in either a press or an off-coverage mode. A
single, deep-zone free safety is in the middle of the field to back up
the underneath-man-coverage defenders. In this sense, man-free
coverage is most similar to cover-2 man-under coverage in that it
has a deep-zone-coverage component backing up its man-coverage
defenders. In cover-2 man-under coverage, two deep-zone
defenders back up five man-under-coverage defenders most often in
an up press-man-coverage mode.
Man free readily lends itself to nickel- and dime-coverage
substitutions. A second (nickel) and third (dime) secondary defender
can be easily substituted for linebackers to provide more—and
better—pass-coverage defenders. In man free, the one deep free
safety plays a center-field position to back up all of the underneath-
man-coverage defenders. Man-free coverage is illustrated in
Diagram 3-1, showing both up press-man coverage and off-man
coverage.

77
 Chapter 3 will focus on man-free press-man coverage, the more
difficult aspect of the man coverage to attack. Off-man-coverage
attack will be the focus of Chapter 8.

78
 Diagram 3-1. Man-free coverage

Man-Free Coverage Pass-Game

Strengths
Man-free coverage plays man-to-man coverage on all five potential
receivers of the offense—whether the man-coverage defenders are
in an up position in press-man coverage, or aligned in an off (or
loose) man-coverage position.
• The use of press-man coverage is a definite strength of man-
free coverage. Press man-coverage techniques can be very
difficult to beat if an offense's receivers are not well-versed and
practiced to do so.
• The five underneath-man-coverage defenders of man-free
coverage can do a great job of disrupting pass-route releases—
especially routes that work upfield vertically.
• The five underneath-man-coverage defenders of man-free
coverage take away easy, quick, or short pass-game routes and
patterns.
• Since man-free coverage takes away easy, quick, or short
pass-game routes and patterns, the coverage is an excellent
third-and-medium down coverage.
• The one deep-zone-coverage free safety acts as an excellent
back-up security player to assist with the coverage of any deep
routes.

79
• The one deep-zone-coverage free safety acts as excellent
back-up for any short- route completions in helping to prevent
such short completions from turning into big gains.
• The man-under aspect of the coverage makes it very easy for
the coverage to fortify its man-coverage abilities by substituting
extra (nickel and dime) defensive backs for normal coverage
linebackers.

80
• The man-free man-under linebackers (or nickel/dime defenders)
can run vertically with any inside-receiver vertical-release routes.
Doing so can force possible floating throws to such receivers
making such passes vulnerable to interceptions by the one deep-
zone-coverage free safety.
• The man-free man-under-coverage defenders easily fit to any
formation, shift, and motion variations.
• The man-under-coverage aspect of man-free coverage easily
ties into frontal stunt pressure of up to five rush defenders. For
this major reason, man-free coverage readily fits the double-eagle
(bear) front package, as shown in Diagram 3-2.
• Man-free coverage can allow the front to rush only four frontal
defenders to provide the defense with five underneath-man-
coverage defenders and an extra free underneath "floater" or
"hole" defender.
• If the offense's backs and/or tight ends don't release into pass
routes, extra floaters (or hole players) can be provided for the
defense. Such floaters (or hole defenders) can sit for short
crossing or in-breaking routes.
• Man-free coverage can provide a designated robber coverage
defender to cover the dig hole area underneath the deep free
safety by rushing only four frontal defenders. All five potential
offensive receivers are still able to be fully covered man-to-man.
• The structure of man-free coverage allows for a great deal of
coverage flexibility.

Man-Free Coverage Pass-Game

Weaknesses
• Two of the most basic premises of attacking man (man-to-man)
coverage holds true for the attack of man-free coverage: isolate
and cross. In both concepts, it's

81
Diagram 3-2. Double eagle (bear) front with man-free coverage

82
 extremely important for the receivers to man-separate and then to
be sure to maintain such separation from the man-to-man
coverage.
• Beating tight man-to-man press coverage can
easily lead to big gains. A major reason for this is that
the other coverage defenders (other than the free safety) may be
chasing/covering other receivers. As a result, the area around the
receiver making the reception may be well cleared out, allowing
the receiving ballcarrier to run for a big gain. In addition, with only
one deep free safety behind the man coverage, a lot of deep
safety help to support receptions by the receivers may not be
available.
• The total man-coverage design can only be as strong as the
weakest man-coverage defender—much as a chain is only as
strong as its weakest link. An offense can quickly focus on
attacking—or isolating—the weakest man-coverage defender(s).
• Quick-game isolations—such as slants, inside-receiver speed-
outs, and fades—can be very effective versus man-free
coverage.
• Underneath-smash and under-route isolations
offer the offense quick, inside crossing routes to help
beat the man-under coverage to the inside.
• Option-isolation routes (Y-options, H-options, slot-options) help
to exploit possible one-on-one mismatches in favor of the offense
in the attack of man-free coverage.
• Y-pivot and Y-break routes also help create one-on-one
isolation routes in favor of the offense versus man-free coverage.
Stick routes and the square-out route on a Texas concept also do
the same.
• Post-corner isolations by both outside- and inside-aligned
receivers can help to exploit both the one-on-one underneath-
man-under coverage as well as the normal deep-outside-zone
voids left by the single free-safety coverage of man-free
coverage. Such deep post-corner-isolation action
by an inside receiver into the outside single-safety
deep man-free void (as well as the excellent
underneath-lateral-dragging action of the smash route versus

83
 the man-under coverage) is shown in Diagram 3-3.
• Deeper digs and square-ins can help to isolate man-under
coverage and utilize the crossing action of such routes. It is very
important, however, to be sure that some form of a clear-out or
post route is working through the middle of the field to hold the
single deep man-free free safety. Diagram 3-4
shows the use of a clear-out route to blow the top off of
the man-free coverage so that the single deep free safety cannot
help to cover the deep square-in route.
• Cross-the-field route actions—such as drives and drag routes
—can be very effective man-free-coverage underneath-isolation
routes. Such routes have much (or all) of the width of the field to
beat the man-under coverage and get open to receive a pass.

84
• Crossing action is an excellent way to attack the man-under
aspect of man-free coverage. Cross-route-pattern concepts and
the Texas concepts are excellent examples. Backs cross and
back-fake-cross action are also excellent man-under-attack
concepts that can be used to attack man-free coverage. Backs-
cross action versus man free is shown in Diagram 3-5.

Diagram 3-3. Smash-pattern attack of deep man-free outside voids

(plus underneath-
smash- route drag action versus man-under coverage)

Diagram 3-4. Clear-out route used to blow the top off of the
man-free coverage for deep square-in or dig-route action

85
• Picks and rubs are excellent route combinations to attack man-
free coverage. Of course, such pick and rub action must be
executed off of legal picking action. A slot/slash pick-route
combination from a trips to the split-end (X) formation is
shown in Diagram 3-6.
• Picking screens thrown to backs and receivers behind the line of
scrimmage can also be very effective in defeating the man-under
aspect of man-free coverage
• Four-streaks-type designs can hold the inside defenders of
man-free coverage to help produce excellent outside one-on-one
isolations as shown in Diagram 3-7.

Diagram 3-5. Backs-cross pattern versus man-free coverage.

Diagram 3-6. Slot-pick action versus man-free coverage

86
 Diagram 3-7. Four-streaks design creating excellent outside one-
on-one deep isolations versus man-free coverage

• Tight man-to-man press coverages can be extremely vulnerable

to outside acute, rollaway, and comeback-out routes off of deep-
streak-threat action.
• Outs (square-outs) can be very effective versus man-free one-
on-one man coverage, which is especially true when executing
such square-out routes by inside receivers.
• Curl-route and deeper hook-route isolations can be very tough
on man-free one- on-one man coverage if the receivers can
effectively get separation.
• Double-move routes are an excellent way to attack man-free
coverage. This technique holds true whether the double-move
action is off of quick-game three- step-drop-timed routes (quick
hitch, slants, outs) or five-step-drop-timed routes (outs, flats,
curls, rollaways).

Route Combination and Pass-Pattern

Attack of
Man-Free Coverage

Quick-Game Slant

87
Slant-route isolations and double-slant actions can be very effective
versus man-free coverage. The major change in executing the slant
route as compared to attacking zone coverage is the pressing, tight
release of the slant receiver. This release is done in an effort to
work the hips of the press-coverage defender to get the coverage
defender's hips turned. The slant receiver initially sticks/attacks the
press-coverage defender's

88
outside hip. The slant receiver then drives back tightly, pressing on
the defender with a north-south course to influence the defender to
work upfield. The slant receiver then breaks his slant action hard to
the inside getting separation and staying on the move at top speed
to be sure to maintain such man separation. Slant and double-slant
action versus man-free coverage is shown in Diagram 3-8.
Diagram 3-9 shows slant/arrow action versus man-free
coverage. The crossing action of the slant and arrow
actions can help to actually produce a quick
crossing/picking action of the two routes, helping to free one route or
the other versus the press-man coverage.

Diagram 3-8. Quick-game slant-route and double-slant-route action

versus man-free coverage

89
Diagram 3-9. Quick-game slant-/arrow-route combination versus
man-free coverage

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Quick-Game Speed-Out
The quick-game speed-out route can be a good concept versus
man-free coverage. The quick speed-out route actually becomes a
quick square-out route versus press coverage techniques by initially
releasing into and threatening the man-coverage technique of his
man-coverage defender as shown in Diagram 3-10.

Diagram 3-10. Quick-game speed-out versus man-free coverage

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Speed-Out

and Fade
The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out and fade-route
combination presents two excellent man isolations to help defeat
man-free coverage. The wide receiver works a fade-route isolation
versus the cornerback, while the inside receiver squares his speed-
out route (actually becomes a quick square-out route) after initially
releasing into and threatening the man-coverage technique of his
man-coverage defender. Such quick-game inside-receiver speed-
out action versus man-free coverage is shown in Diagram 3-11.
An excellent supplemental concept to utilize when a man-free
man-coverage defender starts to overplay a quick-game speed-out
is the spin route as shown in Diagram 3-12. The speed-out
receiver, running the route as a quick-game square-out versus the

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press coverage, simply plants his upfield foot and spins back to the
inside versus the defender's over play-action.
Versus the man-under coverage of man-free coverage, deeper,
five-step-quarterback-drop-timed speed-outs by an inside receiver
are also very effective. The widest receiver must outside release.
The inside receiver attacks the technique of the

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man-under defender covering him, separates, and squares out to the
sideline. As with all man-coverage wide-receiver separation
techniques, the inside receiver must get separation and then be sure
to run at top speed to maintain such separation. The deeper, five-
step-drop-timed square-out concept versus man-free coverage is
shown in Diagram 3-13.

Diagram 3-11. Quick-game inside-speed-out action versus man-free

coverage

Diagram 3-12. Quick-game spin route versus man-free coverage

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 Diagram 3-13. Five-step timed inside receiver speed-out concept
versus man-free coverage

Quick-Game Fade
The quick-game fade route requires special consideration in the
attack of man-free coverage. Whether called in the play call,
signaled to by the quarterback, or as a hitch-route adjustment, the
fade route is a very effective route versus press-man-coverage
techniques. It is very important for the fade receiver to attack the
technique of the press defender covering him in an effort to push
the press defender back on his heels. The receiver then tightly
drives north-south through the defender in an effort to blow past
the press coverage defender. It is also important for the fade
receiver to leave four yards of width on the sideline for the
quarterback to effectively throw a fade pass. Diagram 3-14 shows
such fade-route action versus a man-free press defender.

Quick-Game Deep Hitch

The quick-game deep-hitch route can be very effective versus
man-free press coverage. The difference in running a deep hitch
compared to a normal hitch is an eight-yard hitch rather than a six-
yard hitch. The extra two yards of stem can do much to help
influence the covering press defender that the receiver is beyond
hitch depth and is at this point working his stem for a fade or a

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route run deeper than six yards. As a result, the receiver can work
the eight-yard hitch route tightly to the inside back into the
quarterback to help the receiver body up on the deep-hitch route.
The quarterback adjusts to fast five-step-drop timing to
accommodate the extra two yards of hitch depth. Deep fades are
not fade-adjusted versus press coverage. Quick-game deep-hitch
action versus man-free coverage is shown in Diagram 3-15.

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Quick-Game Double-Move Routes
Quick-game double-move routes can be very effective versus man-
free press coverage. Hitch-and-go and speed-out-and-go routes are
shown in Diagram 3-16. Diagram 3-17 shows slant-and-go action
versus man-free coverage.

Diagram 3-14. Fade route versus man-free press defender

Diagram 3-15. Quick-game deep-hitch route versus man-free

coverage

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 Diagram 3-16. Quick-game double-move hitch-and-go and
speed-out-and-go routes versus man-free coverage

Diagram 3-17. Quick-game double-move slant-and-go action versus

man-free coverage

Quick-Game Stick
The quick-game stick-route concept is an excellent isolation-type
route versus man-free coverage. The flat route in front of the stick
route helps to open up the stick area for the stick-route receiver
to work into. The stick receiver initially works tightly into the

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technique of the defender man-covering him and then snaps to the
outside to get separation. The stick receiver must then be sure to
work hard to the outside, losing ground slightly, to help maintain
such separation. The quick-game stick-route concept versus man-
free coverage is shown in Diagram 3-18.

Diagram 3-18. Quick-game stick route versus man-free coverage

Quick-Game Double Under With Slot

Fades
An excellent concept to attack the man-free coverage deep-
outside voids is the quick-game double-under-with-slot-fades
concept. The inside receivers (the slots) actually run fade routes
on their press-man-coverage defenders. The quarterback works
opposite the positioning of the free safety. The under routes
underneath the fade routes act as outlets if the inside-receiver
fade-route reads don't look good, as shown in Diagram 3-19.

Under Concept
The under concept presents an excellent underneath isolation of a
wide receiver working underneath a clear route by the adjacent
receiver to the inside versus man-free coverage. The clear route
gets eaten up by the man-under coverage—and possibly the

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deep man-free safety. The under route must beat the man
coverage by man-separating and maintaining such separation to
the inside underneath the clear route by staying on the move.
Diagram 3-20 shows an under-route isolation versus man-free
coverage.

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 Diagram 3-19. Quick-game double under with slot fades versus
man-free Coverage

Diagram 3-20. Under concept versus man-free coverage

High-Low-Read Smash Isolation

The high-low-read smash isolation gives an offense an excellent
ability to attack man-free coverage. The inside receiver
post-corner route must beat the man-under coverage.
However, the post-corner route is still able to work away from the
man-free deep-zone free safety into the deep-outside man-free void.
When run as a hitch-option

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route, the smash route has the ability to beat the press-man-under
coverage across the field to the inside or back outside to the sideline
if the man-coverage cornerback overplays the inside break of the
smash route. Such man-breaking actions of the smash concept
versus man-free coverage is shown in Diagram 3-21.

Bunch-Formation Post-Corner Flood-

Isolation Concept
A bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept is an excellent
way of attacking man-free coverage. The flood concept is normally
thought of as an action to overload zone coverages. However, the
picking/crossing action of the post-corner bunch concept helps to
condense the man-free coverage and actually outflank the coverage
with the outside man-breaking flood routes as shown in Diagram 3-
22.

Post-Corner High-Low Isolation

A very similar concept to the smash high-low isolation versus man-
free coverage is the post-corner high-low isolation. The post-corner
isolation of the widest receiver helps to produce an excellent deep
isolation versus man free as shown in Diagram 3-23. This action
gives the pass offense a chance to attack the coverage in the deep
outside zone away from the free safety in an area that is a
coverage void. In addition, the inside receiver is shown running a
spin-route action back to the inside off of his flat-route stem to give
that receiver an excellent chance to man-separate and to beat press
coverage to the inside

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 Diagram 3-21. Smash concept versus man-free coverage
.

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Diagram 3-22. Bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept
versus man-free coverage

Diagram 3-23. Post-corner high-low isolation concept versus man-

free coverage

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Post-Corner Deep Across
The post-corner deep across concept also does a good job of
attacking man-free coverage. The post-corner route attacks the
outside man-free void, while the deep-drag route has room all the
way across the field to separate from his man-under coverage and
get open. Diagram 3-24 shows a split-end (X) deep-across pattern
versus man-free coverage. The major concern for using longer
developing routes, such as the deep over versus man free, is pass-
protection time needs versus the potential of five pass rushers.

Diagram 3-24. X-deep-across concept versus man-free coverage

Three-Tiered Dig Concept

The three-tiered dig concept is set up by having the wide receiver
opposite the dig run through the middle of the field to push the man-
free free safety deep to open up a void for the dig route to work
into. Doing so helps eliminate the deep-safety-coverage threat so
that the dig receiver can focus on beating the one-on-one press-
man-under coverage. The pattern concept versus man-free
coverage is shown in Diagram 3-25. Once again, the pass-
protection time needed for the execution of a long-developing pass

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route, such as a dig route, can be a major concern of the total pass
pattern in regard to the potential of five pass rushers that can so
often be associated with man free.

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 Diagram 3-25. Three-tiered X dig concept versus man-free
coverage

Four-Streaks Concept
The four-streaks concept is an excellent way of attacking man-free
coverage if the offense feels it has a good outside, one-on-one
isolation. The two inside streaks help to hold their man-under-
coverage defenders and the single deep free safety. The
quarterback must understand that an unfavorable three-on-two
ratio exists inside, with an excellent one-on-one ratio to the outside.
The four-streaks concept, with its excellent outside one-on-one
streak isolation, is shown in Diagram 3-26.

Rollaway/Acute Routes
Rollaway and acute routes are excellent isolation actions versus
man-free coverage. They are especially effective when they
develop off of strong streak-threat fakes pushing the man-free
press cornerbacks deep. Rollaway-/acute-route action versus
man-free coverage is shown in Diagram 3-27 from a four-streaks
design.

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 Diagram 3-28 shows comeback-out and deep rollaway routes
versus man-free coverage with middle-read action. The
quarterback drop timing for such deeper developing routes is
seven steps.

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Diagram 3-26. Four-streaks concept outside one-on-one isolations
versus man-free coverage

Diagram 3-27. Rollaway/acute routes versus man-free coverage

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 Diagram 3-28. Comeback-out and deep rollaway route action
versus man-free coverage

Speed-Outs
Speed-out routes are not a high priority versus man-free coverage.
However, it's important to note that if speed-outs are called versus
man-free press-man coverage, the speed-out routes must be
adjusted to square-out routes "on the run" as shown in Diagram 3-
29.

Switch Acute
The switch-acute concept is an excellent concept versus man-free
coverage. The switching action on the stem of the two receivers
involved in the route combination helps to produce a
picking/crossing action that helps combat the press-man coverage
as shown in Diagram 3-30 with sprint-out quarterback action. The
route can be deepened by having the route be a comeback-out at
18 yards.

Curl/Hook
Curl- and hook-route concepts can be very effective versus man-

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free coverage, with or without flat-route thinking in combination. The
key is the beating of the press-man coverage with the curl and
hook routes. The receivers must learn to throw their defenders by
them as they aggressively work back to the quarterback and body
up on the ball. Curl and hook action versus man-free coverage is
shown in Diagram 3-31.

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 Diagram 3-32 shows sprint-out curl action versus man-free
coverage. Note that the curl route must work to the outside if the
pass is late developing so that the receiver works in special
coordination with the quarterback as the play takes more time to
develop. The curl route can also be deepened to 18 yards to be run
as a hook route.

Diagram 3-29. Adjusting speed-outs into square-outs versus man-

free coverage

Diagram 3-30. Switch-acute-route combination versus man-free

coverage

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Speed-Out, Rollaway, Double-Move Curl-
Route Concepts
As has been shown, acutes, speed-outs, and curl-route concepts
are excellent ways to attack man-free coverage. Quite often, a
man-free cornerback will try to jump such wide-receiver routes. As
a result, double-move-route concepts can be very effective to

Diagram 3-31. Curl- and hook-route action versus man-free

coverage

Diagram 3-32. Sprint-out curl action versus man-free coverage

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create "home-run" deep-ball threats to combat aggressive
cornerback play on such five-step-timed-quarterback-drop actions.
Diagram 3-33 shows an acute- (fake-) and-go double-move action
by the split end (X), and speed-out-and-up double-move action by
the flanker (Z). Diagram 3-34 shows a curl-and-go double-move
action by the split end (X), and a quick speed-out-and-up double-
move action by a slotback (S).

Diagram 3-33. Acute-and-go/speed-out-and-up double-move

concepts versus man-free coverage

Diagram 3-34. Curl-and-go/quick speed-out-and-up double-

move concepts versus man-free coverage

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Square-In/Flat Combination
Many coaches prefer running square-ins versus man-free coverage
rather than curls and hooks. The feeling is that the receiver has a
better chance of producing man-toman separation versus press-man
coverage with square-in routes as shown in Diagram 3-35. Diagram
3-36 shows double square-in action versus man-free coverage.

Diagram 3-35. Square-in/flat-route combination versus man-free

coverage

Diagram 3-36. Double square-in action versus man-free coverage

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Shallow Cross/Replacement Curl
The shallow cross/replacement curl concept helps to produce an
excellent crossing/picking action to attack man-free coverage. The
inside, hard-breaking shallow route helps to produce an excellent
man, stunt, and blitz-beater-type route. The replacement curl
(replacing the original alignment of the outside receiver) has an
excellent chance of man-separating to break back into the
quarterback due to the crossing/picking action of the two receivers.
The replacement curl is shorted to 10 yards to help produce
consistent quarterback-drop timing. The shallow cross/replacement
curl-combination-route concept is shown in Diagram 3-37 versus
man-free coverage.

Diagram 3-37. Shallow cross/replacement curl concept versus man-

free coverage

Curl/Hook/Square-In Routes as Outlets

Curls, hooks, and square-in routes can be very effective outlet
routes to the backside of a pattern versus man-free coverage.
Although such routes can have a tough time separating from press-
man coverage, those routes are often given more time to
accomplish such tasks as a result of being outlets. Once such
receivers are able to separate, they are given plenty of room to
maneuver as they work across the field to the inside as shown in

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Diagram 3-38. And, with two side-by-side in-breaking outlet routes,
the free safety's ability to assist in stopping both routes is
eliminated.

