Shop drawing

5 Tháng 8 2014 lúc 7:56

DO CÒN CÁCH HIỂU KHÁC NHAU VỀ SHOP DRAWING LÀ BƯỚC THIẾT KẾ TRONG QUY ĐỊNH
PHÁP LUẬT XÂY DỰNG CỦA VIỆT NAM CHƯA CÓ NÊN TÔI ĐĂNG CÁCH QUAN NIỆM VỀ BƯỚC
THIẾT KẾ NÀY NGÕ HẦU MONG NHẬN ĐƯỢC SỰ THÔNG TIN CÁC CHIỀU. XIN CẢM ƠN

A shop drawing is a drawing or set of drawings produced by

the contractor, supplier, manufacturer, subcontractor, or fabricator.Shop drawings are typically required
for prefabricated components. Examples of these include: elevators, structural steel, trusses, pre-cast, windows,
appliances, cabinets, air handling units, and millwork. Also critical are the installation and coordination shop
drawings of the MEPtrades such as sheet metal ductwork, piping, plumbing, fire protection, and electrical.
Shop drawings are not produced by architects andengineers under their contract with the owner. The shop
drawing is the manufacturer’s or the contractor’s drawn version of information shown in the construction
documents.The shop drawing normally shows more detail than the construction documents. It is drawn to
explain the fabrication and/or installation of the items to the manufacturer’s production crew or contractor's
installation crews. The style of the shop drawing is usually very different from that of the architect’s drawing.
The shop drawing’s primary emphasis is on the particular product or installation and
excludes notation concerning other products and installations, unless integration with the subject product is
necessary.

Information required to be included in Shop Drawings

Comparison information for the architect and engineer

The shop drawings should include information for the architect and engineer to compare to
the specifications and drawings. The shop drawing should address the appearance, performance,
and prescriptive descriptions in the specifications and construction drawings.The shop drawing often is more
detailed than the information shown in the construction documents to give the architect and engineer the
opportunity to review the fabricator’s version of the product, prior to fabrication. References to the
construction documents, drawings, and specifications assist the architect and engineer in their review of the
shop drawings. Attachment of manufacturer’s material specifications, “catalog cut sheets,” and other
manufacturer’s information may be helpful to accompany these drawings. Because shop drawings facilitate the
architect’s and engineer’s approval of the product, they should be as clear and complete as possible.

Notes of changes or alterations from the construction documents

Notes concerning changes or differences from the original documents should be made on the shop drawing for
the architect’s and engineer’s approval. Ultimately, they are responsible for changes in these drawings and
should have the opportunity to analyze any modifications. A dialogue should occur between the fabricator and
the architect and engineer about any areas needing clarification. Successful installations are the result of
collaboration between the designer, fabricator, and contractor.

Information needed to fabricate the product

Dimensions, manufacturing conventions, and special fabrication instructions should be included on the shop
drawing. It should be clear to fabrication personnel what will be manufactured from the shop drawings alone.
The construction documents are rarely used as a reference in fabrication, with the fabricators relying on the
shop drawing for all information.

Indication of dimensions needing verification from the jobsite

Most jobsite dimensions, such as the dimensions between two surfaces on the jobsite, need to be verified. A
dimension may be shown on the construction drawings, but the actual dimension may vary, from very small to
large increments, depending on jobsite conditions. It is extremely important that the fabricated item arrive on
the jobsite ready to be installed without field modification. Special care must be taken by the contractor to
measure and verify dimensions. In new construction, plan dimensions usually are sufficient for ordering many
fabricated items such as structural steel or precast concrete.
In remodeling and renovation work, it is essential that field dimensions be verified prior to fabrication. Some
fabricators, such as cabinet and casework suppliers, prefer not to rely on the contractor’s verification and will
verify the dimensions with their own personnel.

Placement or installation information

Some fabricators and manufacturers will provide symbols, data, or instructions concerning installation. This
can include a list of other materials, such as fasteners or adhesives, appropriate but not included for the
product.
Third party review may be required for major building systems. An example of this would be a commercial
chiller which would be furnished by the mechanical contractor, but would require electrical connections,
plumbing, rigging, insulation and commissioning. Various third parties will need to review the installation
information and confirm they are furnishing compatible equipment and proper layout of services. Review of
installation information for major equipment should be reviewed with field supervisors including the project
superintendent, trade foremen and field engineer. Installation of major equipment will dictate structural
clearances and temporary openings.

