GARCIA, JANRY V.

FEBRUARY 21, 2018

MENG-ECE C509

PROBLEM SET 1
1. Research on the properties, processing and application of a specific modern
material (material for future, i. e, smart material, nanomaterial, etc.) which is
relevant to your field of specialization. Cite at least 3 references.

Material Sciences & Engineering is one of the most highly interdisciplinary and
dynamic engineering disciplines that aims to seek to interpret the fundamental
relationships between the structure, properties, tribology, processing and performance of
materials in order to synthesize new materials, develop improved processes for making
materials and understand the role of materials in the functioning of biological organisms.
In Electronics Engineering alone, Material Sciences and Engineering plays a very
important part especially in the development of smart materials.
A Semiconductor is a substance which has very few free electrons at room
temperature. Consequently under the influence of potential difference a semiconductor
practically conducts no current. At low temperature the valence band is completely full
and conduction band is completely empty. These semiconductor materials are used as
components in different devices in the manufacture of electronic equipment. Components
and materials are the backbone of Electronics and Information Technology (IT) Hardware
Sector. Electronic materials are at the core of design, development of electronic
component manufacturing, while electronic components are the heart of electronic
equipment hardware.
Smart systems and smart materials Smart structures are a new emerging materials
system which combines contemporary materials science with information science. The
smart system is composed of sensing, processing, actuating, feedback, self-diagnosing
and self-recovering subsystems. The system uses the functional properties of advanced
materials to achieve high performances with capabilities of recognition, discrimination,
and adjustification in response to a change of its environment. Each component of this
system must have functionality, and the entire system is integrated to perform a self-
controlled smart action, similar to a living creature who can "think", make judgment and
take actions. A smart system can be considered as a design philosophy that emphasizes
predictivity, adaptivity and repetivity. A smart system/structure is defined to be a non-
biological physical structure having the following attributes: (1) a definite purpose; (ii)
means and imperative to achieve that purpose; and (iii) a biological pattern of functioning
(Spillman et al., 1996). Smart materials are a subset of the smart system, i.e. smart
structures at the microscopic or mesoscopic scales. Smart system is a non-biological
structure which means that the system functions as a biological system rather than the
pattern of functioning of a Turning machine. A smart material is a physical structure having
(i) a definite purpose, (ii) means of imperative to achieve that purpose, and (iii) the pattern
of functioning of a universal computer or Turning machine. Such a material will generally
include at least one structural element, some means of sensing the environment and/or
its own state, and some type of processing and adaptive control algorithm. Science and
technology in the 21st century will rely heavily on the development of new materials that
are expected to respond to the environmental changes and manifest their own functions
according to the optimum conditions. The development of smart materials will
undoubtedly be an essential task in many fields of science and technology such as
information science, microelectronics, computer science, medical treatment, life science,
energy, transportation, safety engineering and military technologies. Materials
development in the future, therefore, should be directed toward creation of
hyperfunctional materials which surpass even biological organ in some aspects. The
current materials research is to develop various pathways that will lead the modern
technology toward the smart system.
Smart materials can also be classified into two categories i.e., either active or
passive. Fairweather (1998) defined active smart materials as those materials which
possess the capacity to modify their geometric or material properties under the application
of electric, thermal or magnetic fields, thereby acquiring an inherent capacity to transduce
energy. Piezoelectric materials, SMAs, ER fluids and magneto-strictive materials are
considered to be the active smart materials and therefore, they can be used as force
transducers and actuators. Kumar (1991) showed that SMA has large recovery force, of
the order of 700 MPa (10 psi), which can be utilized for actuation. Similarly piezoelectric
materials, which convert electric energy into mechanical force, are also ‘active’. On the
other part, the materials, which are not active, are called passive smart materials.
Although smart, they lack the inherent capability to transduce energy. Fiber optic material
is a good example of a passive smart material. Such materials can act as sensors but not
as actuators or transducers.
A smart material can sense and respond to an external stimulus such as a change
in temperature, the application of a stress, or a change in humidity or chemical
environment. Usually a smart material-based system consists of sensors and actuators
that read changes and initiate an action. An example of a passively smart material is lead
zirconium titanate (PZT) and shape-memory alloys. When properly processed, PZT can
be subjected to a stress, and a voltage is generated. This effect is used to make such
devices as spark generators for gas grills and sensors that can detect underwater objects
such as fish and submarines. Other examples of smart materials include
magnetorheological or MR fluids. These are magnetic paints that respond to magnetic
fields. These materials are being used in suspension systems of automobiles, including
models by General Motors, Ferrari, and Audi. Still other examples of smart materials and
systems are photochromic glasses and automatic dimming mirrors.
 As far as the technical applications of smart materials is concerned, it involves
composite materials embedded with fiber optics, actuators, sensors, MicroElectro
Mechanical Systems (MEMSs), vibration control, sound control, shape control, product
health or lifetime monitoring, cure monitoring, intelligent processing, active and passive
controls, self-repair (healing), artificial organs, novel indicating devices, designed
magnets, damping aeroelastic stability and stress distributions. Smart structures are
found in automobiles, space systems, fixed-and rotary-wing aircrafts, naval vessels, civil
structures, machine tools, recreation and medical devices. The kind of ‘smartness’ shown
by these materials is generally programmed by material composition, special processing,
introduction of defects or by modifying the micro-structure, so as to adapt to the various
levels of stimuli in a controlled fashion. Like smart structures, the terms ‘smart and
‘intelligent’ are used interchangeably for smart materials. Takagi (1990) defined intelligent
materials as the materials which respond to environmental changes at the most optimum
conditions and manifest their own functions according to the environment. The feedback
functions within the material are combined with properties and functions of the materials.
Smart systems also sense their environment and respond, but are not constructed from
a single material. They may incorporate smart materials, but can also be constructed
using traditional technology. Pacemakers are a smart system designed to respond to an
irregular heart rate with an electrical impulse that regulates it. Vardan and Vardan (2002)
reported that smart system refers to a device which can sense changes in its environment
and can make anoptimal response by changing its material properties, geometry,
mechanical or electromagnetic response. Both the sensor and the actuator functions with
their appropriate feedback must be properly integrated. According to (Takagi, 1990), the
system could lose its application or could be dangerous if the response is too slow or too
fast. Some common smart materials and associated stimulus response are listed in figure
below:
 Smart materials and systems have a wide range of applications. Investment in
research and development is driven by factors such as legislation, reducing waste and
demand for higher quality of life. Structures such as buildings, bridges, pipelines, ships
and aircraft must be strongly designed and regularly inspected to prevent ‘wear and tear’
damage from causing disastrous failures. Inspection is expensive and time consuming,
while designing to prevent damage can compromise performance. With some modern
materials, damage can be internally serious but leave very little surface evidence.