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create three excellent man-to-man
coverage isolations-isolation on two of the inside man-free
linebackers, and a similar isolation on one of

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the cornerbacks. The drive route by one of the wide receivers is, in
itself, an excellent man-beater route. The same can be said for the
tight end's short-dig route. The back, on his break-to-the-inside
aspect of his sit route (which he must be sure to execute patiently to
be sure to follow the execution of the tight end's short-dig route) also
presents an excellent man-beater route for the quarterback to go to,
as shown in Diagram 3-39. The main concern of the drive concept
versus man free is the possibility

Diagram 3-38. Curls, hooks, and square-ins as backside outlets

versus man-free coverage

Diagram 3-39. Drive concept versus man-free coverage

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of underneath floaters or hole defenders who may be free to jump
routes of the drive concept—especially the drive route itself.
Working the drive concept back to a two-receiver slotted side is
shown in Diagram 3-39.

Cross Concept
The crossing-route action of the cross concept is an excellent man-
free-coverage beater. As in the drive concept, the cross, short dig,
and the man-adjustment aspect of the sit route help to create
excellent man-under-beater possibilities. Crossing receivers,
themselves, are also excellent man-beater actions as shown in
Diagram 3-40 versus man-free coverage.

Diagram 3-40. Slot-cross concept versus man-free coverage

Double-Cross Concept
The double-cross concept is an extremely popular method of
attacking man-free coverage. Two inside receivers execute
picking/rubbing cross-route action with a dig-type route that works
into the center of the field to act as an outlet if one of the two
crossing routes don't open up. A post route by the wide receiver
opposite the dig route works to blow the man-free free safety deep
so that the safety cannot jump on the inside man-breaking dig

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route. The double-cross concept versus man-free coverage is
shown in Diagram 3-41.

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 Diagram 3-41. Double-cross concept versus man-free coverage

Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a crossing isolation on two of
the underneath-man man-free defenders. The tight end works to
pin the strong safety to the inside for his outside square-out-type
man-break. The back drives to the flat to produce hard outside
flow by his covering linebacker, and then works back inside hard
underneath to separate from that linebacker. The major
complication for the Texas concept versus man free can be the
possibility of a floater or hole defender sitting in the short middle
zone in a position to jump on the back's inside-breaking Texas
route. The Texas concept versus man-free coverage is shown in
Diagram 3-42. Note that outside streak routes are shown to act
as excellent outside one-on-one deep isolations versus man free.

Option-Isolation Concept
Option-isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on man-free under-coverage defenders. Option routes
can help to produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed
mismatches. Option routes are best run off of five-step-drop
timing by the quarterback. Five-step-drop-quarterback timing
allows for option routes run in the 8- to 12-yard range, giving the

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option-route receivers time to properly maneuver and execute their
option-route man- or zone-separation techniques. Diagram 3-43
shows a tight-end (Y) option and a halfback (H) option versus
man-free coverage. Note that to the outside of the option routes,
deep rollaway and comeback-out routes are shown to act as
excellent late-developing outlet routes versus man free.

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 Diagram 3-42. Texas concept versus man-free coverage

Diagram 3-43. Option-isolation routes versus man-free coverage

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Pivot- and Break-Route Isolations
Tight-end (Y) pivot- and break-route isolations can be very effective
versus man-free coverage. Such routes can often help produce
mismatches in favor of the offense— especially if the linebacker is
bigger and more physical than the man-free strong safety that may
be covering him.
The pivot and break routes are run in the six- to seven-yard
range. Versus a normal inside-out man-coverage alignment by the
covering strong safety, the Y-pivot route may be the better route of
the two, allowing the tight end to wall off the covering defender by
alignment. However, versus an active, fast-flowing linebacker, the
break route can help the tight end to separate by breaking back to
the inside. Diagram 3-44 shows a Y-pivot high-low-read-isolation
action to attack man-free coverage. More often than not, the back's
route becomes a clear-type route, since the back is not given the
option to man-break to the inside, due to the fact that he has to start
from a deepened backfield alignment. The Y-pivot route is the safer
concept to use versus man free in that the tight-end (Y) pivot route
works to the outside, away from any potential man-free hole or
floater defenders who may be sitting in the short-underneath-middle
zone. Diagram 3-45 shows Y-break action versus man-free.

Diagram 3-44. Y-pivot isolation versus man-free coverage

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 Diagram 3-45. Y-break isolation versus man-free coverage

Backs-Cross and Fake-Cross Isolations

Short inside backs-cross and fake-cross isolations are very
effective versus man-free coverage. On backs cross, the
quarterback reads the mesh of the crossing backs to see if one or
both of the backs pop open versus the man-under coverage. If
they don't, the tight-end route over the middle becomes the come-
open-late route to go to. Between the crossing/picking action of
the backs and the man-separating short-dig route of the tight end,
a good chance exists that at least one of the three receivers will
pop open. The backs-cross concept versus man-free coverage is
shown in Diagram 3-46.
In backs-fake cross, the backs fake cross action once the
linebackers start to play the cross action and man-break back out
towards the sidelines. Again, the quarterback reads to see if one,
or both, of the backs pop open. If not, the tight end's short-dig
route then becomes the come-open-late route to go to. The backs-
fake-cross concept versus man-free coverage is shown in Diagram
3-47.

Pick and Rub Concepts

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Pick and rub concepts can be excellent man-free-coverage-beater
route combinations. Of course, any pick or rub must be legally
executed. Receivers cannot run into and/or block coverage
defenders as a part of the pick or rub concept. Diagram 3-48
shows a pick-route combination with an inside receiver working to
the outside versus man-free coverage.

125
Diagram 3-46. Backs-cross concept versus man-free coverage

Diagram 3-47. Backs-fake-cross concept versus man-free

coverage

126
 Diagram 3-48. Pick-route
combination versus man-free
coverage

An interesting idea is to have the receiver who actual sets up the

pick for the prime pick, rub, or slice route run a modified option
route if the quarterback snaps his eyes to that receiver. In this
fashion, if the pick, rub, or slice receiver is covered, the
quarterback has a delayed timed route to work to as an outlet.

Diagram 3-49. Rub-route combination Diagram 3-50. Slice-

route combination
versus man-free coverage versus man-free
coverage

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 Diagram 3-49 shows a rub-route combination with an outside
receiver working to the inside. In rub action, the offense always
has to be worried about the depth and activity of the deep, man-
free free safety to the side of the rub. Diagram 3-50 shows a slice-
route combination with an inside receiver working off a pick set-up
and executing a fade route.

Picking Screens
Picking-type screens—legal when the ball is thrown behind the line
of scrimmage—are very effective versus man-free coverage.
Diagram 3-51 shows a wide-receiver screen with the slotback
blocking out on the man-free cornerback man-covering the split
end. Diagram 3-52 shows a pick screen to a back versus man-free
coverage as the tight end blocks the linebacker assigned to man-
cover the back.

Diagram 3-51. Wide-receiver-pick screen Diagram 3-52. Back-

pick screen versus
versus man-free coverage man-free coverage

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 Pass Attack of Cover 2

Cover 2 is the most common (or basic) coverage in the two-safety

family. Two deep safeties are in the middle of the field. The two
deep safeties are aligned deep and are usually tight, or near the
hashes. They play deep half-field zone coverage, aligning
approximately 14 yards deep. The cornerbacks are low, or squatted,
in alignment, five to seven yards deep. They are usually aligned
head-up to outside of the widest receiver. The cornerbacks will
probably be in more of a straight-legged, squared-up stance. Rather
than the man-coverage technique of looking or staring at the
receiver, the cornerbacks will look through the wide receiver in an
effort to "peek in" toward the quarterback. Diagram 4-1 shows
cover-2 two-deep, five-under zone coverage.

Cover-2 Pass-Game Strengths

The five underneath-zone-coverage defenders are the strength of
cover 2. In essence, cover 2 is a tilted coverage strong, to the
strength of the formation or to the field. The three underneath-zone-
coverage defenders to the strongside (one extra underneath-zone
defender) is what produces the tilted aspect of cover 2. Diagram 4-2
shows the tilted strength aspect of cover 2.

129
• The five underneath-zone-coverage defenders of cover 2 produces
a crowded "small field" for the underneath-pass game to throw
into.

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 Diagram 4-1. Cover-2 two-deep, five-under zone coverage

Diagram 4-2. Tilted aspect of cover 2

• The five underneath-zone-coverage defenders of cover 2 can

do a great job of disrupting pass-route releases—especially
routes that attack upfield vertically.
• The five underneath-zone-coverage defenders of cover 2
take away easy, quick, or short pass-game routes and
patterns—which is a major strength of the coverage.
• Cover 2 especially eliminates side-by-side, lateral-read-route
combinations, which are a big part of many offensive-pass
designs. Diagram 4-3 shows how a side-by-

131
 side lateral-read-hitch-route combination and a curl/flat-route
combination are covered by the underneath-zone coverage of
cover 2.
• Cover 2 does a good job of eliminating out-route concepts due
to the squatted-cornerback-coverage play. Diagram 4-4 shows
the elimination of a speed-out route due to squatted, cover-2
coverage of the cornerback. (Diagram 4-4 also provides another
example of how cover 2 does an excellent job of taking away the
side-by-side, lateral-read out-route combination of the flanker's
speed-out route and the tight end's alley route, as discussed in
the previous bullet point

Diagram 4-3. Side-by-side, lateral-read-route combinations taken

away by cover

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Diagram 4-4. Cover-2 elimination of out routes

133
• Depending on the technique utilized by the underneath-zone-
coverage linebackers, the linebackers can run vertically with any
inside-receiver vertical-release routes. This technique can force
possible floating throws to such receivers, making such passes
vulnerable to interceptions by the deep cover-2 safeties.
• Cover 2 is an excellent disguise coverage from which to stem to
other coverages due to the easy ability of the deep cover-2
safeties to rotate up, back deep to the middle of the field, or
deep to the outside.
• Cover-2 cornerbacks can help to do a great job of containing
and pushing pass- pattern routes to the inside toward the cover-2
hash-mark-aligned safeties.
• Cover 2 is considered one of the hardest coverages to throw
into because cover-2 pass-game vulnerabilities are difficult to
attack, necessitating more difficult, deeper throws down the deep
middle of the field and to the deep outside.

Cover-2 Pass-Game Weaknesses

• The basic pass-game weaknesses of cover 2 are the deep
outside holes from the hash to the sideline and the deep middle
zone between the hashes. Cover-2 voids are shown in Diagram 4-
5.
• Cover 2 is susceptible to high-low isolation reads to the outside.
Such isolations put a receiver high and a receiver low on the
cover-2 cornerback, then throw opposite to the cornerback's
coverage reaction. The outside cover-2 high-low isolation versus
the cornerback is shown in Diagram 4-6.

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Diagram 4-5. Cover-2 voids

135
 Diagram 4-6. Outside high-low isolation on cover-2 cornerback

• Three streak routes (two up the sideline, and one down the
middle of the field) create a three-on-two isolation on the two
deep-halves cover-2 safeties. A three-on-two streak isolation is
most effective versus hard- squat cornerbacks where the outside
streaks can more easily find the deep outside-coverage voids.
• Two-on-one deep isolations can also be placed on one of the
two deep safeties—either with an outside and an inside receiver,
or with two inside receivers. Both concepts are shown from a
four-streaks pattern with a skinny-post-read route by an inside
receiver. Once again, the outside- streak route of the widest
receiver is most effective versus a hard-squatDiagram 4-6.
Outside high-low isolation on cover-2 cornerback cornerback who
opens up void for a stick-it-in-the-hole-type throw on the sideline.
• Route combinations that clear one or both deep cover-2
safeties and run a deep dig-type route underneath the clear route
helps to open up a coverage void in the cover-2 structure that can
be exploited. The clear routes help to blow the top off of cover 2
by pushing the cover-2 safeties deep to help create the deep dig-
route- coverage voids as shown in Diagram 4-7.
• Spot-dropping and vertical-route-carrying cover-2 linebackers
help to create excellent high-low isolations on the linebackers.
Flood-route combinations and isolation-option routes also
effectively attack cover-2 linebacker play. The "shell" aspect of
the cover-2 safeties and cornerbacks helps prevent the four
defensive backs from effectively helping the coverage roles of the

136
 linebackers.
• Widening the cover-2-under coverage and working the spaces
in between the cornerbacks and the cover-2 linebackers (i.e.,
short hooks) is an excellent way to attack cover 2. This technique
helps create an effective attack of a cover-2 area that the
defense thinks is a strength of the coverage.
• Man-coverage cover-2 linebackers within the zone scheme
become extremely vulnerable to crossing routes and patterns and
isolation routes. The crossing routes can help to create natural
picking actions to help free a man-covered receiver. solation
routes, such as option routes, can help to create mismatches in
favor of the receivers.
• Play-action passing helps to greatly distort cover-2 linebacker-
coverage play. The freezing of a linebacker by forcing him to react
up to a play-action-run fake can

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 Diagram 4-7. Clear/dig-route combination to create deep cover-2-
coverage void

greatly help to create and/or increase cover-2 voids. Play-action-

run faking helps to hinder the abilities of the cover-2 linebackers
to run with receivers and/or disrupt their releases.
• Cover 2 is especially vulnerable to misdirection play-action
bootleg or naked- bootleg passes. The lack of secondary run
support of the cover-2 secondary shell makes a cover-2
defensive seven-man front all the more run-conscious. Play-
action passing—especially the misdirection play-action passing or
a bootleg (or naked- bootleg) pass—helps to create cover-2
weaknesses.
• Screens can be very effective versus cover 2. Formationing
can help to create screen numbers (i.e., three-on-two)
mismatches in favor of the offense.

Route Combination and

Pass-Pattern Attack of
Cover 2

Quick-Game Double Slant

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The quick-game (three-step-drop-timed drop throw by the
quarterback) double-slant-route combination places a two-on-one
isolation on the linebacker aligned on the slotted receiver. If the
linebacker (S) in Diagram 4-8 follows the inside slant, a throw lane
is opened up to the outside slant. If the linebacker tries to work
outside to the

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 outside slant, the inside slant receiver bends his slant upfield to
make the reception. The quick-game double-slant-route combination
action is shown in Diagram 4-8

Diagram 4-8. Quick-game double-slant combination versus cover 2

Diagram 4-9. Quick-game isolation-slant action with quick play-

action fake away from slant versus cover 2

Quick-Game Slant Isolation

Quick-game slant-isolation routes can be very effective versus cover
2, especially if combined with a quick, play-action fake away from
the slantside to hold the linebacker(s) from getting in the slant-
throw lane. Such isolation-slant action is enhanced by having plenty
of field room to work in (i.e., throwing to the flanker to the field or to

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the split end when in the middle of the field). Maximum splitting by
the isolation-slant receiver also helps to spread the field and give the
slant action more room to work in.. Diagram 4-9

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Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Speed-Out
The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out-route combination is a
quick, high-low fade/speed-out isolation on a cover-2 cornerback.
The widest receiver must outside release in an effort to get the
cornerback to turn his back to the inside receiver's speed-out
route. If the cornerback runs with the fade route, the quarterback
quickly throws low to the inside receiver's speed-out route. If the
cornerback stays squatted waiting on the in speed-out route, the
throw is made over the cornerback's head in the hole to the fade
route. If in doubt, the quarterback should throw the ball "low" to the
inside receiver's speed-out route quickly to give the speed-out
receiver the ability to make the catch and knife upfield quickly
before he gets out to the cornerback. Diagram 4-10 shows the
quick-game inside-receiver speed-out-route combination.

Diagram 4-10. Quick-game inside-receiver speed-out versus cover

2

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Stick-Route

Isolation
The quick-game inside-receiver stick-route isolation can be very
effective versus cover 2. As shown in Diagram 4-11 from a two-

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tight-end, two-wide-receiver formation, the quarterback simply
works to the tight end to the one-linebacker side.
Diagram 4-12 shows quick-game double-slant action with a
backside flanker (Z) slant-and-go-route action. The slant-and-go
route is an excellent double-move route to utilize off of slant action
if a deep cover-2 safety tries to jump a wide receiver's slant route.
The slant-and-go receiver breaks his slant-and-go route to the
outside fade-throw area.

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 Diagram 4-11. Quick-game inside-
receiver stick-route isolation versus
cover 2

Diagram 4-12. Quick-game double-slant combination and backside

slant-and-go versus cover 2

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Smash High-Low Isolation
The high-low-read smash isolation attacks one of cover 2's biggest
weaknesses, the deep outside area from the hash to the sideline.
The smash-route combination puts a (high) post-corner route over
the top of the cover-2 cornerback and a (low) smash (hitch-option)
route underneath the cornerback. The quarterback throws high or
low off of the action of the cornerback. If in doubt (the cornerback
splitting the difference between the inside receiver post-corner and
the smash routes), the quarterback should always throw low. A
retreating cornerback will usually be able to react to a deep post-
corner throw to a greater degree because of the extended time it
will take a pass to get to the post-corner than it will to get to the
(low) smash route. A high-low smash-route pattern versus cover 2
is shown in Diagram 4-13.

Diagram 4-13. High-low-read-smash concept versus cover 2

Post-Corner High-Low Isolation

A very similar concept to the smash high-low isolation is the post-
corner high-low isolation. The difference of the two concepts is that
in the post-corner isolation, it is the widest receiver that runs the
(high) post-corner route with a back running a (low) flat route to
control the cornerback. The post-corner route is run off of a cover-

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2 post-corner stem adjustment in which the wide receiver breaks
inside for five steps, breaks straight upfield for four steps, head
nods to the post route, and then breaks to the corner. In addition,
running the post-corner routes with the widest receivers allows the
tight end to run a streak route down the middle of the field to split
the two deep cover-2 safeties.

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The middle-streak route will help hold the deep cover-2 safeties
from flying out wide to cover the post-corner routes or present the
quarterback with a excellent deep middle route if the two deep
cover-2 safeties do widen. Diagram 4-14 shows a high-low-read
post-corner pattern versus cover 2.

Diagram 4-14. High-low-read post-corner concept versus cover 2

Post-Corner Adjustment Concept

Some offenses will use the cover-2 high-low post-corner route as
an adjustment route to be run instead of running lateral-read-route
combinations that are extremely well-defensed if the coverage is
cover 2. As a result, such offenses will adjust such lateral-read-
route combinations as a speed-out/alley combination or a curl/flat
combination, and instead adjust on the run to a cover-2 post-
corner/flat combination. Such cover-2 post-corner-adjustment action
is shown in Diagram 4-15.

Post-Corner Deep Across

The post-corner deep-across pattern is an excellent concept versus
cover 2. However, instead of a two-receiver high-low read, the wide
receiver opposite of the cover-2 post-corner route runs a deep-over
route to produce a three-tiered high-low read, as shown in Diagram

147
4-16. Play-action, as shown, helps the across route to effectively
get across the field. The pattern can be easily flipped over in design
having the opposite wide receivers run the cover 2 post-corner and
deep-over routes.

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 Diagram 4-15. Post-corner adjustment concept versus cover 2

Diagram 4-16. Cover 2 post-corner, split-end (X) deep-over pattern

versus cover 2

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Three-Tiered-Dig Concept
The three-tiered-dig concept is set up by having the wide receiver
opposite the dig run through the middle of the field to push the two
cover-2 safeties deep to open up a void for the dig route to work
into. This technique helps to create a high-low, dig/sit-route
combination isolating on the inside linebacker to the side of the
dig. Play-action greatly helps hold the linebackers from getting
underneath the dig routes. The pattern concept, with a flanker (Z)
dig, as shown in Diagram 4-17, can be easily flipped over in
design having the opposite wide receivers run the cover-2 post-
corner and dig routes.

Diagram 4-17. Three-tiered high-low-read flanker (Z) dig pattern

versus cover 2

Three-Streaks Concept
The three-streaks concept is an excellent way to attack cover 2 in
which the cornerbacks play a hard-squat technique. The pattern
produces a three-on-two route ratio versus the two cover-2 deep
safeties. If the ball is thrown to the outside, the receivers should
expect a throttled down-hole throw on the sidelines 18 to 22 yards
deep. The three-streaks concept to attack cover 2 is shown in
Diagram 4-18.

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Four-Streaks Concept
The four streaks concept is an excellent way of attacking cover 2
when the cornerbacks play a soft cover-2 technique. Since the
soft cover-2 technique takes away outside-streak-hole throws, the
pattern relies on an inside receiver who, on the run, breaks off

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a broken-arrow route to split the two deep safeties as the inside
receiver on the opposite side holds the cover-2 safety to his side. A
sit route is run by the single back to hold the linebacker to the side of
the read route so he can't drop underneath the cover-2 broken-
arrow aspect of the route. The four-streaks concept versus cover 2
is shown in Diagram 4-19

Diagram 4-18. Three-streaks concept versus cover 2

Diagram 4-19. Four-streaks concept versus cover 2

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Under Concept
The under concept presents an excellent short high-low-read
isolation on an inside linebacker. The clear route attempts to get to
the second level for a possible hole throw just behind the cover-2
pass-dropping linebacker who is being isolated. The under route
works underneath the isolated linebacker for the high-low isolation
read. The under concept is best to the two linebacker side, as
shown in Diagram 4-20 with a flanker (Z) under route.
If run to the cover-2 three-linebacker side, a trips formation of one
sort or another helps to occupy the innermost cover-2 linebacker of
the three to help produce a clean under high-low-read isolation. This
concept is shown in Diagram 4-21.

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create a three-on-two flood isolation on
the two inside cover-2 linebackers. The drive-route wide receiver,
the tight end, and the back form a triangle-alignment position to help
create the three-on-two advantage. The drive concept versus cover
2 is shown in Diagram 4-22.

Cross Concept
The cross concept also helps to create a three-on-two flood isolation
on the two inside cover-2 linebackers. The slot receiver, tight end,
and back form a triangle-alignment

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Diagram 4-20. Under concept to two-linebacker cover-2 side

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position to help create the three-on-two advantage. The crossing
action helps the effectiveness of the cross pattern versus zone or
man action. The cross concept is from a balanced doubles set with a
tight-end drag, slot short-dig action as shown in Diagram

Diagram 4-21. Under concept to three-linebacker cover-2 side with

trips formation

Diagram 4-22. Drive concept versus cover 2

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4-23. The pattern can be easily flipped having the tight end run the
short dig and the slot running the drag route. The back would then
have to go to the side opposite the drag action.

Diagram 4-23. Cross concept versus cover 2

Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a two-on-one crossing isolation
on the inside linebacker. The underneath cross route stretches the
cover 2 outside linebacker with an initial flat route stem and threat.
He then breaks underneath and crosses the square-out action of
the tight end. If the inside linebacker runs out with the tight end's
square-out route, the underneath cross route should be wide open.
If the tight end is able to wall the inside linebacker off, the
quarterback can stick a tight throw in to the tight end before the
tight end works out wide into the cover-2 outside linebacker. The
Texas concept versus cover 2 is shown in Diagram 4-24.