Samples
Some fabrications will require a sample submittal with the shop drawing, primarily
for color and texture selection of finishes.

Computer-aided Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Design Coordination

Problems with design coordination, such as time consumption and ineffectiveness related to the current 2D
paper-based process, are some of the top concerns of a general contractor, since late conflict correction
increases the potential for errors in the field. In order to address this issue, there have been an increasing
number of Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) firms utilizing building information models
(BIM) in their coordination and clash detection processes, which according to practitioners, allows for
increased coordination and fewer field problems. Leite et al. compared types of clashes identified in a manual
coordination process (overlay of 2D drawings on a light table by pairs of subcontractors) and through
automatic clash detection using a Building Information Model (BIM). The automatic clash detection identified
several clashes that were missed by the subcontractors, who were performing this task manually. Also, the
manual clash detection identified clashes which could not possibly be found by the automatic clash detection
 software, since one of the clashing objects (e.g. cable trays) was not modeled in the BIM. This study also
included site observations of field detected clashes, some of which were not identified in either manual or
automatic processes. Leite noted that the combination of clashes identified in coordination meetings, those
automatically detected, as well as those identified in the field enable identification of objects that need to be
modeled in order to capture the largest possible number of clashes. This paper was limited to the comparison
of types of clashes identified in each of the three methods during a specific project. Although their results
cannot be generalized, they still provide insight towards the need to identify what needs to be modeled in a
BIM for MEP coordination prior to the start of the coordination process.

Reviews
Because writing comments on eight to ten copies is a tedious process and an inefficient use of the architect and
engineer's time, they will frequently specify other methods for distributing comments. Quick review is
essential during the approval process.Any method that facilitates this, while providing ample opportunity for
comment and complete distribution, should be considered. Although a procedure may be specified in the
contract drawings, most architects and engineers are open to suggestions and innovations that speed up the
process.

Number of copies
Shop drawings are required, in various forms, depending upon the practice of the architect and engineer. A
specific number of copies may be required by the specification. An example distribution of the completed and
corrected shop drawings may include the:

 Owner—file or inspection copy

 Architect—file copy
 Architect—field copy or inspection copy
 Consulting engineer—file copy
 Consulting engineer—inspection copy
 Contractor—file copy
 Contractor—field copy
 Supplier—original copy or one copy

Submittal of one or two copies of the shop drawing

Corrections are made by the architect and engineer, and the shop drawing is corrected by the supplier, then the
appropriate number of copies is distributed. This method can be time consuming, as the shop drawing is not
approved until the corrections are made on it.

Submittal of a copy that can be reproduced

The architect and engineer make comments on the reproducible, then copies are distributed. This method
facilitates the timely approval and distribution of the shop drawing. Review comments usually are obvious on
the reproducible copy. When sepia copies are used, the reproduction of the sepia often is not as clear as a
normal blue-line print.

Compatible CAD software

 When the supplier and designer have compatible CAD software or when universal file formats such
as IFC, PDF or DWG are utilized, the review can be made from a CD, email orFTP transfer. Comments can be
made by the designer in a bold font or changes can be boxed for emphasis.
Popular CAD platforms used for generating shop drawings are Advance Steel, AutoCAD, CATIA, Creo
Elements/Pro, Inventor, Solidworks and Tekla Structures.

Shop drawings in concrete reinforcing[edit]

Concrete reinforcing is one of the many items requiring specialized shop drawings for the fabrication of the
material. Concrete reinforcing is custom-fabricated from 60-foot-longreinforcing bars.The reinforcing bars are
cut to length and bent to specific configurations. The shop drawing and the accompanying “cut sheet” lists the
quantity, sizes, lengths, and shapes of the reinforcing bar. This information is provided for review by
the structural engineer to ensure that sufficient reinforcing is being supplied; fabrication of the bar by the
supplier’s shop; an inventory list for the contractor, upon delivery the typical project has thousands of pieces of
reinforcing steel that need to be organized for storage and installation; and placement by the ironworker.
The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) has developed standard symbols, graphics, and formats for
shop drawings and cut sheets that generally are used by reinforcing steel fabricators. Each fabricator, has
particular style for shop drawings and cut sheets, depending on the draftspeople andComputer-aided
design systems. Examples of software used are Advance Concrete, AutoCAD, MicroStation, ProConcrete
and Tekla Structures.

See also

 Specification (technical standard)

 Technical illustration