References:

Agarwal, R.,Khaja, F. and Zhong, Z. (2017), Journal of Material Sciences and

Engineering, ISSN: 2169-0022

Askeland, D., Fulay, P. and Wright, W. (2010), The Science and Engineering of
Materials, 6th Edition

Berger, M. (2010), Nanotechnology and the future of advanced materials. Retrieved

from https://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=16047.php , Retrieved date:
February 17, 2018

Kamila, S. (2013), Introduction, Classification and Applications of Smart Materials: an

overview, ISSN: 1546-9239

Wang, Z. and Kang, Z. (1998), Functional and Smart Materials, ISBN: 0306456516

2. a) What electron subshell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements on
the periodic table? b) What electron subshell is being filled for the actinide series?

Answers:
a) The 4f subshell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements
b) The 5f subshell is being filled for the actinide series of elements.

3. For a Na+ -- Cl- ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER respectively
depend on the distance between the ions r, according to

1.436
𝐸𝐴 = −
𝑟
7.32 𝑥 10−6
𝐸𝑅 =
𝑟8
For those expressions, energies are expressed in electron volts per Na + -- Cl- pair,
and r is the distance in nanometers. The energy EN is just sum of the two expressions
above.
 a) Superimpose on a single plot EN, ER and EA versus r up to 1.0 nm.
b) On the basis of this plot, determine (i) equilibrium spacing ro between Na+ and Cl-
ions, and (ii) the magnitude of the bonding energy Eo between ions.
c) Mathematically determine ro and Eo values and compare these with the graphical
results from part (b)

Answers:
a) .