Option-Isolation Concept
Option-isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on cover-2 linebackers. Option routes can help to
produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed mismatches. As
previously mentioned, option routes are best run off of five-step-
drop timing by the quarterback. Five-step-drop-quarterback timing
is for option routes run in the 8- to 12-yard range, giving the option-

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route receivers time to properly maneuver and execute their option-
route man- or zone-separation techniques. Diagram 4-25 shows a
tight-end (Y) option and a split-end (X) option to attack cover 2
from a no-backs formation.

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 Diagram 4-24. Texas concept versus cover 2

Diagram 4-25. Option-isolation routes versus cover 2

High-Low Delay-Route Isolations

High-low delay-route isolation can be very effective against cover 2
—especially if the linebackers carry with vertical routes of the inside
receivers. With vertical broken-arrow routes splitting the deep cover-
2 safeties and a delay route working underneath, the quarterback
simply throws off of the two-on-one coverage reaction of the
isolated strong, inside linebacker. A high-low-read fullback delay
versus cover 2 is shown in Diagram 4-26.

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Diagram 4-26. High-low-read fullback-delay-route isolations versus
cover 2

High-Low Pivot- and Break-Route

Isolations
Just like delay-route high-low isolations, tight-end (Y) pivot- and
break-route isolations can be very effective versus cover 2—
especially if the linebackers try to carry with vertical routes of the
inside receivers. With a vertical broken-arrow route by a back
splitting the deep cover-2 safeties and a tight-end (Y) pivot or break
route, the quarterback simply throws off of the two-on-one
coverage reaction of the isolated strong, inside linebacker. The pivot
and break routes are run in the six- to seven-yard range. Diagram
4-27 shows a Y-break high-low-read isolation action to attack cover
2. Diagram 4-28 shows a Y-pivot action to attack cover 2.

Naked-Bootleg Concept
The naked-bootleg concept is an excellent way to attack cover 2.
The lack of secondary run support of the cover-2 secondary makes
the cover-2 seven-man front vulnerable to the run game. Naked-
bootleg action refers to the fact that no fake side lineman is pulling
to the backside to block protect the bootlegging quarterback. Such

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run-game vulnerability helps to make play-action passing all the
more effective versus cover 2 and its seven-man fronts. Naked-
bootleg action is an extremely effective misdirection play-action
concept that helps attack the weaknesses of cover 2.

160
 Naked-bootleg action is shown in Diagram 4-29 in its effort to
attack cover 2 with slam-flat route action by the backside back. It is
extremely important for the widest spread receiver to the side of
the misdirection naked bootleg to outside release on the cover-2
cornerback to open up area inside of the wide receiver's streak-
clear route.

Diagram 4-27. High-low-read Y-break isolation versus cover 2

Diagram 4-28. High-low-read Y-pivot isolation versus cover 2

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 Diagram 4-29. Naked-bootleg action versus cover 2

Deep Curl/Hook Outlets

Deep curl/hook-outlet routes can be very effective concepts in
attacking cover 2. The effectiveness of cover 2 in covering
curl/hook-flat lateral-read-route combinations has been previously
discussed. However, deep, longer-developing curl/hook routes that
push the deep cover-2 safeties vertically can act as effective late
outlets because they can find cover-2 void pockets to work into.
Diagram 4-30 shows deep-curl/hook action used as late-
developing pass-pattern outlets versus cover 2. An inside Y-option
route-pattern concept is used for the example.
Some offenses are very effective using short curl routes (in the
10- to 12-yard range) to a well-spread wide receiver as a prime
route versus cover 2. The feeling is that if the curl receiver can
hold his ground (not get pushed to the inside on his short curl-route
stem), a cover-2 void between the cornerback and the linebacker
to the inside can be exploited. This concept is shown in Diagram 4-
31 with a backside, deep-hook outlet versus cover 2.

Wide-Receiver Screens
Wide-receiver screens are very effective versus cover 2, which

162
can be especially true from spread formations if the front tries to
keep six front defenders in the box. As a result, the offense can
gain a three-on-two advantage to, say, a trips-type set with a
wide-receiver-screen concept. Such wide-receiver-screen action is
shown in Diagram 4-32 versus cover 2.

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Diagram 4-30. Deep curl/hook-outlet action versus cover 2

Diagram 4-31. Short curls as prime routes versus cover 2

164
Back Screens
Back screens can be very effective versus cover 2—
especially if the linebackers are spot droppers. Back-screen
action can allow the linebacker spot droppers to get depth to allow
for the back-screen blockers to work up to the linebackers to block
for the back's screen action, as seen in Diagram 4-33.

Diagram 4-32. Wide-receiver screen versus cover 2

Diagram 4-33. Back screen versus cover 2

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 Pass Attack of Cover-2
Man Under

Cover-2 man under, or "2 man" as is it is often commonly called, is a

widely used variation of cover 2. Just as the three cover-2
linebackers can spot drop and play true zone-underneath coverage,
they can also zone drop and play a tight, man-toman coverage
technique on anyone who enters their zone—or they can play pure
man coverage. Cover-2 man under is an extension of the linebackers
playing man as all five cover-2 underneath defenders (the
linebackers and the cornerbacks) play man-to-man coverage
techniques. Extra nickel and dime secondary defenders can be
substituted for one (or two) of the linebackers for extra underneath
man-coverage strength.
The two deep cover-2 safeties in cover-2 man under play their
normal half-field (or halves) zone coverage to back up the man-
under aspect of cover-2 man under. Many of the attack concepts of
cover 2 still remain intact, even though the five underneath-coverage
defenders are using man-to-man coverage techniques in cover-2
man under. Cover-2 man under is shown in Diagram 5-1.

Cover-2 Man-Under Pass-Game Strengths

166
• The total pass-coverage structural design of cover-2 man under
is a definite strength of the coverage. The man-to-man
underneath coverage covers all five potential pass receivers
backed up by two deep-zone halves-coverage safeties.

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 Diagram 5-1. Cover-2 man under

• The five underneath man-coverage defenders of cover-2 man

under can do a great job of disrupting pass-route releases—
especially routes that work upfield vertically.
• The five underneath man-coverage defenders of cover-2 man
under take away easy, quick, or short pass-game routes and
patterns.
• The two deep-zone halves-coverage safeties act as excellent
backup security players to assist with the coverage of any deep
routes.
• The two deep-zone halves-coverage safeties act as excellent
backup for any short- route completions in helping to prevent
such short completions from turning into big gains.
• The bump (or press) man-coverage techniques often
associated with cover-2 man under can be very difficult to beat if
a pass offense is not well prepared and practiced to do so.
• The man-under aspect of the coverage makes it very easy for
the coverage to fortify its man-coverage abilities by substituting
extra (nickel and dime) defensive backs for the normal cover-2
linebackers.
• Cover-2 man under is an excellent third-and-short- to medium-
distance coverage. The press-man-coverage techniques help to
take away any easy short underneath throws that may be able to
get such short- and medium-yardage needs.
• The cover-2 man-under linebackers (or nickel/dime defenders)

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can run vertically with any inside-receiver vertical-release routes.
This technique can force possible floating throws to such
receivers making such passes vulnerable to interceptions by the
two deep-zone halves-coverage safeties.

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• Cover-2 man under is considered one of the hardest coverages
to throw into due to the fact that cover-2 man under utilizes
difficult-to-beat press-underneath man-coverage techniques
and has two deep-zone halves-coverage safeties to back them
up.

Cover-2 Man-Under Pass-Game

Weaknesses
• Two of the most basic premises of attacking man (man-to-man)
coverage holds true for the attack of cover-2 man under: isolate
and cross.
• Quick-game isolations—such as slants, inside-receiver speed-
outs, and fades—can all be very effective versus cover-2 man
under.
• The total man-coverage design can only be as strong as the
weakest man-coverage defender, much as a chain is only as
strong as its weakest link. An offense can quickly focus on
attacking, or isolating, on the weakest man-coverage defender(s).
• Underneath-smash isolations and under-route isolations offer
the offense quick, inside crossing routes to help beat the man-
under coverage to the inside.
• Option-isolation routes (Y-options, H-options, slot-options) help
to exploit possible one-on-one mismatches in favor of the offense
in the attack of cover-2 man under.
• Y-pivot and Y-break routes also help create one-on-one
isolation routes in favor of the offense versus cover-2 man under.
Stick routes and the square-out route on a Texas concept also do
the same.
• Post-corner isolations by both outside- and inside-aligned
receivers can help to exploit both the one-on-one underneath
man-under coverage as well as the normal deep outside-zone
voids left by the two-deep zone coverage of cover-2 man under.
Such deep post-corner isolation action by an inside receiver into
the outside two- deep cover-2 void (as well as the excellent
underneath lateral dragging action of the smash route versus the

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 man-under coverage) is shown in Diagram 5-2.
• Deeper digs and square-ins can help to isolate man-under
coverage and utilize the crossing action of such routes. It is very
important, however, to be sure that some form of a clear-out or
post route is working through the middle of the field to hold the
two deep cover-2 safeties. Diagram 5-3 shows the use of a clear-
out route to blow the top off of the cover-2 coverage so that the
two deep safeties cannot support the deep square-in route versus
cover-2 man under.
• Cross-the-field route actions, such as drives and drag routes,
can be very effective cover-2 man-under isolation routes. Such
routes have much (or all) of the width of the field to beat the man-
under coverage and get open to receive a pass.
• The crossing action is an excellent way to attack the man-under
aspect of cover-2 man-under coverage. Cross-route-pattern
concepts and the Texas concepts are

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 excellent examples. Diagram 5-4 shows a flanker (Z) cross
pattern from a twins formation with backfield motion.
• Backs-cross and back-fake-cross action are also excellent
man-under attack concepts that can be used to attack cover-2
man under.

Diagram 5-2. Smash-pattern attack of deep cover-2-outside voids

(plus underneath smash-route-drag action versus man-under
coverage)

Diagram 5-3. Clear-out route used to blow off the top of the cover-2
man-under coverage for deep square-in or dig-route action

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• Picks and rubs are excellent route combinations to attack
cover-2 man under. Of course, such pick and rub action must all
be executed off of legal picking action.
• Picking screens thrown to backs and receivers behind the line
of scrimmage can also be very effective in defeating the man-
under aspect of cover-2 man under. Diagram 5-5 shows
backfield pick-screen action versus cover-2 man under.

Diagram 5-4. Flanker (Z) cross pattern versus cover-2 man under

Diagram 5-5. Backfield pick-screen action versus cover-2 man-

under

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 Route Combination and Pass-Pattern
Attack
of Cover-2 Man Under

Quick-Game Slant Routes

Slant-route isolations and double-slant actions can be very
effective versus cover-2 man under, just as it is versus normal
cover 2. The major change is the pressing, tight release of the
slanting receiver in an effort to work the hips of the press-coverage
defender to get the coverage defender's hips turned. The slant
receiver initially sticks/attacks the press-coverage defender's
outside hip. The slant receiver then drives back tightly, pressing on
the defender with a north-south course to influence the defender to
work upfield. The slant receiver then breaks his slant action
hard to the inside, gets separation, and stays on the move at top
speed to be sure to maintain such man separation. The slant
versus cover-2 man under is shown in Diagram 5-6.

Diagram 5-6. Slant route versus cover-2 man under

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Speed-Out-

and-Fade

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The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out-and-fade-route
combination presents two excellent man isolations to help defeat
cover-2 man under. The wide receiver works a fade-route isolation
versus the cornerback, while the inside receiver squares his quick
speed-out route after initially releasing into and threatening the
man-coverage technique of his coverage defender. Such quick-
game inside-receiver speed-out action versus cover-2 man under is
shown in Diagram 5-7.

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 Diagram 5-7. Quick-game inside speed-out action versus cover-2
man under

Diagram 5-8. Quick-game spin route versus cover-2 man under

An excellent supplemental concept to utilize when a cover-2-man-

under coverage defender starts to overplay a quick-game speed-out
is the spin route, as shown in Diagram 5-8. The speed-out receiver,
running the route as a quick-game square-out versus the press-
coverage, simply plants his upfield foot and spins back to the inside
versus the defender's overplay action.

176
 Versus the man-under coverage of cover-2 man under, deeper,
five-step quarterback-drop-timed speed-outs by an inside receiver
are also very effective. The widest receiver must outside release.
The inside receiver attacks the technique of the man-under
defender covering him, separates, and squares out to the
sideline.As on all man-coverage wide-receiver separation
techniques, the inside receiver must get separation and then be sure
to run at top speed to maintain such separation. The deeper, five-
step drop-timed square-out concept versus cover-2 man under is
shown in Diagram 5-9.

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 Diagram 5-9. Five-step-timed square-out concept versus cover-2
man under

Quick-Game Fade
The quick-game fade route requires special consideration in the
attack of cover-2 man under. Whether called in the play call,
signaled to by the quarterback, or as a hitch-route adjustment, the
fade route can be a very effective route versus press-man-
coverage techniques. It is very important for the fade receiver to
attack the technique of the press defender covering him in an effort
to push the press defender back on his heels. The receiver then
tightly drives north-south through the defender in an effort to blow
past the press-coverage defender. It is also important for the fade
receiver to leave four yards of width (room) on the sideline for the
quarterback to effectively throw a fade pass. A major concern of
the quarterback is to analyze the alignment of the safety to the side
of the fade-route throw. Unlike man-free coverage, cover-2 man-
under safeties can get into an alignment position that can be a
factor in defensing fade routes. Diagram 5-10 shows such fade-
route action versus a cover-2 man-under press defender.

Quick-Game Deep Hitch

The quick game deep-hitch route can be very effective versus
cover-2 man-under press coverage. The difference in running a

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deep hitch compared to a normal hitch is an eight-yard hitch rather
than a six-yard hitch. The extra two yards of stem can do much to
help influence the covering press defender that the receiver is
beyond hitch depth and is now working his stem for a fade or a
route run deeper than six yards. As a result, the receiver can work
the eight-yard hitch route tightly to the inside back into the

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quarterback to help the receiver "body up" on the deep-hitch route.
The quarterback adjusts to fast five-step drop-timing to
accommodate the extra two yards of hitch depth. Deep hitches are
not fade-adjusted versus press coverages. Quick-game deep-hitch
action versus cover-2 man under is shown in Diagram 5-11.

Diagram 5-10. Fade route versus cover-2 man-under press

defender

Diagram 5-11. Quick-game deep-hitch route versus cover-2 man

under

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 Diagram 5-12. Quick-game stick route versus cover-2 man
under
Quick-Game Stick
The quick-game stick-route concept is an excellent isolation-type
route versus cover-2 man under. The flat route in front of the stick
route helps to open up the stick area for the stick-route receiver to
work into. The stick receiver initially works tightly into the technique
of the defender man-to-man covering him and then snaps to the
outside to get separation. The stick receiver must then be sure to
work hard to the outside, losing ground slightly, to help maintain such
separation. The quick-game stick-route concept versus cover-2
man under is shown in Diagram 5-12.

Quick-Game Double-Move Slant Route

The quick-game double-move slant-and-go route can be very
effective versus cover-2 man-under press coverage. The go aspect
of the route and the throw to the go route must be sure to stay away
from the cover-2 safety to the side of the throw by throwing into the
fade area. Diagram 5-13 shows slant-and-go action versus cover-2
man under.

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Diagram 5-13. Quick-game double-move slant-and-go action versus
cover-2 man under

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Under Concept
The under concept presents an excellent underneath isolation of a
wide receiver working underneath a clear route by the adjacent
receiver to the inside versus cover-2 man under. The clear route
gets eaten up by the man-under coverage and (probably) the deep
cover-2 safety to that side. The under route must beat the man
coverage by man-separating and maintaining such separation to the
inside underneath the clear route by staying on the move. Diagram
5-14 shows an under-route isolation versus cover-2 man under.

Diagram 5-14. Under concept versus cover-2 man under

High-Low-Read Smash Isolation

The high-low-read smash isolation gives an offense an excellent
ability to attack cover-2 man-under deep. The inside-receiver post-
corner route must still beat the man-under coverage. However, the
post-corner route is still able to work away from the deep cover-2
zone safeties into the deep outside cover-2 voids. The smash route
—run as a hitch-option route—gives the smash route the ability to
beat the press-man-under coverage across the field to the inside or
back outside to the sideline if the man-coverage cornerback
overplays the inside break of the smash route. Such man-breaking
actions of the smash concept versus cover-2 man under is shown in
Diagram 5-15.

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Switch Smash
The switch-smash concept is an excellent crossing action that helps
produce a natural picking/rubbing action to help create separation
from cover-2 man-under press coverage.

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The inside receiver ends up running the get-open smash route off of
his brushing-around-route stem. The outside receiver breaks into
his post-corner route off of an inside, cover-2 post-corner stem, as
shown in Diagram 5-16 versus cover-2 man under.

Diagram 5-15. Smash concept versus cover-2 man under

Diagram 5-16. Switch-smash

concept versus cover-2 man under

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 Diagram 5-17. Slant-corner sprint-out action versus cover-2 man
under
Slant-Corner Sprint-Out
The slant-corner sprint-out concept is an excellent way to attack
cover-2 man under. The prime slant-corner route works off of a
slant-route stem. The timing of the slant-corner route does take time
and is a reason why the route only works to 20 yards on the
sideline. The inside receiver runs a squared-out, quick speed-out
route. The quarterback’s read thinking is the squared-out quick
speed-out route to the slant-corner route, as shown in Diagram 5-
17.
Bunch-Formation Post-Corner Flood-Isolation Concept
A bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept is an excellent
way of attacking cover-2 man under. You might normally think of
flood action to overload zone coverages. However, the picking/
crossing action of the post-corner bunch concept helps to condense
the cover-2 man-under coverage and actually out-flank the coverage
with the outside, man-breaking flood-route action, as shown in
Diagram 5-18.

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Diagram 5-18. Bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept
versus cover-2 man under

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Post-Corner High-Low Isolation
A very similar concept to the smash high-low isolation versus
cover-2 man under is the post-corner high-low isolation. The post-
corner isolation of the widest receiver helps to produce an
excellent deep isolation versus cover-2 man under, as shown in
Diagram 5-19. This action gives the pass offense a chance to
attack the coverage in the deep outside zone away from the
safeties in an area that is a coverage void. Cover-2 post-corner
adjustment routes (adjusting for such routes as outs and curls)
similarly attack the structure of cover-2 man under.

Diagram 5-19. Post-corner high-low-isolation concept versus cover-

2 man under

Post-Corner Deep Across

The post-corner deep-across concept also does a good job of
attacking cover-2 man under. The post-corner route attacks the
outside cover-2 void while the deep-drag route has room all the
way across the field to separate from his man-under coverage and
get open. Diagram 5-20 shows a flanker (Z) deep-across pattern
versus cover-2 man under.

Three-Tiered-Dig Concept

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The three-tiered-dig concept is set up by having the wide receiver
opposite the dig run through the middle of the field to push the two
cover-2 safeties deep to open up a void for the dig route to work
into. This technique helps eliminate the deep-safety-coverage
threats so that the dig receiver can focus on beating the one-on-
one man-under coverage. The pattern concept is shown in
Diagram 5-21 versus cover-2 man under.

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Diagram 5-20. Z-deep-across concept versus cover-2 man under

Diagram 5-21. Three-tiered split-end (X) dig concept versus cover-

2 man under

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Four-Streaks Concept
The four-streaks concept is a decent way of attacking cover-2 man
under. However, it is only for outside, deep-streak, or fade throws
to the two outside wide receivers. The two inside streaks help to
hold their man-under-coverage defenders, and the two deep
safeties as well. The quarterback must understand the unfavorable
four-on-two ratio in favor of the defense to the inside with a much
better one-on-one isolation ratio to the outside. The quarterback
must, however, still be sure to be leery of a deep cover-2 safety
working off the hash to support an outside streak or fade throw.
The four-streaks concept with its outside one-on-one streak/fade-
throw isolations is shown in Diagram 5-22 versus cover-2 man
under.

Diagram 5-22. Four-streaks concept outside one-on-one isolations

versus cover-2 man under

Rollaway/Acute Routes
Rollaway and acute routes are excellent isolation actions versus
cover-2 man under. These routes are especially effective when they
develop off of strong, deep-streak-threat fakes pushing the cover-2
man-under press cornerbacks deep. Rol l away/acute-route action
versus cover-2 man under is shown in Diagram 5-23 with middle-

191
read action.

Comeback-Out/Deep Rollaway Routes

Diagram 5-24 shows the use of comeback-out and deep rollaway
routes as outlet routes versus cover-2 man under with fullback-
delay prime-route action. However,

192
the quarterback could take a seven-step drop and treat the deep
comeback-out or deep rollaway routes as prime routes if he feels
he has a good one-on-one isolations to the outside.

Diagram 5-23. Rollaway/acute-routes with middle-read action

versus cover-2 man under

Diagram 5-24. Comeback-out and deep rollaway route action

versus cover-2 man under

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 Diagram 5-25. Switch-acute route combination versus cover-2 man
under

Switch Acute
The switch-acute concept is an excellent concept versus cover-2
man under. The switching action on the stem of the two receivers
involved in the route combination helps to produce a picking/crossing
action that helps combat the pressman coverage, as shown in
Diagram 5-25 with sprint-out quarterback action. The route can be
deepened by having the prime route become a comeback-out route
at 18 yards.

Double-Move Routes
As in the quick-pass game, some double-move routes from five-step
drop-timing are extremely effective concepts to utilize versus cover-2
man under. Diagram 5-26 shows rollaway-and-go and acute-and-go
double-move-route action versus cover-2 man under from four-
streaks action.

194
Diagram 5-26. Rollaway-and-go and acute-and-go double-move
concepts versus cover-2 man under

195
 Diagram 5-27. Shallow-cross-smash concept versus cover-2 man
under

Shallow-Cross Smash
Diagram 5-27 shows the use of shallow-cross smash action versus
cover-2 man under. The shallow route provides an excellent man and
stunt/blitz-beater route. The post-corner route does an excellent job
of attacking the cover-2 man-under deep-outside-coverage void.
Hooks as Outlets
Deeper developing hook routes can be effective outlet routes to the
backside of a pattern. Although hook routes can have a tough time
separating from press man coverage, such routes are often given
more time to accomplish such tasks as a result of being outlets.
Once such receivers are able to separate from the
man coverage, they are able to work back toward the quarterback
effectively without working into the cover-2 safety to their side. This
route is shown in Diagram 5-28 versus cover-2 man under.
Diagram 5-29 shows the switch-read route backside-outlet concept
that can be effectively used versus cover-2 man under. The
crossing/switching action helps to create

196
Diagram 5-28. Hook backside outlets versus cover-2 man under

197
natural, crossing, man separation for the outlet receivers. The
outside receiver runs a read route off of the play of the cover-2
safety to his side with regard to being able to break the route deep
into the middle of the cover-2 void—or he may have to square the
route off to the inside if he were to see deep middle-zone coverage.
The inside receiver takes his around route deep if he can beat his
press-man-coverage defender. If he can't, he breaks his around
route back underneath and drives across the field.

Diagram 5-29. Switch-read route backside outlet versus cover-2

man under

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create three excellent man-to-man
coverage isolations on two (possibly three) of the inside cover-2
linebackers and a similar isolation on one of the cornerbacks. The
drive route by one of the wide receivers is, in itself, an excellent
man-beater route. The same can be said for the tight-end (Y) short-
dig route. The back, on his break-to-the-inside aspect of his sit
route, also presents an excellent man-beater route for the
quarterback to go to. The back must, however, be sure to patiently
execute the inside, man-breaking action of his sit route so that he
can sequentially follow the tight-end (Y) short-dig route with proper
spacing. This concept is shown in Diagram 5-30 versus cover-2

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man under.

Cross Concept
The crossing action of the cross concept is an excellent cover-2-
man-under beater action. As in the drive concept, the cross, the
short dig, and the man-breaking

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adjustment aspects of the sit route (this time to the outside) help
to create excellent man-under beater possibilities. And, crossing
receivers, in themselves, are excellent man-beater action, as
shown in the tight-end (Y) cross pattern in Diagram 5-31 versus
cover-2 man under.

Diagram 5-30. Drive concept versus cover-2 man under

Diagram 5-31. Tight-end (Y) cross concept versus cover-2 man

under

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Double-Cross Concept
The double-cross concept is an extremely popular method of
attacking cover-2 man under. Two inside receivers execute
picking/rubbing cross-route action with a dig-type route that works
into the center of the field. The dig route acts as an outlet if one of
the two crossing routes do not open up. A post route by the wide
receiver opposite the dig route works to blow the top off of the
cover-2 safeties so that they cannot jump on the inside man-
breaking dig route. The double-cross concept versus cover-2 man
under is shown in Diagram 5-32.

Diagram 5-32. Double-cross concept versus cover-2 man under

Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a crossing isolation on the two
linebackers to the cover-2, two-linebacker side. The tight end
works to pin the inside linebacker to the inside for his outside
square-out-type man break. The back drives to the flat to influence
hard outside flow by his covering outside linebacker and then
works back inside hard underneath to separate from that
linebacker. The Texas concept versus cover-2 man under is shown
in Diagram 5-33.

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Option-Isolation Concept
Option isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on cover-2 man-under linebackers. Option routes can
help to produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed mismatches.
Option routes are best run off of five-step drop-timing by the

202
quarterback. Five-step-drop quarterback timing allows for
option routes to be run in the 8- to 12-yard range. This
technique gives the option-route receivers time to properly
maneuver and execute their option-route man- or zone-
separation techniques. Diagram 5-34 shows a tight-end (Y)
option and a halfback (H) option versus cover-2 man under.

Diagram 5-33. Texas concept versus cover-2 man under

Diagram 5-34. H-option and Y-option isolation routes versus cover-

2 man under

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Pivot- and Break-Route Isolations
Tight-end (Y) pivot- and break-route isolations can be very effective
versus cover-2 man under. Such routes can often help produce
mismatches in favor of the offense— especially if the linebacker is
bigger and more physical than the linebacker, or if the tight end is
more athletic. The pivot and break routes are run in the six- to
seven-yard range. Versus a normal inside-out man-coverage
alignment by the covering linebacker (or, possibly, nickel defender),
the Y-pivot route may be the better route of the two, allowing the
tight end to wall off the covering defender by alignment. However,
versus an active, fast-flowing linebacker, the break route can help
the tight end to separate by breaking back to the inside. Diagram 5-
35 shows a Y-pivot high-low-read isolation action to attack cover-2
man under. Diagram 5-36 shows a Y-break isolation versus cover-2
man under.

Backs-Cross and Fake-Cross Isolations

Short, inside backs-cross and fake-cross isolations are
very effective versus cover-2 man under. On backs cross, the
quarterback reads the mesh of the crossing backs to see if one (or
both) of the backs pop open versus the man-under coverage. If they
don't, the tight-end route over the middle becomes the come-open-
late route to go to. Between the crossing/picking action of the backs
and the man-separating short-dig route of the tight end, a good
chance exists that at least one of the three receivers will pop open.
The backs-cross concept versus cover-2 man under is shown in
Diagram 5-37.

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Diagram 5-35. Y-pivot isolation versus cover-2 man under

205
 Diagram 5-36. Y-break isolation versus cover-2 man under

Diagram 5-37. Backs-cross concept versus cover-2 man under

206
 In backs-fake cross, the backs fake backs-cross action once
the linebackers start to play the cross action and man-break back
out toward the sidelines. Again, the quarterback reads to see if
one (or both) of the backs pop open. If not, the tight end's short-
dig route then becomes the come-open-late route to go to. The
backs-fake-cross concept versus cover-2 man under is shown in
Diagram 5-38.

Diagram 5-38. Backs-fake-cross concept versus cover-2 man under

Pick and Rub Concepts

Pick and rub concepts can be excellent cover-2 man-under man-
beater route combinations. Of course, any pick or rub must be
legally executed. Receivers cannot run into and/or block coverage
defenders as a part of the pick or rub concept. Diagram 5-39
shows a pick-route combination with an inside receiver working to
the outside versus cover-2 man under.
An interesting idea is to have the receiver who actually sets up
the pick for the prime pick, rub, or slice route (Diagrams 5-39 to 5-
41) run a modified option route if the quarterback snaps his eyes
late to that receiver. In this fashion, if the pick, rub, or slice receiver
is covered, the quarterback has a delayed-timed option route to
work to as an outlet.

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 Diagram 5-40 shows a rub-route combination with an outside
receiver working to the inside. In rub action, the offense always has
to be worried about the depth and activity of the deep-half cover-2
safety to the side of the rub. Diagram 5-41 shows a

208
slice-route combination with an inside receiver working off a pick
set-up and executing a fade route.

Diagram 5-40. Rub-route

Diagram 5-39. Pick-route
combination versus cover-2 man
combination versus cover-2 man
under
under

Diagram 5-41. Slice route combination

versus cover-2 man under

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Picking Screens
Picking-type screens, legal when the ball is thrown behind the line
of scrimmage, is a very effective concept to use versus cover-2
man under. Diagram 5-42 shows a wide-receiver screen with the
tight end blocking out on the cover-2 cornerback man-covering the
flanker (Z). Diagram 5-43 shows a pick screen to a back versus
cover-2 man under as the tight end blocks the linebacker assigned
to man cover the back.

Diagram 5-42. Wide-receiver pick screen Diagram 5-43. Back

pick screen versus
versus cover-2 man under cover-2 man under

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 Pass Attack of Quarters
Coverage

Quarters coverage is a commonly-used coverage in the two-safeties

family. Two deep safeties are in the middle of the field. However,
unlike the deep-halves play of cover-2 safeties aligned on or near
the hashes at about 14 yards, the quarters-coverage safeties align
up tighter toward the line of scrimmage, 10 to 12 yards deep. The
safeties align in a position that will allow them to be excellent off-
tackle or alley-run-support defenders. Their depth and horizontal-
alignment positioning allows the quarters safeties to be responsible
for covering the two inside deep quarters of the field.
The quarters-coverage cornerbacks—unlike the
low, squatted cover-2 cornerbacks—align off the ball 9 to 11
yards deep. They are normally aligned head-up to outside of the
widest receiver. The cornerbacks will probably be in more of a
straight-legged, squared-up zone stance looking through the wide
receiver on whom they are aligned in an effort to "peek in" towards
the next receiver (in case the coverage is brackets/inside-
out/combo-type coverage). The depth and horizontal-alignment
positioning allows the quarters cornerbacks to be responsible for
covering the two outside deep quarters of the field. Diagram 6-1

211
shows quarters (four across deep, three under) zone coverage.

212
 Diagram 6-1. Quarters (four across deep, three under) zone
coverage

Quarters-Coverage Pass-Game Strengths

• The four-across, deep-quarters coverage is the strength of

quarters coverage. Each deep defender (the two cornerbacks
and two safeties) each zone cover one-fourth of the field deep.
• With the low positioning of the cornerbacks and their ability to
quickly work upfield to defend versus quick-flat pass game and
outside runs, quarters coverage mostly acts like a tilted cover-2
coverage.
• The cornerback and safety to each side can work in
combination with one another (brackets/combo/inside-out
technique), reading and reacting to the first (widest) receiver and
second (next receiver to the inside) to their side. Such
brackets/combo/inside-out combination-coverage techniques are
shown in Diagram 6-2.
• The low positioning of the safeties allows for excellent extra
edge (off-tackle) run support from the secondary. Such an extra
run-support defender helps, in design, to produce an eight-man
front when given a run read to one side of the offensive formation
or the other.
• The relatively low, four-across positioning of the four defensive
backs in the 9- to 11-yard range allows for excellent alignments
to rotate to most any other type of man or zone coverage.

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• Depending on the deep threat that a quarters-coverage
cornerback is facing, a cornerback can give a low enough
alignment look to help confuse a quarterback into thinking he's
facing cover 2.

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 Diagram 6-2. Brackets/combo/inside-out combination quarters-
coverage techniques

Quarters-Coverage Pass-Game Weakness

• Quarters coverage gives up easy underneath throws—
especially to the outside flat- zone areas. These quarters-
coverage voids are shown in Diagram 6-3.
• As a result of the outside-flat quarters-coverage voids, the
coverage is extremely susceptible to hitch and any level of out-
type routes, which is true both to the strongside and weakside of
the formation.
• If the quarters coverage tries to make up for its flat-zone hitch
and out-route vulnerability by having its cornerbacks work upfield
fast and hard, the coverage

Diagram 6-3. Quarters-coverage voids

215
216
 Diagram 6-4. Play-action to throw over the top of an influenced
quarters safety

• becomes extremely vulnerable to deep, double-move routes

off of the hitch and out routes.
• Hard supporting quarters-coverage safeties versus the run
game make the coverage vulnerable to play-action passing.
Diagram 6-4 shows a play- action fake sucking up a safety,
enabling an over-the-top post throw over the head of the
influenced safety.
• Quarters coverage is susceptible to high-low-read concepts,
especially to the inside versus quarters-coverage safeties.
• Dig concepts with deep middle-zone clear-out routes can be
very effective versus quarters coverage. Three-tiered patterns
with such a deep middle- zone clear-out route helps to produce
effective high-low reads on the quarters-coverage inside
linebackers.
• Quarters coverage has only three underneath-zone
(linebacker) defenders. As a result, it puts tremendous coverage
strain on the weakside linebacker, the only true underneath-
coverage defender to that side. And, it puts tremendous strain on
the field/strongside outside linebacker, who must cover the curl to
the flat zone, depending on how he is being threatened. Such
quarters-coverage underneath- linebacker coverage problems
are shown in Diagram 6-5.

217
• With the different coverage responsibilities of the
field/strongside linebacker (curl/flat), the two inside linebackers
are susceptible to high-low isolations, option isolations and/or
flood concepts.
• Drive- and cross-route concepts are very effective in creating
three-on-two flood isolations on the two inside quarters-coverage
linebackers.
• Naked-bootleg action can be very effective versus quarters-
coverage—both weak and strong. The play-action does much to
hold and influence the three underneath- zone linebackers. And,
the play-action can help to influence the safeties to suck up for
possible deep throws over their heads. Diagram 6-6 shows
naked-bootleg action versus quarters coverage.
• Screens can be very effective versus quarters coverage.
Much like cover 2, formationing can help to create screen
numbers (i.e., three-on-two) mismatches.

218
Diagram 6-5. Quarters-coverage underneath-zone linebacker-
coverage problems

Diagram 6-6. Naked-bootleg action versus quarters coverage

219
 Route Combination and Pass-Pattern
Attack of Quarters Coverage

Quick-Game Hitch
The quick-game (three-step-drop-timed throw by the quarterback)
hitch route is an excellent route concept versus quarters coverage.
The hitch route helps to exploit the quarters-coverage flat-zone-
coverage void. Diagram 6-7 shows double-hitch action versus
quarters coverage to help hold the outside linebacker and create a
lateral-read-throw action.

Diagram 6-7. Quick-game double-hitch action versus quarters

coverage

Quick-Game Speed-Out
The quick-game speed-out route is an excellent route concept
versus quarters coverage. Just like the hitch route, the speed-out
route helps to exploit the quarters-coverage flat-zone-coverage
void, as shown in Diagram 6-8.

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Speed-Out

The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out route combination
creates an excellent clear-out route to push the quarters-coverage
cornerback deep while bringing the inside receiver to the outside

220
underneath the clear-out action. Diagram 6-9 shows a slot-inside-
receiver quick speed-out-route combination with quick play-action
to hold the outside linebacker from getting out to the speed-out
route and a tight-end (Y) one-on-one isolation to the backside.

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 Diagram 6-8. Quick-game speed-out versus quarters coverage

Diagram 6-9. Quick-game inside-receiver speed-out concept versus

quarters coverage

The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out concept is also an

excellent concept to execute off of five-step-timed quarterback-
drop action. The deeper speed-out route, however, becomes
more of a square-out route at 10 yards, as shown in Diagram 6-
10.

Quick-Game Weakside Play-Action Slant

Isolation
The quick-game weakside-slant isolation is an excellent concept to

222
use in the attack of quarters coverage. Play-action away from the
slant action helps to influence the weakside linebacker from
dropping underneath the slant, as seen in Diagram 6-11.

223
Diagram 6-10. Inside-receiver square-out concept versus quarters
coverage

Diagram 6-11. Quick-game

weakside play-action slant isolation
versus quarters coverage

Quick-Game Double-Slant Concept

The quick-game double-slant concept is an excellent means of
attacking quarters coverage. The concept places a two-on-one
lateral-read-action on the outside linebacker, as seen in Diagram 6-
12 with quick play-action faking.

224
 Diagram 6-12. Double-slant versus quarters coverage

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Stick-Route

Isolation
The quick-game inside-receiver stick-route isolation can be very
effective strong or weak versus quarters coverage. If run strong, a
flat route by the back can help to create a one-on-one
isolation on the inside linebacker. Diagram 6-13 shows both a
strongside and weakside stick-route isolation.

Quick-Game Double-Move-Route
Isolations
Double-move action off of quick-game pass routes is an excellent
way to attack quarters-coverage cornerbacks who try to jump the
quick-game prime routes. Double-move route isolations off of the
hitch and quick speed-out routes to produce hitch-and-go and quick
speed-out-and-up routes are shown in Diagram 6-14.
The quick-game slant-and-go double-move route by the outside
slant receiver is an excellent concept to utilize if a quarters safety
tries to jump an outside slant. The outside-slant route breaks his
slant deep over the top of the quarters safety, as shown in Diagram
6-15.

225
Diagram 6-13. Quick-game stick isolation versus quarters coverage

226
 The quick-game Y-stick-and-go double-move route is an
excellent concept to utilize if a quarters-coverage safety tries to
jump a tight-end (Y) stick route. The Y-stick-and-go route concept
is shown in Diagram 6-16.

Diagram 6-14. Quick-game double-move hitch-and-go and speed-

out-and-go routes versus quarters coverage

Diagram 6-15. Slant-and-go double-move route versus quarters

coverage

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 Diagram 6-16. Y-stick-and-go route versus quarters coverage

Speed-Out/Rollaway Lateral-Read
Combinations
The five-step quarterback drop-timed speed-out and rollaway
lateral-read-route combinations are excellent ways to attack
quarters coverage. Both the prime route speed-out and rollaway
routes attack the true-coverage voids of quarters coverage, the flat
zones. As shown in Diagram 6-17, the tight-end (Y) alley route helps
to create a true lateral read on the outside linebacker, while the
weakside back's seam route helps to hold the weakside linebacker
from getting out to the rollaway route. The rollaway

Diagram 6-17. Speed-out and rollaway lateral-read concepts versus

quarters coverage

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route is an excellent concept to use when the ball is on the hash
into the boundary where the speed-out may not have enough room
to operate. Diagram 6-18 shows a similar lateral-read concept with
deeper, seven-step quarterback drop-timed comeback-out and
deep rollaway routes.

Diagram 6-18. Comeback-out and deep rollaway lateral-read

concepts versus quarters coverage

Curl (or Hook)/Flat Lateral-Read Concept

The curl/flat (or deeper hook/flat) lateral-read concept is an
excellent way to attack the lack of underneath coverage of quarters
coverage. To the weakside, the lateral-read action isolates on the
weakside linebacker, as shown by the split-end (X) curl route and
the back's flat route in Diagram 6-19. To the strongside, the lateral-
read action isolates on the strongside outside linebacker as shown
by the flanker (Z) hook route and the tight-end (Y) flat route, also
shown in Diagram 6-19. (The only difference between the curl and
hook routes is the depths of the routes and the need for seven-step
drop-timed action by the quarterback for the deeper hook route).

Speed-Out, Rollaway, Curl Double-Move-

Route Concepts
As has been shown, speed-outs, rollaways, and curl-route
concepts are excellent ways to attack quarters coverage. Quite
often, the quarters-coverage cornerback will try to jump those

229
routes by the widest receiver. As a result, double-move-route
concepts can be very effective to create "home-run" deep-ball
threats to combat aggressive cornerback play on these five-step-
timed quarterback drop actions. Diagram 6-20 shows a rollaway-
(fake-) and-go double-move action by the split end (X) and speed-
out-and-up double-move action by the flanker (Z). Diagram 6-21
shows a curl-and-go double-move action by the split end (X) and a
flat-and-up double-move action by the tight end (Y).

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 Diagram 6-19. Curl/flat or hook/flat lateral-read concept versus
quarters coverage

Diagram 6-20. Rollaway-and-go/speed-out-and-up double-

move concepts versus quarters coverage

231
 Diagram 6-21. Curl-and-go and flat-and-up double-move concepts
versus quarters coverage

Diagram 6-22. High-low-read fish concept versus quarters coverage

High-Low Fish-Isolation Concept

The high-low fish-isolation concept is an excellent way to attack
quarters coverage in an effort to produce deep throw
yardage. The fish concept puts a (low) short hook-up route in
front of the patternside safety (the bait) in an effort to throw
(high) to the deep, over-the-top post route (the fishing pole). The
read is a high-low read with the hope of influencing the
patternside safety to suck up on the (low) short hook-up route, as
shown in Diagram 6-22.

Backside Post/Clear-Out-Route
232
Combination Isolation
A two-on-one route isolation on the backside safety from a
trips to the flanker (Z) formation can help to produce deep, big-
yardage capabilities versus quarters
coverage. Very often, quarters

233
coverage will man-cover the third receiver to the opposite trips side
if that receiver runs a vertical route. As a result, a backside post
route by the widest backside wide receiver can help to produce an
excellent, deep two-on-one isolation on the backside quarters-
coverage weak safety, as shown in Diagram 6-23.

Diagram 6-23. Backside post/clear-out two-on-one isolation versus

quarters coverage

Smash High-Low Isolation

The smash high-low isolation concept is a decent concept to utilize
versus quarters coverage. The problem with the concept is that the
deep quarters coverage of the cornerbacks can force the smash
high-low read to consistently turn into hitch-route throws. The
smash concept versus quarters coverage is shown in Diagram 6-
24.

Seal Concept
The seal concept is an excellent deep-throw
potential isolation on the field/formationside safety versus
quarters coverage. As shown in Diagram 6-25, the backside
quarters-coverage safety is held by the post-corner route of the
backside split-end (X) receiver. To the prime patternside, the slot

234
and flanker receivers place a two-on-one isolation of the
field/formation side safety. The slot (S) runs a quick, inside vertical
route as the flanker (Z) runs an over-the-top post. The quarterback
throws off of the coverage reaction of the field/formation side
safety to either the slot or the flanker.

235
Three-Tiered Dig/Square-In High-Low
Isolation
The three-tiered dig/square-in high-low isolation concept presents an
excellent high-to-low read action for the quarterback versus quarters
coverage. As shown in Diagram 6-26, the slot (S) receiver runs a
clear-out route through the patternside safety. The flanker (Z) runs a
square-in inside of the clear-out route to produce a high-low read for
the quarterback on the playside, inside linebacker.

Diagram 6-24. Smash concept versus quarters coverage

Diagram 6-25. Seal two-on-one isolation concept versus quarters

coverage

236
 Diagram 6-26. Three-tiered dig/square-in concept versus quarters
coverage

Four-Streaks Concept with Comeback-

Outs or Deep Roll a ways
The four streaks concept can be an effective way of attacking
quarters coverage. However, the outside receivers may be better
off running deep rollaway routes or comeback-out routes as outlets
rather than streak routes if the cornerbacks are aligned deeply, as
shown in Diagram 6-27. The deep rollaways or comeback-out
routes do, however, still come off of the deep-streak threat.
The key to the four-streaks concept is the read of the slot
receiver (S) on his read route versus the safety to his side. If the
slot finds that the safety is playing him with a shallow alignment, the
read-route receiver (the slot) should keep on going and blow past
the safety. If the safety stays deep and head up to outside of the
slot, the slot should adjust to a broken-arrow (skinny-post) route. If
the safety aligns deep and to the inside, the slot breaks his route to
the inside with a square-in route adjustment. If the slot is covered,
the quarterback can dump the ball off to the back or go to the
outside to the outlet deep rollaways or comeback-outs.

Under Concept

237
The under concept is a decent concept versus quarters coverage.
Often, the lack of flat coverage has the under route turn into a hitch
route as the under route stays out wide in the coverage void rather
than unnecessarily working to the inside to produce a high-low read
on the outside linebacker. The under-route receiver will work inside,
however, if the outside linebacker drives out hard to the flat. The
under concept versus quarters coverage is shown in Diagram 6-28
from a no-backs set—both weak and strong.

238
Diagram 6-27. Four-streaks concept with outside comeback-outs
or deep rollaways versus quarters coverage

Diagram 6-28. Under concept versus quarters coverage

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create a three-on-two flood isolation on
the two inside quarters-coverage linebackers. The drive-route wide
receiver, the tight end, and the back form a triangle position to help
create the three-on-two advantage. The drive concept versus
quarters is shown in Diagram 6-29.