6
5
4
Bonding Energy (eV)

3 𝐸𝑅
2
1
0
-1 𝐸𝑁
-2 𝑟𝑜 = 0.24 𝑛𝑚
-3
-4
𝐸𝑜 = −5.3 𝑒𝑉 -5 𝐸𝐴
-6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Interatomic Separation (nm)

b) From the graph or plot shown

𝑟𝑜 = 0.24 𝑛𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑜 = −5.3 𝑒𝑉

𝐴 𝐵
c) From the equation 𝐸𝑁 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝑅 = − 𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑛, differentiating yields to:
1
𝐴 𝐴 𝐵
𝑟𝑜 = (𝑛𝐵) 1−𝑛 and 𝐸𝑜 = − 𝐴
1 + 𝐴
𝑛
( ) 1−𝑛 ( ) 1−𝑛
𝑛𝐵 𝑛𝐵

Substituting the values of 𝐴 = 1.436, 𝐵 = 7.32 𝑥 10−7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 8 respectively in the

equations:
 𝐴 1 1.436 1
𝑟𝑜 = 𝑟𝑜 = ( ) 1−𝑛 = ( −6
) 1−8 = 0.236 𝑛𝑚
𝑛𝐵 (8)(7.32𝑥10 )
𝐴 𝐵 1.436 7.32𝑥10−6
𝐸𝑜 = − 𝐴
1 + 𝐴
𝑛 =− 1.436
1 + 1.436
8 = −5.324 𝑒V
( ) 1−𝑛 ( ) 1−𝑛 ( ) 1−8 ( ) 1−8
𝑛𝐵 𝑛𝐵 (8)(7.32𝑥10−6 ) (8)(7.32𝑥10−6 )

4. The net potential energy between two adjacent ions is sometimes represented by
𝐶 𝑟
the expression 𝐸𝑁 = − 𝑟 + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑝(− 𝜌) equation (1) in which r is the interionic
separation and C, D, and are constants whose values depend on the specific
material.
(a) Derive the expression for the bonding energy E o in terms of the equilibrium inter-
ionic separation ro and the constants D and 𝜌 using the following procedure:
i. Differentiate with respect to r and set the resulting expression equal to zero.
ii. Solve for C in terms if D, ro and 𝜌
iii. Determine the expression for Eo by substitution for C in equation (1)

(b) Derive another expression for Eo in terms of C, and using a procedure analogous
to the one outlined in part (a).
Answers:
𝐶 𝑟
(a) 𝐸𝑁 = − + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑝(− )
𝑟 𝜌
𝑟
−( )
𝑑𝐸𝑁 𝐶 𝐷𝑒 𝜌
= 2− =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝜌

𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜

𝑟
−( 𝑜 )
𝐶 𝐷𝑒 𝜌
2
=
𝑟𝑜 𝜌

𝑟
− 𝑜
𝑟𝑜 2 𝐷𝑒 𝜌
𝐶=
𝜌
Substituting C in the general equation yields to
𝐶 𝑟𝑜
𝐸𝑜 = − + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑝(− )
𝑟𝑜 𝜌
𝑟
2 − 𝑜
𝑟𝑜 𝐷𝑒 𝜌
𝑟
𝜌 −( 𝑜 )
𝜌
𝐸𝑜 = − + 𝐷𝑒
𝑟𝑜
 𝑟
− 𝑜 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟𝑜 𝐷𝑒 𝜌 𝑟 𝑟𝑜
−( 𝑜 ) −( 𝑜 ) −( 𝑜 )
𝐸𝑜 = − + 𝐷𝑒 𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒 𝜌 (− 𝑜 + 1) = 𝐷𝑒 𝜌 (1 − )
𝜌 𝜌 𝜌

𝐶 𝑟
(b) 𝐸𝑁 = − 𝑟 + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑝(− 𝜌)
𝑟
−( )
𝑑𝐸𝑁 𝐶 𝐷𝑒 𝜌
= 2− =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝜌

𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜

𝑟
−( 𝑜 )
𝐶 𝐷𝑒 𝜌
=
𝑟𝑜 2 𝜌

𝑟𝑜
𝐶𝜌𝑒 𝜌
𝐷=
𝑟𝑜 2

Substituting D in the general equation yields to

𝐶 𝑟𝑜
𝐸𝑜 = − + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑝(− )
𝑟𝑜 𝜌

𝑟𝑜
𝐶 𝐶𝜌𝑒 𝜌 𝑟 𝐶 𝐶𝜌 𝐶 𝜌 𝐶 𝜌
−( 𝑜 )
𝐸𝑜 = − + ( 2 ) 𝑒 𝜌 = − + 2 = (−1 + ) = ( − 1)
𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜

5. Make a plot of bonding energy versus melting temperature for the following metals.
Using this plot, approximate the bonding energy for molybdenum, which has a
melting temperature of 2617°C.
 10
9
8 W
Molybdenum
Bonding Energy (eV)

7 eV
6
5
4 Fe
Al
3
2
1 Hg
0
-1000 0 1000 2000 3000 400
2617 °C 0
Melting Temperature (°C)