239
 Diagram 6-29. Drive concept versus quarters coverage

Cross Concept
The cross concept also helps to create a three-on-two flood
isolation on the two inside quarters-coverage linebackers. The slot
receiver, tight end, and back form a triangle position to help create
the three-on-two advantage. The cross concept, from a balanced,
doubles set with a tight-end cross, slot-short-dig action is shown in
Diagram 6-30.

Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a two-on-one crossing isolation
on the quarters-coverage inside linebacker. The underneath cross
route stretches the quarters-coverage outside linebacker with an
initial flat-route stem and threat. He then breaks underneath and
crosses the square-out action of the tight end. If the inside
linebacker runs out with the tight end's square-out route, the
underneath cross route should be wide open. If the tight end is able
to wall the inside linebacker off, the quarterback can stick a tight
throw in to the tight end before the tight end works out wide into the
quarters-coverage outside linebacker. The Texas concept versus
quarters coverage is shown in Diagram 6-31.

240
Option-Isolation Concept
Option isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on quarters coverage linebackers. Option routes can help
to produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed mismatches. As
previously mentioned, option routes are best run off of five-step

241
drop-timing by the quarterback. Five-step drop-timing by the
quarterback allows for option routes run in the 8- to 12-yard range,
giving the option-route receivers time to properly maneuver and
execute their option routes for man- or zone-separation techniques.
Diagram 6-32 shows a tight-end (Y) option and a halfback (H) option
versus quarters coverage

drop-timing by the quarterback. Five-step drop-timing by the

quarterback allows for option routes run in the 8- to 12-yard range,
giving the option-route receivers time to properly maneuver and
execute their option routes for man- or zone-separation techniques.
Diagram 6-32 shows a tight-end (Y) option and a halfback (H) option
versus quarters coverage

Diagram 6-30. Y-cross concept versus quarters coverage

242
Diagram 6-31. Texas concept versus quarters coverage

243
 Diagram 6-32. Option-isolation routes versus quarters coverage

High-Low Delay-Route Isolations

High-low delay-route isolations can be very effective against
quarters coverage. With vertical broken-arrow routes splitting the
quarters-coverage safeties and a delay route working underneath,
the quarterback simply throws off of the two-on-one coverage
reaction of the isolated strong, inside linebacker. A high-low-read
tight-end (Y) delay versus quarters coverage is shown in Diagram 6-
33

Diagram 6-33. High-low-read Y-delay-route isolation versus quarters

coverage

244
High-Low Pivot- and Break-Route
Isolations
Just like delay-route high-low isolations, tight-end (Y) pivot- and
break-route isolations can be very effective versus quarters
coverage. With a vertical broken-arrow route by a back splitting the
deep quarters-coverage safeties and a tight-end (Y) pivot or break
route, the quarterback simply throws off of the two-on-one coverage
reaction of the isolated strong, inside linebacker. The pivot and
break routes are run in the six- to seven-yard range. Diagram 6-34
shows a Y-pivot high-low-read isolation action to attack quarters
coverage. Diagram 6-35 shows Y-break action versus quarters
coverage.

Diagram 6-34. High-low-read Y-pivot isolation versus quarters

coverage

245
Diagram 6-35. High-low-read Y-break isolation versus quarters
coverage

246
Deep Curl/Hook Outlets
Deep curl/hook outlet routes can be very effective concepts in
attacking quarters coverage. Deep, longer-developing curl/hook
routes that push the deep quarters-coverage cornerbacks vertically
can find quarters-coverage-void pockets to work such deep
curl/hook routes into to act as effective late outlets. Such action is
especially true if a receiver is used to the inside of the deep
curl/hook outlet route to clear out the adjacent quarters-coverage
safety. Diagram 6-36 shows such deep curl/hook action used as a
late-developing pass-pattern outlet versus quarters coverage. An
inside Y-option route-pattern concept is used as the prime-route
example.

Diagram 6-36. Deep curl/hook outlet action versus quarters

coverage

Naked-Bootleg Concept
The naked-bootleg concept can be an effective way to attack
quarters coverage. (Naked-bootleg action refers to the fact that no
fakeside lineman is pulling to the backside to block protect the
bootlegging quarterback.) The naked-bootleg patterns that are
most effective versus quarters coverage are the ones that attack
the aggressive run-support action of the quarters-coverage
safeties. Naked-bootleg action is shown in Diagram 6-37 in its

247
effort to attack quarters coverage with a comeback-out concept to
isolate on the play of the weakside cornerback.

Wide-Receiver Screens
Wide-receiver screens are very effective versus quarters coverage,
which can be especially true from spread formations if the front
tries to keep six front defenders in

248
the box. As a result, the offense can gain a three-on-two
advantage to, say, a trips-type set with a wide-receiver screen
concept. Such wide-receiver screen action is shown in Diagram 6-
38 versus quarters coverage.

Diagram 6-37. Naked-bootleg action versus quarters coverage

Diagram 6-38. Wide-receiver screen versus quarters coverage

249
Back Screens
Back screens can be very effective versus quarters coverage—
especially if the linebackers are spot droppers. Back-screen action
can allow the linebacker spot droppers to get depth to allow for the
back-screen blockers to work up to the linebackers to block for the
back's screen action, as seen in Diagram 6-39.

Diagram 6-39. Back screen versus quarters coverage

250
 Pass Attack of Quarter-
Quarter-Half Coverage

Quarter-quarter-half coverage is another commonly used coverage

in the two-safeties family. Two deep safeties are in the middle of the
field. Quarter-quarter-half coverage is, basically, a combination of
cover 2 and quarters coverage. Quarter-quarter-half coverage plays
cover 2 into the boundary away from formation strength and
quarters coverage to the field and formation strength. The cover-2
safety, however, knowing that he has greater safety help from the
field-quarters safety, will often cheat off the hash towards the
boundary sideline four yards or more. As a result, with the hard-
squat action of the cover-2 weakside cornerback, quarter-quarter-
half coverage often acts more like a one-safety family, cover-3
weak-roll coverage than a true two-safeties family coverage.
Diagram 7-1 shows quarter-quarter-half (combination cover
2/quarters coverage with four-under zone coverage).

Quarter-Quarter-Half
Coverage Pass-Game
Strengths
• The strength of quarter-quarter-half coverage is the three-deep

251
weak-roll aspect of the coverage. The coverage plays cover 2
weak with the safety cheated off the hash to provide greater
deep outside coverage abilities. As a result, normal deep outside
post-corner/smash route high-low-read combinations are
eliminated.

252
 Diagram 7-1. Quarter-quarter-half coverage (combination cover
2/quarters coverage with four-under zone coverage)

• The squatted, weakside cover-2-type cornerback can do a

great job of disrupting pass-route releases—especially routes
that attack upfield vertically.
• The weakside, cover-2 aspect of the quarter-quarter-half
coverage takes away easy, quick, or short pass-game routes and
patterns.
• The weakside, cover-2 aspect of the quarter-quarter-half
coverage eliminates side- by-side, lateral-read-route
combinations, which are a big part of many offensive designs.
Diagram 7-2 shows how a side-by-side lateral-read rollaway/Y-
square-out- route combination is covered by the underneath-
zone-coverage aspect of the cover 2 part of the quarter-quarter-
half coverage.
• The weakside cover-2 aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage
does a good job of eliminating out-route concepts due to the
squatted cornerback-coverage play. Diagram 7-3 shows the
elimination of a speed-out route due to squatted cover-2
coverage of the cornerback.
• The weakside cover-2 cornerback can help to do a great job of
containing and pushing pass-pattern routes to the inside toward
the weakside cover-2 hash-mark safety.
• The cornerback and safety to the strongside quarters coverage

253
side can work in combination with one another
(brackets/combo/inside-out technique), reading and reacting to
the first (widest) receiver and second (next receiver to the inside)
to their side. Such brackets/combo/inside-out combination-
coverage techniques for the strongside of quarter-quarter-half
coverage is shown in Diagram 7-4.

254
• The low positioning of the strong/fieldside quarter-quarter-half
strong safety allows for excellent extra edge (off-tackle) run
support from the secondary. Such an extra run support defender
helps, in design, to produce an eight-man front to the
strong/fieldside when given a run read.
• Depending on the deep threat that the strongside quarters
coverage cornerback of the quarter-quarter-half coverage is
facing, the fieldside cornerback can give a low enough alignment
look to help confuse a quarterback into thinking he's facing cover
2.

Diagram 7-2. Side-by-side lateral-read-route combination taken

away by quarter-quarter-half coverage to weakside

Diagram 7-3. Cover-2 aspect of quarter-quarter-half-coverage

elimination of out routes

255
Diagram 7-4. Strongside brackets/combo/inside-out combination
quarter-quarter-half-coverage techniques

Quarter-Quarter-Half Pass-Game Weaknesses

• The pass-game weaknesses of quarter-quarter-half coverage
definitely focus on the strong/fieldside-quarters aspect of the
coverage. The weakside, almost weak- roll aspect of the
coverage makes the halves aspect of the coverage very difficult
to attack.
• The strongside, field-quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-
quarter-half coverage gives up easy underneath throws—
especially to the outside flat-zone areas. This quarters-coverage
void is shown in Diagram 7-5.
• As a result of the outside-flat quarters-coverage void in
quarter-quarter-half coverage, the coverage is extremely
susceptible to hitch and any level of out-type routes.
• If the strongside quarters-coverage aspect of the quarter-
quarter-half coverage tries to make up for its flat-zone hitch and
out-route vulnerability by having its cornerback work upfield fast
and hard, the coverage becomes extremely vulnerable to deep
double-move routes off of the hitch and out routes.
• The hard supporting strong/fieldside quarters-coverage safety
versus the run game makes the quarter-quarter-half coverage

256
vulnerable to strong/fieldside play-action passing. Diagram 7-6
shows a play-action fake sucking up the strong/fieldside quarter-
quarter-half safety enabling an over-the-top post throw over the
head of the influenced safety.

257
• The strong/fieldside quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-
half coverage is susceptible to high-low-read concepts—
especially to the inside on the safety. Diagram 7-7 shows a high-
low-read isolation to the inside on the quarters coverage safety.

Diagram 7-5. Strongside flat quarters coverage void in quarter-

quarter-half coverage

Diagram 7-6. Play-action to throw over the top of the influenced

quarters-coverage-aspect safety of the quarter-quarter-half
coverage

258
 Diagram 7-7. High-low-read isolation on quarters-coverage-aspect
safety of the quarter-quarter-half coverage

• Quarter-quarter-half coverage has only two underneath-zone

(linebacker)
defenders to the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage side. This
alignment puts tremendous strain on the field/strongside outside
linebacker who must cover curl zone to flat zone, depending on
how he is being threatened.
• With the pressing coverage responsibilities of the
strong/fieldside linebacker (curl/flat), the strong/fieldside inside
linebacker is susceptible to high-low isolations, option isolations,
and/or flood concepts.
• Dig and square-in concepts with a deep clear-out-route action
through the safeties can be very effective versus quarter-quarter-
half coverage. Three-tiered patterns with such a deep clear-out
route helps to produce an effective high-low read on a quarter-
quarter-half inside linebacker.
• Drive- and cross-route concepts are very effective in creating
three-on-two flood isolations on the two inside quarter-quarter-
half-coverage linebackers.
• Naked-bootleg action can be very effective versus quarter-
quarter-half coverage—both weak and strong. The play-action
does much to hold and influence the three underneath-zone
linebackers—and play-action can help to influence the

259
 strong/fieldside quarters-coverage safety to suck up for possible
deep throws over his head.
• Screens can be very effective versus quarter-quarter-half
coverage. Much like cover 2, formationing can help to create
screen numbers (i.e., three-on-two) mismatches versus quarter-
quarter-half coverage.

260
 Route Combination and Pass-Pattern
Attack of
Quarter-Quarter-Half Coverage
Quick-Game Hitch
The quick-game (three-step drop-timed throw by the quarterback)
hitch route is an excellent route concept versus quarter-quarter-half
coverage to the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage side. The hitch
route helps to exploit the quarters-coverage flat-zone-coverage
void. Diagram 7-8 shows hitch action versus the quarters-coverage
aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage.

Quick-Game Speed-Out
The quick-game speed-out route is an excellent route concept
versus quarter-quarter-half coverage to the strong/fieldside
quarters-coverage side. Just like the hitch route, the speed-out
route helps to exploit the quarters-coverage flat-zone-coverage void
as shown in Diagram 7-9.

Diagram 7-9. Quick-game speed-

Diagram 7-8. Quick-game hitch
out versus quarter coverage
versus quarters-coverage aspect of
aspect of quarter-quarter- half
quarter-quarter- half coverage
coverage

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Speed-Out

261
The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out route combination
creates an excellent clear-out route to push the quarters-coverage
cornerback and the squatted, cover-2 cornerback deep while
bringing the inside receiver to the outside underneath the clear-out
action. Diagram 7-10 shows a quick, slot-inside-receiver speed-out
route combination to the field and a quick tight-end inside-receiver
speed-out-route combination to the backside versus quarter-
quarter-half coverage.

262
 The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out concept is also an
excellent concept to execute off of five-step-timed quarterback
drop action. The deeper speed-out route, however, becomes more
of a square-out route at 10 yards versus the quarters-coverage
aspect of the quarter-quarter-half coverage as shown in Diagram
7-11.

Diagram 7-10. Quick-game inside-receiver speed-out concept

versus quarter-quarter-half coverage

Diagram 7-11. Inside-receiver square-out concept versus quarters-

coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage

263
Quick-Game Double Slant
The quick-game double-slant-route combination places a two-on-
one isolation on the strong/fieldside quarters-outside linebacker of
the quarter-quarter-half coverage. If the linebacker (S) in Diagram
7-12 follows the inside slant, a throw lane is opened up to the
outside slant. If the linebacker tries to work outside to the outside
slant, the inside slant receiver bends his slant upfield to make the
reception. The quick-game double-slant-route combination action is
shown in Diagram 7-12 to the quarters-coverage side of the
quarter-quarter-half coverage.

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Stick-Route

Isolation
The quick-game inside-receiver stick-route isolation can be very
effective to the strong/fieldside versus the quarters-coverage
aspect of the quarter-quarter-half coverage. The flat route by the
back can help to create a one-on-one isolation on the inside
linebacker. Diagram 7-13 shows a strong/fieldside stick-route
isolation versus quarter-quarter-half coverage.

Diagram 7-12. Quick-game double-

Diagram 7-13. Quick-game stick
slant route combination to the
isolation to the quarters-coverage
quarters- coverage aspect of quarter-
aspect of quarter-quarter-half
quarter-
coverage
half coverage

264
Quick-Game Double-Move-Route
Isolations
Double-move action off of quick-game pass routes is an excellent
way to attack the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage aspect
cornerback of quarter-quarter-half coverage who try to jump the
quick-game prime routes. This aspect is shown in Diagram 7-14 via
the hitch-and-go and speed-out-and-up routes.

265
 Diagram 7-14. Quick-game double-move
routes versus quarters-coverage aspect
of quarter-quarter-half coverage

Speed-Out Lateral-Read Combination

The five-step quarterback drop-timed speed-out lateral-read-route
combination is an excellent way to attack the strong/fieldside
quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage. The
prime-route speed-out route attacks the one true-coverage void of
quarter-quarter-half coverage: the field flat zone. As shown in
Diagram 7-15, the tight end's seam route helps to create a true
lateral read on the outside linebacker.
Diagram 7-16 shows a similar lateral-read concept with deeper,
seven-step quarterback drop-timed comeback-out (could use deep
rollaway route) versus the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage aspect
of quarter-quarter-half coverage.

Curl (or Hook)/Flat Lateral-Read Concept

The curl/flat (or, deeper hook/flat) lateral-read concept is an
excellent way to attack the lack of underneath coverage of the
strong/fieldside of the quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-
half coverage. To the strong/fieldside, the lateral-read action isolates
on the strongside outside linebacker, as shown by the flanker (Z)
curl and hook routes, and the tight-end flat route, as shown in

266
Diagram 7-17. (The only difference between the curl and hook
routes is the depths of the routes and the need for seven-step drop-
timed action by the quarterback for the deeper hook route.)

267
Diagram 7-15. Speed-out lateral-read concept versus quarters-
coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage

Diagram 7-16. Comeback-out and Diagram 7-17. Curl/flat or hook/flat

deep rollaway lateral-read concepts lateralread concept versus the
versus quarters-coverage aspect of quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-
quarter-quarterhalf coverage quarter-half coverage

268
Speed-Out and Curl Double-Move-
Route Concepts
As has been shown, speed-outs and curl-route concepts are
excellent ways to attack the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage
aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage. Quite often, the quarters-
coverage cornerback will try to jump those routes by the widest
receiver. As a result, double-move-route concepts can be very
effective to create "home-run" deep-ball threats to combat
aggressive cornerback play on these five-step-timed quarterback-
drop actions. Diagram 7-18 shows a speed-out-and-up double-
move action by the flanker (Z) versus the strong/fieldside quarters-
coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage. Diagram 7-19
shows a curl-and-go double-move action by the flanker (Z) and a
flat-and-up double-move action by the tight end (Y).

Diagram 7-19. Curl-and-go/flat-and-

Diagram 7-18. Speed-out-and-up
up
double move concept versus quarters-
double-move concepts versus
coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-
quarterscoverage aspect of quarter-
half coverage
quarterhalf coverage

High-Low Fish-Isolation Concept

The high-low fish-isolation concept is an excellent way to attack
the strong/fieldside of the quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-

269
quarter-half coverage in an effort to produce deep-throw yardage.
The fish concept puts a low short hook-up route in front of the
strong/fieldside safety (the bait) in an effort to throw high to the
deep, over-the-top post route (the fishing pole). The read is a high-
low read with the hope of influencing the strong/fieldside safety to
suck up on the low, short hook-up route, as shown in Diagram 7-
20.

270
Diagram 7-20. High-low-read fish concept versus quarters-coverage
aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage

Diagram 7-21. Smash concept versus quarters-coverage aspect of

quarter-quarter half coverage

Smash High-Low Isolation

The smash high-low isolation concept is a decent concept to utilize
versus the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-
quarter-half coverage. The problem with the concept is that the deep
quarters-coverage cornerback can force the smash high-low read to
consistently turn into hitch-route throws. The smash concept versus

271
the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half
coverage is shown in Diagram 7-21.

272
Seal Concept
The seal concept is an excellent deep-throw-potential isolation on
the field/formationside safety of the quarters-coverage aspect of
quarter-quarter-half coverage. As shown in Diagram 7-22, the
backside cover-2 weak safety is held by the cover-2 post-corner
adjustment route of the backside flanker (Z) receiver. To the prime
patternside, the slot (S) and split-end (X) receivers place a two-on-
one isolation of the field/formationside quarters-coverage strong
safety. The slot (S) runs a quick, inside vertical route as the split end
(X) runs an over-the-top post. The quarterback throws off of the
coverage reaction of the field/formationside quarters-coverage
strong safety to either the slot or the split end.

Three-Tiered Dig/Square-In High-Low

Isolation
The three-tiered dig/square-in high-low-isolation concept presents an
excellent highlow- read action for the quarterback to the
strong/fieldside quarters-coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half
coverage. As shown in Diagram 7-23, the slot receiver (S) runs a
clear-out route through the strong/fieldside quarters-coverage strong
safety. The flanker (Z) runs a square-in inside of the clear-out route
to produce a high-low read for the quarterback on the
strong/fieldside, inside quarters-coverage linebacker.

273
Diagram 7-22. Seal two-on-one isolation concept versus quarters-
coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage

274
Diagram 7-23. Three-tiered dig/square-in concept versus quarters-
coverage aspect of quarter-quarter-half coverage

Under Concept
The under concept is a decent concept versus quarter-quarter-half
coverage. Often, the lack of flat coverage to the strong/fieldside
quarters coverage of quarter-quarter-half coverage has the under
route turn into a hitch route as the under route stays out wide in the
coverage void rather than unnecessarily working to the inside to
produce a high-low read on the outside linebacker. The under-route
receiver will work inside, however, if the outside linebacker drives
out hard to the flat. The under concept to the weak, boundary side
helps produce a quick, high-low read on the inside linebacker
versus the backside cover-2 aspect of the coverage. Both concepts
are shown in Diagram 7-24.

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create a three-on-two flood isolation on
the two inside quarter-quarter-half-coverage linebackers. The drive-
route wide receiver, the tight end, and the back form a triangle
position to help create the three-on-two advantage. The drive
concept versus quarter-quarter-half coverage is shown in Diagram

275
7-25.

Cross Concept
The cross concept also helps to create a three-on-two flood
isolation on the two inside quarter-quarter-half coverage
linebackers. The slot receiver, tight end, and back form a triangle
position to help create the three-on-two advantage. The cross
concept, from a

276
balanced doubles set with a tight-end cross, slot-short-dig action is
shown in Diagram 7-26 versus quarter-quarter-half coverage. Note
that the post route, normally opposite the side of the short-dig
route, is on the same side as the short-dig route. The purpose of
this placement is to set up a possible over-the-top "home-run"-type
throw to the post route if the quarters-coverage side strong safety
jumps the short-dig route.

Diagram 7-24. Under concept versus quarter-quarter-half coverage

Diagram 7-25. Drive concept versus quarter-quarter-half coverage

277
Diagram 7-26. Cross concept versus quarter-quarter-half coverage

Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a two-on-one crossing isolation
on the quarter-quarter-half-coverage inside linebacker. The
underneath cross route stretches the quarter-quarter-half coverage
outside linebacker with an initial flat-route stem and threat. He then
breaks underneath and crosses the square-out action of the tight
end. If the inside linebacker runs out with the tight end's square-out
route, the underneath cross route should be wide open. If the tight
end is able to wall the inside linebacker off, the quarterback can
stick a tight throw in to the tight end before the tight end works out
wide into the quarter-quarter-half-coverage outside linebacker. The
Texas concept versus quarter-quarter-half coverage is shown in
Diagram 7-27.

Option-Isolation Concept
Option-isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on quarter-quarter-half-coverage linebackers. Option
routes can help to produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed
mismatches. As previously mentioned, option routes are best run off
of five-step drop-timing by the quarterback. Five-step drop-timing by
the quarterback are for option routes run in the 8- to 12-yard range,
giving the option-route receivers time to properly maneuver and

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execute their option-route man- or zone-separation techniques.
Diagram 7-28 shows a tight-end (Y) option and a halfback (H)
option versus quarter-quarter-half coverage.

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Diagram 7-27. Texas concept versus quarter-quarter-half coverage

Diagram 7-28. Option-isolation routes to attack quarter-quarter-half

coverage

High-Low Delay-Route Isolations

High-low delay-route isolations can be very effective against
quarter-quarter-half coverage. With vertical broken-arrow routes
splitting the quarter-quarter-half-coverage safeties and a delay
route working underneath, the quarterback simply throws off of the
two-on-one coverage reaction of the isolated strong, inside
linebacker. A high-low-read tailback delay versus quarter-quarter-

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half coverage is shown in Diagram 7-29.

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 Diagram 7-29. High-low-read tailback delay-route isolation versus
quarter-quarter-half coverage

High-Low Pivot- and Break-Route Isolations

Just like delay-route high-low isolations, tight-end (Y) pivot- and
break-route isolations can be very effective versus quarter-quarter-
half coverage. With a vertical broken-arrow route by a back splitting
the deep quarter-quarter-half-coverage safeties and a tight-end (Y)
pivot or break route, the quarterback simply throws off of the two-
on-one coverage reaction of the isolated strong, inside linebacker.
The pivot and break routes are run in

Diagram 7-30. High-low-read Y-pivot isolation versus quarter-

quarter-half coverage

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 Diagram 7-31. High-low-read Y-break isolation versus quarter-
quarter-half coverage

the six- to seven-yard range. Diagram 7-30 shows a Y-pivot high-

low-read-isolation action to attack quarter-quarter-half coverage.
Diagram 7-31 shows Y-break action versus quarter-quarter-half
coverage.

Naked-Bootleg Concept
The naked-bootleg concept can be an effective way to attack
quarter-quarter-half coverage. The naked-bootleg patterns that are
most effective versus quarter-quarter-half coverage are the ones
that work back into the quarters-coverage aspect of the quarters
coverage. Naked-bootleg action is shown in Diagram 7-32 in its
effort to attack the quarters-coverage aspect of the quarter-quarter-
half coverage with a fish-pattern-type concept to isolate on the
aggressive run-support play of the quarters-side safety.

Wide-Receiver Screens
Wide-receiver screens are very effective versus quarter-quarter-half
coverage. These screens can be especially effective from spread
formations if the front tries to keep six front defenders in the box. As
a result, the offense can gain a three-on-two advantage to, say, a
trips-type set with a wide-receiver-screen concept. Such wide-

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receiver-screen action is shown in Diagram 7-33 versus quarter-
quarter-half coverage.

Back Screens
Back screens can be very effective versus quarter-quarter-half
coverage—especially to the strong, formation, fieldside where less
underneath coverage is present per the amount of lateral distance
the inside and outside linebackers have to cover. Back-

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screen action can allow the linebacker spot droppers to get depth
to allow for the back-screen blockers to work up to the linebackers
to block for the back's screen action off of play-action passing, as
seen in Diagram 7-34.

Diagram 7-32. Naked-bootleg action versus quarter-quarter-half

coverage

Diagram 7-33. Wide-receiver screen versus quarter-quarter-half

coverage

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Diagram 7-34. Back screen versus quarter-quarter-half coverage

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 Pass Attack of Four-
Across Man (Cover Zero)

Four-across man (or cover zero, as it is also commonly called) is a

man-to-man coverage that supports frontal stunts of up to six frontal
rushers. ("Stunts" is a term used to signify pressure-type action of
the linebackers in combination with pressure action of the defensive
line.) As a result, the four secondary-coverage defenders cover four
potential receivers with one of the frontal defenders covering the fifth
potential receiver, as shown in Diagram 8-1.

Diagram 8-1. Four-across man shown with six frontal stunters

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 A front that is tied into four-across man can stunt all seven frontal
defenders. However, this would be done at the possible expense of
one of the five potential receivers being left uncovered.
Four-across-man coverage can be played with a variety of press-
coverage techniques, as was shown in Chapter 3 for attacking man-
free coverage and in Chapter 5 for cover-2 man-under coverage.
However, this chapter will focus on the attack of the off-man-
coverage techniques more commonly associated with four-across-
man coverage. Since no deep-zone-safety-coverage defender(s) are
used (as you would find in man free and cover-2 man under) to back
up the four secondary-man-coverage defenders, most defenses that
utilize four-across-man play with off-man-coverage techniques for
the purpose of deep-pass-completion prevention. The off-man-to-
man-coverage techniques allow the secondary man-coverage
defenders a cushion of distance to help the defenders not get beat
deep easily.

Four-Across-Man Pass-Game Strengths

• Four-across-man coverage blends efficiently with frontal stunts
of up to six frontal defenders. With the pass coverage of the one
remaining frontal defender, all five potential receivers of the
offense can be man-to-man covered.
• Four-across-man coverage defenders easily fit to any offensive
formation, shift, or motion variation.
• Four-across man has the flexibility of fortifying its man-
coverage abilities by playing with a fifth (nickel) secondary
defender to better help man-cover the fifth potential pass
receiver.
• The off-man-to-man-coverage techniques help the four-across-
man- coverage defenders to prevent from getting beat deep.
• The deepened off-man-to-man-coverage techniques of the four-
across-man-
coverage defenders help to make up for the fact that the
coverage has no deep- zone safety help to back it up.
• If the offense's backs and/or tight ends don't release into pass
routes, covering safeties can help to act as robber-type coverage

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 defenders. At their safety-coverage depths, the safeties can help
support deep, inside, crossing-type routes.
• The off-man-to-man coverage techniques of four-across man
helps the coverage take on a "bend-but-don't-break" philosophy,
which can be true even though as many as six frontal defenders
may be involved in some form of a pressure stunt with only five
defenders left to man-to-man cover.
• Four-across-man coverage does have the flexibility of press-
man-covering specific receivers. The concern here is the lack of
any deep backup coverage to support such press-coverage
alignments and techniques.

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 Four-Across-Man Pass-Game
Weaknesses
• Two of the most basic premises of attacking man (man-to-man)
coverage holds true for the attack of four-across-man coverage:
isolate and cross. In both concepts, it is extremely important for
the receivers to man-separate and then to be sure to maintain
such separation from the man-to-man coverage.
• Beating off-man coverage can easily lead to big gains. A major
reason for such gains is that the other coverage defenders may
be chasing (or covering) other receivers. As a result, the area
around the receiver making the reception may be well cleared out,
allowing the receiving ballcarrier to run for big gains. In addition,
with no deep- zone safety behind the four-across-man coverage,
no deep-zone help is available to support receptions by the
receivers.
• The total man-coverage design can only be as strong as the
weakest man-coverage defender, much as a chain is only as
strong as its weakest link. An offense can quickly focus on
attacking (or isolating) the weakest man-coverage defender(s).
• The commonly-used off-man-coverage techniques of four-
across-man coverage can lead to a "bend-but-don't-break"
philosophy by the defense. As a result, a patient, short-pass, ball-
control-type of pass attack can be very effective versus four-
across man and its related frontal-stunt pressures.
• Since four-across man is often tied into heavy frontal-stunt
activity, good stunt- beating pass actions can be very effective,
which can be true whether the offense is using quick, stunt-
beater-type routes and patterns, hot-route concepts, or maximum
protections. Diagram 8-2 shows a backside drag route acting as
a stunt- beater route.

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Diagram 8-2. Backside drag stunt-beater route versus four-across
man

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• Throwing quickly is, perhaps, the best way to beat frontal-stunt
pressure. Whether it's the quick-pass game, the use of hot
routes, or any other form of throwing quickly, getting a pass off
before the rush pressure can get to the quarterback is one of the
best ways of defeating four-across man and its related frontal-
stunt pressures.
• Quick-game isolations, such as slants, inside-receiver speed-
outs, and hitches can all be very effective versus four-across-
man off-man coverage.
• Hot-route concepts can effectively help control—and beat—the
execution of many of the frontal stunts associated with four-
across-man coverage. Diagram 8-3 shows a fullback's hot route
to control inside-linebacker stunt action.
• Quarterback-move action can greatly help a pass offense to
combat the frontal- stunt action that is associated with four-
across-man coverage. Moving the quarterback helps to disturb
the stunt-execution action of the front and helps the quarterback
to move away from one side of the front's rush. Diagram 8-4
shows quarterback-sprint action to combat the front's stunt
action and a crossing post- corner/smash pattern to combat the
four-across-man coverage.
• The off-man-to-man-coverage techniques of four-across man
can be extremely vulnerable to outside acute, rollaway, and
comeback-out routes off of deep-streak- threat action.
• Outs (square-outs) can be very effective versus four-across-
man coverage, which is especially true when executing such
square-out routes by inside receivers.
• The off-man-coverage techniques of four-across man can be
extremely susceptible to deep, double-move-type route
isolations, which is true whether the double- move action is off of
quick-game three-step drop-timed routes (quick hitch, slants,
speed-outs) or five-step drop-timed routes (outs, flats, curls,
rollaways). The

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Diagram 8-3. Hot-route action of strongside back versus inside-
linebacker stunt and fouracross man

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 Diagram 8-4. Sprint-out action to combat a weakside stunt and
four-across man

concern, however, is the protection time that may be needed to

allow the quarterback to get a double-move pass off—especially
true for five-step-timed double-move routes.
• Underneath-smash isolations and under-route isolations offer
the offense quick, inside crossing routes to help beat the off-man
coverage of four-across man.
• Option-isolation routes (Y-options, H-options, slot-options) help
to exploit possible one-on-one mismatches in favor of the offense
in the attack of four-across man.
• Y-pivot and Y-break routes also help create one-on-one
isolation routes in favor of the offense versus four-across man.
Stick routes and the square-out route on a Texas concept can
also do the same. The quickness ability of the tight end to
execute such routes (especially if five-step-timed in relation to
the quarterback's drop) must be considered in regard to
combating frontal-stunt pressures.
• Post-corner isolations by both outside- and inside-aligned
receivers can help to exploit the one-on-one off-man outside
coverage of four-across man. Such deep post-corner-isolation
action by an inside receiver to the outside (as well as the
excellent underneath lateral dragging action of the smash route

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 versus the off-man coverage) is shown in Diagram 8-5. However,
it must be kept in mind that due to the longer-developing prime-
pass routes, the offense does have to account for the possibility
of extra pass-protection needs versus the frontal-stunt
combinations associated with four-across-man coverage.
• Deeper digs and square-ins can help to isolate the off-man
coverage and utilize the deeper crossing actions of such routes.
This is especially true since no deep-zone safety help is available
in the middle for four-across-man coverage. Versus heavy

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 frontal-stunt-pressure possibilities, maximum pass-protection
schemes should be strongly considered due to the pass-
protection time needed for such longer-developing routes.
Diagram 8-6 shows a split-end (X) dig-route-pattern principle
with a maximum pass-protection design.

Diagram 8-5. Smash-pattern attack of four-across-man outside

voids plus underneath smash-route drag action

Diagram 8-6. Split-end (X) dig pattern versus four-across

man with maximum pass-protection design

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• Cross-the-field route actions, such as drives and drag routes,
can be very effective four-across-man underneath-isolation routes
to help act as stunt-pressure-beater routes. Such routes have
much (or all) of the width of the field to beat the off-man
coverage and get open to receive a pass.
• Crossing action is an excellent way to attack the off-man
aspect of four-across-man coverage. Cross-route-pattern
concepts and the Texas concepts are excellent examples.
Diagram 8-7 shows a Texas crossing-pattern action.

Diagram 8-7. Texas crossing-pattern action versus four-across man

• Backs-cross and back-fake-cross action can be good man-

attack concepts that can be used versus four-across man, even
though the safeties are in off positions. The concern, however, is
the backs being forced to block versus the frontal-stunt pressures
associated with four-across man.
• Picks and rubs can be excellent route combinations to attack
four-across man. The concern for such picks and rubs may be
the depths of the defensive backs' off alignments. Of course,
such pick and rub action must all be executed off of legal picking
action. A tight-end (Y) pick-route combination from a trips to the
split-end (X) formation is shown in Diagram 8-8.
• Picking screens thrown to backs and receivers behind the line
of scrimmage can also be very effective in defeating the off-man

297
aspect of four-across-man coverage. Diagram 8-9 shows a wide-
receiver pick screen versus four-across man.

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 Diagram 8-8. Y-pick action versus four-across man

Diagram 8-9. Wide-receiver pick screen versus four-across man

Route Combination and Pass-Pattern

Attack
of Four-Across Man
Quick-Game Hitch
The quick-game hitch route is a very effective quick-game pass
concept versus four-across-man off-man coverage as are most of
the concepts of the quick-pass game. The

299
quick-pass game, in general, helps in the effort to combat frontal-
stunt pressure by throwing quickly. The hitch receiver works hard to
produce a six-yard hitch stem off of a streak threat to push the off-
man-coverage defender backwards. Quick-game hitch action
versus four-across-man coverage is shown in Diagram 8-10.

Diagram 8-10. Quick-game hitch route versus four-across man

Quick-Game Slant
Slant-route isolations and double-slant actions can be very effective
versus four-across-man coverage. Once the quarterback and
receivers recognize four-across man, they should be thinking
frontal-stunt pressure. One of the best ways to beat frontal-stunt
pressure is to throw the ball quickly before the rush can get to the
quarterback. As a result, the quick-pass game provides an offense
with a natural stunt-beater package.
The slant receiver must initially be sure to attack the technique of
his man-covering defender, even though that defender will probably
be in an off-position alignment. The slant receiver then breaks his
slant action hard to the inside to get separation and stay on the
move at top speed to be sure to maintain such man-separation.
Slant and double-slant action versus four-across-man coverage is
shown in Diagram 8-11.
Diagram 8-12 shows slant/arrow action versus four-across man.
The crossing action of the slant and arrow routes can help to
actually produce a quick crossing action of the two routes, helping
to free one route or the other versus the off-man coverage.

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Quick-Game Speed-Out
The quick-game speed-out route can be an excellent concept
versus the loose off-man coverage of four-across-man coverage,
as shown in Diagram 8-13.

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Diagram 8-11. Quick-game slant-route and double-slant-route action
versus four-across man

Diagram 8-12. Quick-game slant/arrow-route combination versus

four-across man

Diagram 8-13. Quick-game speed-out versus four-across man

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Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Speed-Out-
and-Fade
The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out-and-fade-route
combination creates an excellent off-man coverage isolation to help
defeat four-across man. The wide receiver works a fade route to
clear the cornerback, while the inside receiver runs his speed-out
route. The off-man coverage will probably allow the inside receiver
to run a normal, zone-type speed-out route rather than a needed
quick-game square-out route. Such quick-game inside-receiver
speed-out action versus cover zero is shown in Diagram 8-14

Diagram 8-14. Quick-game inside-receiver speed-out action versus

four-across man
An excellent supplemental concept to utilize when a four-across-
man-coverage defender starts to overplay a quick-game speed-out
is the spin route, as shown in Diagram 8-15. The speed-out receiver
simply plants his upfield foot and spins back to the inside versus the
defender’s overplay action. Although a slower quickpass- game
concept, the route action still should have enough time to execute the
pass pattern effectively versus stuntpressure potentials. Diagram 8-
15 shows maximum pass protection to help provide the quarterback
with the needed time to get the pass off efficiently.

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Diagram 8-15. Quick-game spin
route versus four-across man

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Versus the off-man coverage of four-across man, deeper, five-step
quarterback-drop-timed square-outs by an inside receiver are also
very effective. The inside receiver attacks the technique of the off-
man defender covering him, separates, and squares out to the
sideline. As on all man-coverage wide-receiver-separation
techniques, the inside receiver must get separation and then be sure
to run at top speed to maintain such separation. The deeper, five-
step drop-timed square-out concept versus four-across man is
shown in Diagram 8-16.

Diagram 8-16. Five-step drop-timed inside-receiver speed-out

concept versus four-across man

Quick-Game Stick
The quick-game stick route concept is an excellent isolation-type
route versus fouracross- man coverage. The flat route in front of the
stick route helps to open up the stick area for the stick-route
receiver to man-separate into. The stick receiver initially works
tightly into the technique of the defender man-covering him and then
snaps to the outside to get manseparation. The stick receiver must
then be sure to work hard to the outside, losing ground slightly, to
help maintain such separation. The quick-game stick-route concept
versus four-across man is shown in Diagram 8-17.

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Diagram 8-17. Quick-game stick route versusfour-across man

306
Quick-Game Double-Move Routes
Quick-game double-move routes can be very effective versus four-
across-man coverage once the defensive backs start jumping the
short, prime quick-game routes. Hitch-and-go and speed-out-and-go
routes are shown in Diagram 8-18.
Diagram 8-19 shows slant-and-go action and Y-stick-and-go
action versus four-across man. To ensure enough time for the
quarterback to get this slightly delayed three-step drop-pass action
off, a maximum pass protection could be utilized.

Diagram 8-18. Quick-game double-move hitch-and-go and speed-

out-and-go routes versus four-across man

Diagram 8-19. Quick-game double-move slant-and-go and Y-stick-

and-go action versus four-across man

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Hot Routes to Combat Frontal-Stunt
Pressures
Before going into actual five- to seven-step-timed drop and route
actions, it is first necessary to explore the use of hot-route actions.
Hot-route actions can help control the frontal stunt pressures that
are so often tied into four-across-man coverage. Actually, such hot-
route action need not be just tied into four-across man. Chapter 9
will cover the use of hot routes to control the frontal-stunt
pressures that are so commonly tied into secondary blitzes. Such
hot concepts can as easily be tied into the zone-blitz concepts that
were discussed in Chapter 2 concerning the pass attack of cover 3.

Diagram 8-20. Weakside-back hot action versus weakside-inside-

linebacker stunt with four-across man
Versus defenses that utilize four-across-man hot routes by the backs
and tight ends can be utilized to help control the frontal stunts that
are often tied into the man-to-man coverage. Simply, a back (or a
tight end) can be put on a free-release assignment (no blocking
assignment). If the defender that the free releaser is normally
assigned to block rushes as part of the frontal stunt, or if a part of
the frontal stunt vacates an area that a free releaser is releasing
through, the quarterback can quick-pass-dump the ball off hot to
that free-releasing receiver. Examples of such hot throwing are
shown in Diagrams 8-20 to 8-22. Diagram 8-20 shows a weakside
back's hot action versus a weakside inside linebacker's stunt action.
Diagram 8-21 shows tight-end (Y) hot action versus a strongside
linebacker's stunt action. Diagram 8-22 shows a strongside back's

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hot action versus a strongside outside linebacker's stunt action.

Diagram 8-21. Tight-end (Y) hot action versus strongside-inside-

linebacker stunt with four-across man

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 Diagram 8-22. Strongside back hot Diagram 8-23. Shallow-cross
action versus strongside-outside- route acting as a stunt-beater
linebacker stunt with four-across man route versus four-across man

Stunt-Beater Routes to Combat Frontal-

Stunt Pressure
Much like the use of hot routes to control frontal-stunt pressures
that are so often tied into four-across-man coverage, the
designation (and use) of stunt-beater routes within the actual design
of a pass pattern can be equally effective. Actually, such stunt-
beater routes within the designs of specific pass patterns need not
be just tied into four-across man. Chapter 9 will cover the use of
stunt-beater routes (where they will be referred to as blitz-beater
routes) to control the frontal-stunt pressures that are so commonly
tied into secondary blitzes. Such stunt-beater concepts can also be
easily tied into the zone-blitz concepts that were discussed in
Chapter 2 concerning the pass attack of cover 3.
A stunt-beater route is, simply, a route within a pass pattern that
the quarterback can scan (or go) to once he realizes that the pass
coverage is four-across man and that the defense is utilizing some
sort of frontal stunt. A stunt-beater route is a route that, by design,
has the ability to effectively beat man-to-man-coverage techniques.
A stunt-beater route may be a crossing drag-type route, a flat
route, some form of a speed-out or square-out route, or a shallow

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route. Diagram 8-23 shows a shallow-cross route acting as a stunt-
beater route, as part of a shallow-cross/curl-pass pattern.

Under Concept
The under concept presents an excellent underneath isolation of a
wide receiver working underneath a clear route by the adjacent
receiver to the inside versus four-across-man coverage. The clear
route may very well get eaten up by the off-man

311
coverage of the safety. However, the under route has an excellent
opportunity to beat the man coverage by man-separating and
maintaining such separation to the inside underneath the clear route
by staying on the move. Diagram 8-24 shows an under-route
isolation versus four-across-man coverage.

Diagram 8-24. Under concept versus four-across man

High-Low-Read Smash Isolation

The high-low-read smash isolation gives an offense an excellent
ability to attack four-across man. The inside-receiver post-corner
route must beat the off-man coverage. However, he does have a
good amount of room to the outside to do so. When run as a hitch-
option route, the smash route has the ability to beat the off-man
coverage across the field to the inside or back outside to the
sideline if the man-coverage cornerback overplays the inside break
of the smash route. Such man-breaking action of the smash
concept versus four-across man is shown in Diagram 8-25. As you
progress to the utilization of the deeper and longer developing
smash-route combination, the necessity for more protection time
and (perhaps) maximum protections should become serious
considerations.

Bunch-Formation Post-Corner Flood-

Isolation Concept
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A bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept is an
excellent way of attacking four-across man. You might normally
think of flood action to overload zone coverages. However, the
picking/crossing action of the post-corner bunch-flood concept
helps to condense four-across man and actually outflank the
coverage with the outside, man-breaking flood-route action, as
shown in Diagram 8-26.

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Post-Corner High-Low Isolation
A very similar concept to the smash high-low isolation versus four-
across man is the post-corner high-low isolation. The post-corner
isolation of the widest receiver helps to produce an excellent deep
isolation versus four-across man, as shown in Diagram 8-27. This
action gives the pass offense a chance to attack the coverage in the
deep

Diagram 8-25. Smash concept versus four-across man

Diagram 8-26. Bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept

versus four-across man

314
outside zone. However, the offense must start thinking, at this
point, that the slower-developing post-corner-route combination
may have difficulty holding up to the potential of six-frontal-defender
stunt action that is so often tied into four-across man. Maximum-
protection schemes, such as the one shown in Diagram 8-27,
should be given careful consideration for such longer-developing
route actions.

Diagram 8-27. Post-corner high-low isolation concept versus four-

across man

Three-Tiered-Dig Concept
Versus four-across man, the three-tiered-dig concept is set up by
having the wide receiver opposite the dig run through the middle of
the field to open up a deep-middle void for the dig route to work
into. This technique helps the dig receiver to focus on beating the
one-on-one off-man coverage without having to worry about deep-
middle-safety support. The major concern for the three-tiered-dig
concept is, once again, the possible problem of lack of time due to
the fact that four-across man is so heavily tied into heavy frontal-
stunt pressures. Maximum pass protections should definitely be
given consideration. Some offenses will adjust the depth of their dig
routes to shorter 10- to 12-yard square-ins as a result. The
quarterback must also realize that the tight-end (Y) crossing route
can be an excellent stunt-beater route. The pattern concept versus

315
four-across man with shortened square-in action is shown in
Diagram 8-28.

Four-Streaks Concept
The four-streaks concept is a good way of attacking four-across-
man coverage, especially when the off-man coverage starts to
clamp down on underneath, control-

316
pass-game completions. Since no middle, deep-zone safety help is
available in cover zero, the quarterback is able to look for his best
one-on-one isolation. The four-streaks concept versus cover zero is
shown in Diagram 8-29.

Diagram 8-28. Three-tiered X dig concept (with X square-in action)

versus four-across man

Diagram 8-29. Four-streaks concept versus four-across man

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Rollaway/Acute Routes
Rollaway and acute routes are excellent isolation actions versus
four-across man. These routes are especially effective when they
develop off of strong streak-threat fakes pushing the four-across-
man off-man-coverage cornerbacks deep. Rollaway/acute route
action versus four-across man is shown in Diagram 8-30 from a
four-streaks design.

Diagram 8-30. Rollaway/acute routes versus four-across man

Speed-Outs
Speed-out routes can be very effective route concepts versus four-
across man-especially when the cornerbacks are in deep off
alignments. However, it is important to note that if speed-outs are
called versus tighter off-man coverage, the speed-out routes must
be adjusted to square-out routes "on the run," as shown in Diagram
8-31.

Switch Acute
The switch-acute concept can be an excellent concept versus four-
across man. The switching action on the stem of the two receivers
involved in the route combination helps to produce a crossing
action. Such a crossing action can help combat the off-man
coverage, as shown in Diagram 8-32 with sprint-out quarterback
action. The sprint-out action of the quarterback and the frontside

318
(or backside) gap protection can help to provide more time for the
slightly slower-developing five-step-timed switch-acute pass-route
combination.

Curl
The curl-route concept can be very effective versus four-across
man—with or without flat-route thinking in combination. The key is
the beating of the off-man coverage by

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the curl route. The receivers must learn to throw their defenders by
them as they aggressively work back inside to the quarterback and
"body up" on the ball. Curl-route action versus four-across man is
shown in Diagram 8-33. The hook route, which is deepened curl-
route action, can also be utilized in the attack of four-across man.
Once again, however, is the concern for quicker throwing versus the
frontal-stunt pressure so often associated with four-across man.

Diagram 8-31. Adjusting speed-outs into square-outs versus

tightened off-man four-across-man techniques

Diagram 8-32. Switch-acute-route combination versus four-across

man

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Diagram 8-34 shows sprint-out curl action versus four-across man.
Note that the curl route must work to the outside if the pass is late-
developing so that the receiver works in special coordination with the
quarterback as the play takes more time to develop. Once again,
sprint-out move action of the quarterback can help greatly to give
more time for the quarterback to throw versus frontal-stunt
pressures.
Square-In/Flat Combination
Many coaches prefer running square-ins versus four-across man
rather than curls and hooks. The feeling is that the receiver has a
better chance of producing man-to-man

Diagram 8-33. Curl- route action versus four-across man

Diagram 8-34. Sprint-out curl action versus four-across man

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separation versus the off-man coverage with square-in routes, as
shown in Diagram 8-35. Diagram 8-36 shows double square-in
action versus four-across man

Diagram 8-35. Square-in/flat-

Diagram 8-36. Double
route
square-in action versus four-
combination versus four-across
across man
man
Shallow Cross/Replacement Curl
The shallow cross/replacement curl concept helps to produce an
excellent crossing/picking action to attack four-across man. The
inside, hard-breaking shallow route helps to produce an excellent
man- and stunt-beater-type route. The replacement curl (replacing
the original alignment of the outside receiver) has an excellent
chance of man-separating to break back into the quarterback due to
the crossing/picking action of the two receivers. The replacement
curl is shortened to 10 yards to help produce consistent quarterback
drop-timing. The shallow cross/ replacement curl combination
route concept versus four-across man is shown in Diagram 8-37.

Diagram 8-37. Shallow cross/re- placement curl concept versus

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four-across man

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Curl/Hook/Square-In Routes as Outlets
Curls, hooks, and square-in routes can be very effective outlet
routes to the backside of a pattern versus four-across man.
Although such routes can have a tough time separating from the
off-man coverage, those routes are often given more time to
accomplish such tasks as a result of being outlets. Once such
receivers are able to separate, they are given plenty of room to
maneuver as they work across the field to the inside, as shown in
Diagram 8-38.

Diagram 8-38. Curls, hooks, and square-ins as backside outlets

versus four-across man

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create three excellent man-to-man-
coverage isolations on two of the inside four-across-man
linebackers and a similar isolation on one of the cornerbacks. The
drive route by one of the wide receivers is, in itself, an excellent
man-and stunt-beater route. The tight-end (Y) short-dig route is an
excellent man-beater route. The back, on his break-to-the-inside
aspect of his sit route (which he must be sure to execute patiently
to be sure to allow the execution of the tight end's short-dig route to
be spaced in front of him), also presents an excellent man-beater
route for the quarterback to go to, as shown in Diagram 8-39.

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Cross Concept
The crossing-route action of the cross concept is an excellent four-
across-man man-and stunt-beater action. As in the drive concept,
the cross, short-dig, and man-adjustment aspects of the sit route
help to create excellent man-under beater possibilities—and
crossing receivers, themselves, are excellent man- and stunt-beater
actions, as shown in Diagram 8-40 versus four-across man.

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Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a crossing isolation on two of the
underneath-man-coverage four-across-man defenders. The tight end
(Y) works to pin the strongside inside linebacker to the inside for his
outside square-out-type man-break. The back drives to the flat to
produce hard outside flow by his covering linebacker, and then
works back inside hard underneath to separate from that linebacker.
The major concern

Diagram 8-39. Drive concept versus four-across man

Diagram 8-40. Cross pattern versus four-across man

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for the Texas concept versus four-across man is the associated
frontal-pressure stunts that may be tied into four-across man. On
his inside Texas release, the tight end (Y) can check for any quick
(hot) dump-type pass action by the quarterback over a possible
vacated strongside linebacker area. The Texas concept versus
four-across man is shown in Diagram 8-41. Note that outside
comeback-out routes are shown to act as excellent outside one-
on-one outlet isolations versus four-across man.

Diagram 8-41. Texas pattern versus four-across man

Option-Isolation Concept
Option-isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on four-across-man-under coverage defenders. Option
routes can help to produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed
mismatches. Option routes are best run off of five-step drop-timing
by the quarterback. Five-step drop-timing by the quarterback
allows for option routes run in the 8- to 12-yard range, giving the
option-route receivers time to properly maneuver and execute their
option-route man- or zone-separation techniques. Diagram 8-42
shows a tight-end (Y) option and a halfback (H) option versus four-
across man. Note that to the outside of the option routes, deep
rollaway and comeback-out routes are shown to act as excellent
late-developing outlet routes versus four-across man.

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Pivot- and Break-Route Isolations
Tight-end (Y) pivot- and break-route isolations can be very
effective versus four-across man. Such routes can often help
produce mismatches in favor of the offense— especially if the
linebacker is bigger and more physical than the four-across man
strongside safety who may be covering him.

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 Diagram 8-42. Option-isolation routes versus four-across man
The pivot and break routes are run in the six- to seven-yard
range. Versus a normal inside-out man-coverage alignment by the
covering strong safety, the Y-pivot route may be the better route of
the two, allowing the tight end to wall off the covering defender by
alignment. However, versus an active, fast-flowing covering strong
safety, the break route can help the tight end to separate by
breaking back to the inside. Diagram 8-43 shows a Y-pivot high-low-
read isolation action to attack four-across man

Diagram 8-43. Y-pivot isolation versus four-across man

.

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 Diagram 8-44 shows a Y-break action to attack four-across
man. More often than not, the back's route becomes a clear-type
route on both the Y-pivot and Y-break actions due to the fact that
the back is not given the option to man-break to the inside since
he has to start from a deepened backfield alignment.

Diagram 8-44. Y-break isolation versus four-across man

Backs-Cross and Fake-Cross Isolations

Short inside backs-cross and fake-cross isolations can be very
effective versus four-across man—even if man-to-man covering
safeties are in off-coverage alignments. On backs cross, the
quarterback reads the mesh of the crossing backs to see if one
(or both) of the backs pop open versus the man-under coverage.
If they don't, the tight-end route over the middle becomes the
come-open-late route to go to. Between the crossing/picking
action of the backs and the man-separating short-dig route of the
tight end, it is likely that at least one of the three receivers will
pop open. The backs-cross concept versus four-across man is
shown in Diagram 8-45.
In backs-fake cross, the backs fake cross action once the
linebackers start to play the cross action and man-break back out
toward the sidelines. Again, the quarterback reads to see if one

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(or both) of the backs pop open. If not, the tight end's short-dig
route then becomes the come-open-late route to go to. The
backs-fake-cross concept versus four-across man is shown in
Diagram 8-46.

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Pick and Rub Concepts
Pick and rub concepts can be excellent four-across-man route
combinations to beat the four-across-man coverage. Of course, any
pick or rub must be legally executed. Receivers cannot run into
and/or block coverage defenders as a part of the pick or rub
concept. Diagram 8-47 shows a pick-route combination with an
inside receiver working to the outside versus four-across man.

Diagram 8-45. Backs-cross concept versus four-across man

Diagram 8-46. Backs-fake-cross concept versus four-across man

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An interesting idea is to have the receiver who actually sets up the
pick for the prime pick, rub, or slice route run a modified option route
if the quarterback snaps his eyes to that receiver. In this fashion, if
the pick, rub, or slice receiver is covered, the quarterback has a
delayed timed route to work to as an outlet. Diagram 8-48 shows a
rub-route combination with an outside receiver working to the inside.
Diagram 8-49 shows a slice-route combination with an inside
receiver working off a pick set-up and executing a fade route.

Diagram 8-47. Pick-route combination versus four-across man

Diagram 8-48. Rub-route Diagram 8-49. Slice-route

combination combination versus four-across
versus four-across man man

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Picking Screens
Picking screens, legal when the ball is thrown behind the line of
scrimmage, is a very effective concept to use versus four-across
man. Diagram 8-50 shows a double-screen action from a balanced
doubles formation versus four-across man. The quarterback reads
the rush of the end-of-line defender to the tight end (Y) side to see if
he can throw a flare screen to the flaring back as the tight end (Y)
actually blocks (picks) the strongside inside linebacker (such action
is legal since the ball is thrown behind the line of scrimmage). The
quarterback throws to the back if the end-of-line rusher rushes the
quarterback. If the end-of-line rusher peels to the outside to cover
the back, the quarterback works backside to throw to the picking
split-end (Y) screen.

Diagram 8-50. Double screen with pick action versus four-across

ma

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 Pass Attack of Blitz-Man
Coverage

Blitz-man Coverage (or “three-across man,” as it is also commonly

called) is a man to-man coverage that supports a secondary blitzer
usually in combination with some form of frontal stunt. “Blitz” is a
term used to signify pressure-type action from one of the secondary
defenders (a cornerback or a safety). As a result, the three
remaining secondary-coverage defenders man-to-man-cover three
of the potential receivers. The front can now stunt up to five
defenders with the two remaining frontal defenders man-to-man-
covering the fourth and fifth potential receivers. Blitz-man coverage
with a five-man frontal stunt is shown in Diagram 9-1.

Diagram 9-1. Blitz-man coverage shown with a weak-corner blitz and

linebacker stunt

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 The defense can stunt more than five frontal defenders when
blitzing while using blitz-man coverage. However, this stunt can only
be done at the expense of leaving one (or two) of the potential pass
receivers uncovered.
Blitz-man coverage is normally played from off-man-coverage
alignments. Since no deep-zone-coverage defender(s) are used (as
you would find in man free or cover-2 man under) to back up the
three remaining secondary-man-coverage defenders, most
defenses will utilize off-man coverage techniques for the purpose of
deep pass-completion prevention. Diagram 9-2 shows an outside
weak-safety blitz in combination with a weakside frontal stunt.
Diagram 9-3 shows a strong-safety blitz in combination with a
strongside frontal stunt. Field (or strongside) cornerback blitzes are
rare, due to the great distance the field that the strongside
cornerback has to cover to get to the quarterback on blitz action.

Diagram 9-2. Blitz-man coverage shown with a weak-safety

blitz outside and a weak-linebacker stunt inside

Diagram 9-3. Blitz-man coverage shown with a strong-safety

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blitz outside and a strongside linebacker stunt outside

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 Blitz-Man Pass-Coverage Strengths
• Blitz-man coverage blends efficiently with secondary blitz action
and frontal stunts of up to five frontal defenders. With the
coverage of two of the remaining frontal defenders, all five
potential receivers of the offense can be covered man-to-man.
• The blitz-man-coverage defenders easily fit to any offensive
formation, shift, and motion variations.
• The off-man-to-man-coverage techniques help the blitz-man-
coverage defenders to prevent from getting beat deep.
• The deepened off-man-to-man-coverage techniques of blitz-
man coverage defenders help to make up for the fact that the
coverage has no deep-zone safety help to help back it up.
• The off-man-to-man-coverage techniques of blitz man help the
coverage take on a "bend-but-don't-break" philosophy, which can
be true even though a secondary blitzer and as many as five
frontal defenders may be involved in some form of a pressure
stunt with only five defenders left to cover man-to-man.
• Blitz-man coverage does have the flexibility of press-man-
covering specific receivers. The concern here is the lack of any
deep backup coverage to support such press-coverage
alignments and techniques.

Blitz-Man Coverage Pass-Game

Weaknesses
• Since blitz-man coverage is tied into secondary blitz and heavy
frontal-stunt activity, good blitz-beating pass actions can be very
effective, which can be true whether the offense is using quick,
blitz-beater-type routes and patterns, hot- and sight-adjust- route
concepts, or maximum protections. Diagram 9-4 shows a
frontside shallow- cross-route pattern to help provide an excellent
blitz-beater route in the form of the shallow-cross route.
• Throwing quickly is, perhaps, the best way to beat blitz with
frontal-stunt pressure. Whether it is the quick-pass game, the use
of hot or sight-adjust routes, or any other form of throwing quickly,

338
 getting a pass off before the rush pressure can get to the
quarterback is one of the best ways of defeating blitz-man
coverage and its related blitz and frontal-stunt pressures.
• Quick-game isolations—such as slants, inside receiver speed-
outs, and hitches—can all be very effective versus blitz-man off
coverage. The quick-game pass package is an excellent blitz-
beater package in general. Even if the defense decides to press
cover, fade-adjustment routes become extremely effective
weapons. Tell your quarterbacks to never check out of quick-
game-pass action. He may signal for a better route isolation (i.e.,
fade). However, he should be told to never check out of the quick-
pass game versus blitz because the quick-pass game is blitz-
beater action.

339
• Hot-route concepts can effectively help control (and beat) the
execution of blitz- man coverage and the blitz and frontal
stunts that may be associated with it. Diagram 9-5 shows a
strongside back's hot-route action to control a strongside
strong-safety blitz and inside-linebacker stunt.
• Sight-adjust route concepts can be extremely effective in
helping to combat blitz- man coverage with its secondary-blitz
action. On sight-adjust action, receivers adjust

Diagram 9-4. Using shallow-cross route to combat blitzes and blitz-

man coverage

Diagram 9-5. Hot-route action of strongside back versus an inside-

linebacker stunt and strong-safety blitz with blitz-man coverage

340
 their normally deeper five- to seven-step-timed routes to slants,
one-step hitches, or fade routes upon seeing (sighting) a
secondary blitz unfold in front of them. The quarterback also
sights the blitz action and adjusts to make the quick sight-adjust
throw. Sight-adjust action is shown in Diagram 9-6 in which the
split-end (X) receiver sight-adjusts to a slant route versus a
weak-safety blitz.

Diagram 9-6. Split-end (X) sight-adjustment action versus

weak-safety blitz and blitz-man coverage

• Two of the most basic premises of attacking man-to-man

coverage holds true for the attack of blitz-man coverage: isolate
and cross. In both concepts, it's extremely important for the
receivers to man-separate and then to be sure to maintain such
separation from the man-to-man coverage.
• Beating off-man coverage can easily lead to big gains. A major
reason for this is that the other coverage defenders may be
chasing/covering other receivers. As a result, the area around
the receiver making the reception may be well cleared out,
allowing the receiving ballcarrier to run for big gains. In addition,
with no deep-zone safety behind the blitz-man coverage, no
deep help is available to support receptions by the receivers.
• The total man-coverage design can only be as strong as the
weakest man-coverage defender, much as a chain is only as
strong as its weakest link. An offense can quickly focus on
attacking (or isolating) the weakest man-coverage defender(s).
• Quarterback-move action can greatly help a pass offense to
combat the blitz and corresponding frontal-stunt action

341
associated with blitz-man coverage. Moving the quarterback—
especially away from the blitz/stunt action—helps to disturb the
stunt execution of the front and helps the quarterback to move
away from one side of the front's rush. Being able to check to a
sprint-out pass to the fieldside, or to the weakside, versus a
team that is predominantly a weakside (or strongside) blitz team
can be a very effective offensive anti-blitz weapon. Diagram 9-7
shows weakside

342
 quarterback-sprint-action to combat a strong-safety blitz/stunt
action by the defense and its blitz-man coverage.
• The off-man-to-man-coverage techniques of blitz man can be
extremely vulnerable to outside acute, rollaway, and comeback-
out routes off of deep-streak-threat action. The quarterback can
definitely think about making maximum-pass- protection calls
when he sees such good one-on-one isolation throws versus the
blitz so that he can get the time to effectively get his pass off.
• Outs (square-outs) can be very effective versus blitz-man
coverage—especially when executing such square-out routes by
inside receivers.
• The off-man-coverage techniques of blitz-man coverage can be
extremely
susceptible to deep, double-move-type route isolations, which is
true whether the double-move action is off of quick-game three-
step drop-timed routes (quick hitch, slants, speed-outs) or five-
step drop-timed routes (outs, flats, curls, rollaways). The
concern, however, is the protection time that may be
needed to allow the quarterback to get a double-move pass off,
which is especially true for five-step- timed double-move routes.
• Underneath-smash isolations and under-route isolations offer
the offense quick, inside crossing routes to help beat the off-man
coverage of blitz man .
• Option-isolation routes (Y-options, H-options, slot-options) can
help to exploit possible one-on-one mismatches in favor of the
offense in the attack of blitz-man coverage. The receivers,
however, must see the blitz threat as it develops and run such
option routes with great urgency. Protection here is, again, a
serious concern.
• Post-corner isolations—by both outside- and inside-aligned
receivers—can help to exploit the one-on-one off-man outside
coverage of blitz-man coverage. Such deep

343
Diagram 9-7. Sprint-out action to combat a strong-safety blitz and
blitz-man coverage

344
• post-corner-isolation action by an inside receiver to the outside
(as well as the excellent underneath lateral dragging action of the
smash route versus the off-man coverage) is shown in Diagram
9-8 with a maximum-pass-protection-block scheme. It must be
kept in mind that due to the longer-developing prime-pass routes,
the offense does have to account for the possibility of extra pass-
protection needs versus the blitz and corresponding frontal-stunt
combinations associated with the blitz-man coverage. In addition,
the underneath lateral dragging action of the smash route can
help the quarterback "get-off-the-hook" by acting as an
excellent blitz-beater route.
• Although definitely not a blitz-beater route, or route-combination
thought, deeper digs and square-ins can help to isolate the off-
man coverage and utilize the deeper crossing actions of such
routes, which is especially true, since no deep-zone safety help is
available in the middle for blitz-man coverage. Versus the blitz and
(possibly) the heavy frontal-stunt-pressure possibilities, maximum-
pass-protection schemes should be strongly considered, due to
the pass-protection time needed for such longer-developing
routes. Diagram 9-9 shows a flanker (Z) square-in route-pattern
principle with a maximum-pass-protection design to combat
the inside strong- safety blitz.
• Cross-the-field route actions, such as drives and drag routes,
can be very effective blitz-man-coverage underneath-isolation
routes to help act as blitz-, stunt-, and man-to-man-beater routes.
Such routes have much (or all) of the entire width of the field to
beat the off-man coverage and get open to receive a pass.

345
Diagram 9-8. Smash-pattern attack of blitz-man-coverage outside
voids plus underneath smash-route drag action

346
• Crossing action is an excellent way to attack the off-man
aspect of blitz-man coverage. The cross routes, themselves,
help to provide the quarterback with excellent blitz-beater
routes.
• Picks and rubs can be excellent routes combinations to attack
blitz-man coverage. The concern for such picks and rubs may be
the depths of the defensive backs' off alignments. Of course,
such pick and rub action must all be executed off of legal picking
action. A fullback pick route from a bunch set is shown in an
effort to combat blitz action and blitz-man coverage in Diagram 9-
10.

Diagram 9-9. Flanker (Z) square-in pattern versus blitz man with
maximum-pass- protection design for the strong-safety blitz

Diagram 9-10. Fullback pick action from a bunch set versus blitz and
blitz-man coverage

347
348
• Picking screens thrown to backs and receivers behind the line
of scrimmage can also be very effective in defeating the off-man
aspect of blitz-man coverage and its related blitzes and stunts.

Route Combinations and

Pass-Pattern Attack of Blitz Man
Quick-Game Hitch/Fade
The quick-game hitch route is a very effective quick-game-pass
concept versus blitz-man coverage (as are most of the concepts of
the quick-pass game in the effort to beat the blitz by throwing
quickly). One of the best ways to beat frontal-stunt pressure is to
throw the ball quickly before the rush can get to the quarterback. As
a result, the quick-pass game provides an offense with a natural
blitz-beater package.
The hitch receiver works hard to produce a six-yard hitch stem
off of a streak threat to push the off-man coverage defender deep.
Since defenses may try to aggressively jump the wide receivers
with press coverage, the hitch's fade-adjustment aspect can help to
exploit the weakness of such press coverage with a deep-fade
throw. Quick-game hitch/fade action versus blitz-man coverage is
shown in Diagram 9-11.

Diagram 9-11. Quick-game hitch/fade route versus blitz-man

coverage

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Quick-Game Slant
Slant-route isolations and double-slant actions can be very effective
versus blitz-man coverage. Once the quarterback and receivers
recognize blitz-man coverage, they should be thinking blitz pressure
with the possibility of related frontal-stunt action. The

350
slant receiver must initially be sure to attack the technique of his
man-covering defender, even though that defender will probably be
in an off-position alignment. The slant receiver then breaks his slant
action hard to the inside to get separation and stay on the move at
top speed to be sure to maintain such man-separation. Slant and
double-slant action versus blitz-man coverage is shown in Diagram
9-12.
Diagram 9-13 shows slant/arrow action versus blitz-man
coverage. The crossing action of the slant and arrow routes can help
to actually produce a quick crossing action of the two routes helping
to free one route or the other versus the man coverage (whether it is
off-man coverage or press-man coverage).

Quick-Game Speed-Out
The quick-game speed-out route can be an excellent concept versus
the loose off-man coverage of blitz-man coverage. This route is
shown in Diagram 9-14

Diagram 9-12. Quick-game slant-route and double-slant-route

action versus blitz-man coverage

351
 Diagram 9-13. Quick-game slant/arrow route combination versus
blitz-man coverage
.

352
 Diagram 9-14. Quick-game speed-out versus blitz-man coverage

Quick-Game Inside-Receiver Speed-Out-

and-Fade
The quick-game inside-receiver speed-out-and-fade-route
combination creates an excellent off-man-coverage isolation to help
defeat blitz-man coverage. The wide receiver works a fade route to
clear the cornerback, while the inside receiver runs his quick speed-
out route. The off-man coverage will probably allow the inside
receiver to run a normal zone-type speed-out route rather than a
needed quick-game square-out route. The quick-game inside-
receiver speed-out-and-fade concept is also excellent if the
secondary defenders jump up to play press-man coverage. The only
change versus the press-man coverage is that the inside speed-out
receiver will press his press-man-coverage defender on his release
and then square his quick-pass-game speed-out

Diagram 9-15. Quick-game inside-receiver speed-out action versus

353
blitz-man coverage

354
route to the sideline. Such quick-game inside-receiver speed-out
action versus blitz-man coverage is shown in Diagram 9-15.
Versus the off-man coverage of blitz-man coverage, deeper, five-
step quarterback-drop-timed square-outs by an inside receiver are
also very effective. The inside receiver attacks the technique of the
off-man defender covering him, separates, and squares out to the
sideline. As on all man-coverage wide-receiver-separation
techniques, the inside receiver must get separation and then be
sure to run at top speed to maintain such separation. The deeper,
five-step drop-timed square-out concept versus blitz-man coverage
is shown in Diagram 9-16 with a maximum-protection scheme called
by the quarterback to combat the defenses' blitz and stunt efforts.

Diagram 9-16. Five-step-timed inside-receiver square-out concept

versus blitz-man coverage

Quick-Game Stick
The quick-game stick-route concept is an excellent isolation-type
route versus blitz-man coverage. The flat route in front of the stick
route helps to open up the stick area for the stick-route receiver to
man-separate into. The stick receiver initially works tightly into the
technique of the defender man-covering him and then snaps to the
outside to get man-separation. The stick receiver must then be sure
to work hard to the outside, losing ground slightly, to help maintain
such separation. The quick-game stick-route concept versus blitz-
man coverage is shown in Diagram 9-17.

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Quick-Game Double-Move Routes
Quick-game double-move routes can be very effective versus blitz-
man coverage once the defensive backs start jumping the short,
prime quick-game routes. Such routes help

356
to take advantage of aggressive secondary play to help produce big-
play pass capabilities. Hitch-and-go and speed-out-and-go routes
are shown in Diagram 9-18. To ensure enough time for the
quarterback to get this slightly delayed three-step drop-pass action
off, a maximum-pass-protection scheme could be utilized, as shown
in the diagram. Diagram 9-19 shows slant-and-go action and Y-stick-
and-go action versus blitz-man coverage.

Diagram 9-17. Quick-game stick route versus blitz-man coverage

Diagram 9-18. Quick-game double-move hitch-and-go and speed-

out-and-go routes versus blitz-man coverage

357
Diagram 9-19. Quick-game double-move slant-and-go and Y-stick-
and-go action versus blitz-man coverage

Hot Routes to Combat Blitz/Frontal-Stunt

Pressures
Before going into actual five- to seven-step-timed quarterback-drop
and route actions to attack blitz-man coverage, it is first necessary
to explore the use of hot-route action to help control the
combination of blitzes and frontal-stunt pressures that are so often
tied into blitz-man coverage. Actually, such hot-route action need
not be just tied into blitz-man coverage. Chapter 8 discussed the
use of hot routes to control the frontal-stunt pressures that are so
commonly tied into four-across man. Such hot concepts can also
easily be tied into the "zone-blitz" concepts that were discussed in
Chapter 2 concerning the pass attack of cover 3.
Versus defenses that utilize blitz-man coverage, hot routes by
the backs and tight ends can be utilized to help control the blitzes
and corresponding frontal stunts that are often tied into the man-to-
man coverage. Simply, a back or a tight end can be put on a free-
release assignment (no blocking assignment). If the defender that
the free releaser is normally assigned to block rushes as part of the
frontal stunt or if a part of the frontal stunt vacates an area that a
free releaser is releasing through, the quarterback can quickly
dump the ball off hot to that free-releasing receiver. In this manner,
the quarterback is taking what the defense is giving him in the effort

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to control both the blitz and stunt actions that can go along with the
blitz-man coverage. Examples of such hot throwing versus blitz-man
coverage are shown in Diagrams 9-20 to 9-22. Diagram 9-20
shows a weakside back's hot action versus a weakside-cornerback
crash blitz and inside-linebacker stunt action. Diagram 9-21 shows
tight-end (Y) hot action versus a strong-safety blitz and an outside
linebacker's stunt action. Diagram 9-22 shows a strongside back's
hot action versus a strong-safety blitz and an outside linebacker's
stunt action.

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 Diagram 9-20. Weakside-back hot Diagram 9-21. Tight-end (Y) hot
action versus weakside inside- action versus strongside inside-
linebacker stunt and weak-corner blitz linebacker stunt and strong-safety
with blitz-man coverage blitz with blitz-man coverage

Diagram 9-22. Strongside-back hot

action versus strongside outside-
linebacker stunt with strong-safety
blitz with blitz-man coverage

Blitz-Beater Routes to Combat

Blitz/Frontal-Stunt Pressures
Much like the use of hot routes to help control frontal-stunt
pressures that are so often tied into blitz-man coverage, the
designation (and use) of blitz-beater routes within the actual design
of a pass pattern can be equally effective to help control blitzes and
associated stunts tied in with blitz-man coverage. In reality, blitz-

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beater routes and stunt-beater routes are conceptually the same
thought. Stunt-beater routes (such as drags,

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shallow crosses, flats, and speed-outs) are routes that can be
utilized to combat stunts from a defensive front. Blitz-beater routes
are the same type of routes. The only difference is the designation
of their use in being called blitz-beater routes to help beat blitzes
along with the probable frontal stunts associated with such blitzes.
Such a conceptual differentiation is made only to help the
quarterback and the receivers understand the difference between
frontal stunts by themselves and secondary blitzes that can be
associated with frontal stunts.
A blitz-beater route is, simply, a route within a pass pattern that
the quarterback can scan (or go) to once he realizes that the pass
coverage is blitz man and that the defense is utilizing some of
secondary blitz. A blitz-beater route is a route that, by design, has
the ability to effectively beat man-to-man-coverage techniques.
Diagram 9-23 shows how a slot-cross route acts as a blitz-beater
route as part of a slot-cross-pass pattern.

Sight-Adjust Routes to Combat Blitz

Sight-adjusting is a very common system used by pass-oriented
teams to control blitzing. On sight-adjust action, receivers adjust
their normally deeper five- to seven-step-timed routes to slants, one-
step hitches, or fade routes upon seeing (sighting) a secondary blitz
unfold in front of them. The quarterback also sights the blitz action
and adjusts to make the quick sight-adjust throws. Usually, sight-
adjust teams start with the rule of "slanting till you can't" with regard
to adjusting a five- or seven-step-timed route to a quickly timed
sight-adjust slant route. Sight-adjust slant-route action is shown in
Diagram 9-24, in which the flanker (Z) receiver sight-adjusts to a
slant route versus a strong-safety blitz with blitz-man coverage.

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Diagram 9-23. Cross route acting as a blitz-beater route versus
blitz-man coverage

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 If a safety sits down in the slant hole in an effort to take away a
slant sight-adjustment route, the sight-adjust receiver can execute
a one-step hitch route one yard deep and one yard wide off the
line of scrimmage. Such action is shown in Diagram 9-25 off of a
weakside cornerback blitz. If a safety drives down hard on a wide
receiver's one-step hitch sight-adjust route, the quarterback can
quickly arm pump the receiver. Such arm-pump action tells the
wide receiver to adjust his hitch route by taking off from his hitch
route to execute a fade-route adjustment for an upfield throw. The
arm-pump hitch/fade action is shown off of a weakside cornerback
blitz in Diagram 9-26.

Diagram 9-24. Flanker (Z) sight-adjust slant action versus

strong-safety blitz and blitz-man coverage

Diagram 9-25. Split-end (X) sight-adjust one-step hitch action

versus weak-corner blitz and blitz-man coverage

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 Diagram 9-26. Split-end (X) sight-adjust pump hitch/fade action
versus weak-corner blitz and blitz-man coverage

Under Concept
The under concept presents an excellent underneath isolation of a
wide receiver working underneath a clear route by the adjacent
receiver to the inside versus blitz-man coverage. The clear route
may very well get eaten up by the off-man coverage of the safety.
However, the under route has an excellent opportunity to beat the
man coverage by man-separating and maintaining such separation to
the inside underneath the clear route by staying on the move.
Diagram 9-27 shows an under-route isolation versus blitz-man
coverage.

Diagram 9-27. Under concept versus blitz-man coverage

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High-Low-Read Smash Isolation
The high-low-read smash isolation could give an offense an
excellent ability to attack blitz-man coverage. The major concern for
the smash-route combination is the time the post-corner route might
take versus the defense's blitz activity. As a result, an offense may
want to call for a maximum protection or have the quarterback
check to such a protection. The inside-receiver post-corner route
must beat the off-man coverage. However, he does have a good
amount of room to the outside to do so.
The smash route, run as a hitch-option route, gives the smash
route the ability to beat the off-man coverage across the field to the
inside, acting as an excellent blitz-beater route. Such man-breaking
actions of the smash concept versus blitz-man coverage with a
maximum-pass-protection scheme is shown in Diagram 9-28.

Diagram 9-28. Smash concept versus blitz-man coverage with

maximum pass protection

Bunch-Formation Post-Corner Flood-

Isolation Concept
A bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept is an

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excellent way of attacking blitz-man coverage. You might normally
think of flood action to overload zone coverages. However, the
picking/crossing action of the post-corner bunch concept helps to
condense blitz-man coverage and actually outflank the coverage
with the outside man-breaking flood action, as shown in Diagram 9-
29. Note that the flat route by the third inside receiver acts as an
excellent blitz-beater route.

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 Diagram 9-29. Bunch-formation post-corner flood-isolation concept
versus blitz-man coverage

Post-Corner/Dig-Route Combination
The post-corner/dig-route-pattern combination is an excellent man-
beater concept to utilize versus blitz-man coverage. The quarterback
initially checks the post-corner isolation and then scans back to the
dig route if the post-corner-isolation read doesn't look good. Once
again, the major concern is pass-protection needs versus the blitz.
However, on a critical third-and-long situation in which the offense
must maintain possession of the ball, the post-corner/dig-route
concept is an excellent pattern to utilize to get deep-yardage needs
—and this pass-pattern concept fits very well with maximum-pass-
protection needs, as seen in Diagram 9-30 versus blitz-man
coverage.

Four-Streaks Concept
The four-streaks concept is a good way of attacking blitz-man
coverage—especially when the off-man coverage starts to camp
down on underneath, control pass-game completions. Since no
middle deep-zone safety help is available in blitz-man coverage, the
quarterback is able to look for his best one-on-one isolation. The
four-streaks concept versus blitz-man coverage is shown in Diagram
9-31 with the tight-end (Y) streak isolation on the middle linebacker

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(M) being the best quick one-on-one isolation.

Rollaway/Acute Routes
Rollaway and acute routes are excellent isolation actions versus
blitz-man coverage. They are especially effective when they
develop off of strong streak-threat fakes

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pushing the blitz-man off-man-coverage cornerbacks deep.
Rollaway/acute-route action versus blitz-man coverage is shown in
Diagram 9-32 from a three-streaks design with maximum
protection.

Diagram 9-30. Post-corner/dig concept versus bliz-man coverage

Diagram 9-31. Four-streaks concept versus blitz-man coverage

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 Diagram 9-32. Rollaway/acute routes versus blitz-man coverage

Speed-Outs
Speed-out routes can be very effective route concepts versus blitz-
man coverage— especially when the cornerbacks are deep in off
alignment. However, it is important to note that if speed-outs are
called versus tighter off-man coverage, the speed-out routes must
be adjusted to square-out routes "on the run," as shown in Diagram
9-33.

Diagram 9-33. Adjusting speed-outs into square-outs

versus tightened off-blitz-man-coverage techniques

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Sprint-Out With Curl/Flat Pattern
Diagram 9-34 shows sprint-out curl/flat action versus blitz-man
coverage. Frontside (or backside) gap-protection sprint-out action
—especially when the sprint-out action is away from the defensive-
blitz action—is an excellent concept to use to block blitzes and the
corresponding frontal stunts that are often associated with blitzes.
Note that the curl route must work to the outside if the pass is late-
developing so that the receiver works in special coordination with
the quarterback as the play takes more time to develop. The
quarterback should think "throw the flat until you can't." The quick
speed-out route in Diagram 9-34 acts as an excellent blitz-beater
route.

Diagram 9-34. Sprint-out action with curl/flat-route combination

versus blitz-man coverage

Square-In/Flat Combination
Many coaches prefer running short square-ins versus blitz-man
coverage rather than curls and hooks. The feeling is that the
receiver has a better chance of producing quick man-to-man
separation versus the off-man coverage with short square-in
routes, as shown in Diagram 9-35. Once again, the flat route can
act as an excellent blitz-beater route. In addition, a maximum-pass-
protection scheme can be utilized to help the quarterback get the
pass off versus any blitz threat.

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Shallow Cross/Replacement Curl
The shallow cross/replacement curl concept helps to produce an
excellent crossing/picking action to help attack blitz-man coverage.
The inside hard-breaking shallow route helps to produce an
excellent man- and blitz-beater-type route. The replacement curl
(replacing the original alignment of the outside receiver) has an
excellent chance of man-separating to break back into the
quarterback due to the

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crossing/picking action of the two receivers. The replacement curl
is shortened to 10 yards to help produce consistent quarterback-
drop-timing. The shallow cross/replacement-curl-combination route
concept versus blitz-man coverage is shown in Diagram 9-36.

Diagram 9-35. Square-in/flat-route combination versus blitz-man

coverage

Diagram 9-36. Shallow cross/replacement-curl pattern versus blitz-

man coverage

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 Diagram 9-37 shows the shallow-cross/curl pattern as a
shallow-cross pattern alternative to attack blitz-man coverage.
Once again, the shallow-cross route helps to act as an excellent
blitz- and man-beater route.

Diagram 9-37. Shallow cross/curl pattern versus blitz-man coverage

Drive Concept
The drive concept helps to create an excellent blitz-beater concept
to attack blitz-man coverage. The prime route of the drive pattern,
the actual drive route itself, is an excellent man- and blitz-beater
route in its crossing-the-field drag action. If the drive route is
covered, the short-dig route of the tight end (Y) and the back's
delayed drag-type adjustment of his sit route give the quarterback
three excellent man-to-man route beaters to help attack the blitz-
man coverage, as shown in Diagram 9-38.

Cross Concept
The crossing-route action of the cross-pattern concept is an
excellent blitz-man-coverage beater. As in the drive concept, the
cross, short dig, and the man-adjustment aspect of the back's sit
route help to create excellent man-beater possibilities—and
crossing receivers, themselves, are excellent man-beater actions,
as shown in the slot-cross pattern in Diagram 9-39. The dragging-
cross route itself is an excellent blitz-beater route.

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Texas Concept
The Texas concept helps to create a crossing isolation on two of
the underneath blitz-man-coverage defenders. The tight end works
to pin the strongside inside linebacker to the inside for his outside
square-out-type man-break. The back drives to the flat to produce
hard outside flow by his covering linebacker and then works back
inside hard

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underneath to separate from that linebacker. The major concern for
the Texas concept versus blitz-man coverage is the associated
frontal-pressure stunts that may be tied into blitz man. On his inside
Texas release, the tight end (Y) can check for any quick-dump pass-
type action by the quarterback over a possible vacated strongside
linebacker area. In addition, the crossing Texas back can turn quickly
to receive a hot-route dump pass

Diagram 9-38. Drive concept versus blitz-man coverage

Diagram 9-39. Slot-cross pattern concept versus blitz-man

coverage

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from the quarterback at the end of his initial flat-route stem if he reads
any outside stunt or blitz pressure, as seen in Diagram 9-40.

Diagram 9-40. Texas concept versus blitz-man coverage with hot-

route dump pass to back

Option-Isolation Concept
Option-isolation routes help to produce excellent one-on-one
isolations on the off blitz-man -coverage defenders. Option routes
can help to produce one-on-one size, talent, and speed
mismatches. Versus blitz-man coverage, the key is for the option
receiver(s) to recognize blitz and think to execute his man-
separation techniques quickly to "get open quickly." Diagram 9-41
shows a tight-end (Y) option and a slot (S) option versus blitz-man
coverage. Note that to the outside of the option routes, a rollaway
and an acute route are shown to act as excellent initial-read blitz-
beater routes for the quarterback if he were to recognize the blitz
looks early enough.

Pick and Rub Concepts

Pick and rub concepts can be excellent route combinations to beat
the blitz-man coverage. Of course, any pick or rub must be legally

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executed. Receivers cannot run into and/or block coverage
defenders as a part of the pick or rub concept. Diagram 9-42
shows a pick-route combination with an inside receiver working to
the outside versus blitz-man coverage. Diagram 9-43 shows a rub-
route combination with an outside receiver working to the inside.
Diagram 9-44 shows a slice-route combination with an inside
receiver working off a pick set-up and executing a fade route.

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Diagram 9-41. Option-isolation routes versus blitz-man coverage

Diagram 9-42. Pick-route combination versus blitz-man coverage

Diagram 9-43. Rub-route combination versus blitz-man coverage

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An interesting idea is to have the receiver who actual sets up the
pick for the prime pick, rub, or slice route run a modified option route
if the quarterback snaps his eyes to that receiver. In this fashion, if
the pick, rub, or slice receiver is covered, the quarterback has a
delayed timed route to work to as an outlet.

Diagram 9-44. Slice-route combination versus blitz man coverage

Picking Screens
Picking screens, legal when the ball is thrown behind the line of
scrimmage, is a very effective concept to use versus blitz-man
coverage. Diagram 9-45 shows a back pick-screen action from a
slotted tight-end set versus blitz-man coverage. The tight end (Y)
blocks (picks) the strongside inside linebacker

Diagram 9-45. Back pick screen versus blitz-man coverage

.

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 About the Author
Steve Axman is the quarterbacks coach at the University of
Montana. Previously Axman was the wide receivers coach at the
University of Washington, a position he assumed prior to the 2004
season. It was Axman's second stint on the Huskies staff.
Previously, he served as the assistant head coach, wide receivers
coach, and quarterbacks coach at the University of Washington
(1999-2002). As the Huskies quarterbacks coach, Axman oversaw
the work of UW record-setting quarterbacks Marques Tuiasosopo
and Cody Pickett. During the 2003 season, he was the offensive
coordinator and quarterbacks coach at UCLA.
Axman is no stranger to wide-open, multiple offense football or
producing top-flight collegiate quarterbacks. During his career, he
has worked at four Pac-10 schools (UCLA, Arizona, Stanford, and
Washington). Among his former collegiate pupils are Troy Aikman
and Drew Olson (UCLA), Neil O'Donnell (Maryland), and Jeff Lewis
and Travis Brown (Northern Arizona).
In 1998 (prior to joining the UW staff the first time), Axman served
as the quarterbacks coach at Minnesota under Glen Mason. Before
that, Axman was the head coach at Northern Arizona from 1990-97.
He inherited a NAU program that had experienced just three winning
seasons during the 1980s and had never qualified for the Division I-
AA postseason playoffs. During his eight years with the
Lumberjacks, Axman guided the team to a 48-41 record, making him
the second-winningest coach in Northern Arizona's history.
Axman's NAU teams were known for their offensive fireworks.
During his eight-year career, Axman's teams averaged 30 points per
game. His 1996 Lumberjack squad set or tied 14 national records
and averaged 43.2 points per game en route to a 9-3 overall record
and a 6-1 record in the Big Sky Conference. That season produced
a second-place finish in the Big Sky, the school's first postseason
appearance, and a school-best No. 6 national ranking. In 1989,
Axman served as quarterbacks coach for Maryland, where he
worked with O'Donnell. In 1987-88, he was the offensive coordinator
at UCLA, where he coached Aikman. Prior to UCLA, Axman coached

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at Stanford (1986), with the Denver Gold of the United States
Football League (1985), and at the University of Arizona (1980-84),
as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach. Axman
previously spent a year at Illinois, three seasons at Army, and one
season at Albany State. Prior to that, Axman's first collegiate
coaching assignment was at East Stroudsburg State in 1974. A
1969 graduate of C.W. Post in Greenvale, NY, Axman went on to
earn his first master's degree from Long Island University in 1972
and his second in 1975 while coaching at East Stroudsburg State.
Axman has authored nine instructional books on football. He has
also been featured on seven well-received instructional videos on
football. He is nationally renowned for his knowledge of offensive
fundamentals, schemes, and techniques, particularly quarterback
play.
A native of Huntington Station, NY, Axman and his wife, Dr. Marie
Axman, an elementary school principal, have four daughters: Mary
Beth, Jaclyn, Melissa, and Kimberly.

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Table of Contents
Dedication 5
Acknowledgments 6
Preface 7
Diagram Key 9
Understanding Pass-Coverage Structure 12
Pass Attack of Cover 3 30
Pass Attack of Cover 1 (Man Free) 77
Pass Attack of Cover 2 129
Pass Attack of Cover-2 Man Under 166
Pass Attack of Quarters Coverage 211
Pass Attack of Quarter-Quarter-Half Coverage 251
Pass Attack of Four-Across Man (Cover Zero) 287
Pass Attack of Blitz-Man Coverage 335
About the Author 382

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