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Assignment Theory 1

Here are the key steps to solve this problem: 1) A 4 inch wafer can produce a certain number of processors. We need to calculate this number. 2) The area of a 4 inch wafer is: Area of wafer = π * r^2 = π * 2^2 = 12.56 sq inches 3) Assume each processor takes up 1 sq mm of area. 1 sq mm = 0.00155 sq inches 4) Number of processors per wafer = Total area / Area per processor = 12.56 sq inches / 0.00155 sq inches = 8,096 processors 5) The price of the 4 inch wafer is given

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San Lizas Airen
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179 views

Assignment Theory 1

Here are the key steps to solve this problem: 1) A 4 inch wafer can produce a certain number of processors. We need to calculate this number. 2) The area of a 4 inch wafer is: Area of wafer = π * r^2 = π * 2^2 = 12.56 sq inches 3) Assume each processor takes up 1 sq mm of area. 1 sq mm = 0.00155 sq inches 4) Number of processors per wafer = Total area / Area per processor = 12.56 sq inches / 0.00155 sq inches = 8,096 processors 5) The price of the 4 inch wafer is given

Uploaded by

San Lizas Airen
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Question #1

What is Moores Law and how does it predicts the Road Map of
microprocessor design?
(In Depth, Oct. 5, 1998) In 1965, an engineer at Fairchild Semiconductor
named Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled
every 18 to 24 months. A corollary to "Moore's Law," as that observation
came to be known, is that the speed of microprocessors, at a constant cost,
also doubles every 18 to 24 months.
Moore's Law has held up for more than 30 years. It worked in 1969 when
Moore's start-up, Intel Corp., put its first processor chip the 4-bit, 104KHz 4004 into a Japanese calculator. And it still works today for Intel's 32bit, 450-MHz Pentium II processor, which has 7.5 million transistors and is
233,000 times faster than the 2,300-transistor 4004.

According to Moores Law, the number of transistors on a chip roughly


doubles every two years. As a result the scale gets smaller and smaller.
For decades, Intel has met this formidable challenge through
investments in technology and manufacturing resulting in the
unparalleled silicon expertise that has made Moores Law a reality.

In a universe where smaller is better, Intels current process technology


the most advanced silicon process in volume production anywhere in the
world prints individual lines smaller than a virus and 1,000 times thinner
than a human hair and manufactures microprocessors with some features
as thin as five atomic layers.
As transistor counts climb so does the ability to increase device
complexity and integrate many capabilities onto a chip. The cumulative
impact of these spiraling increases in capability power the economy and
the Internet, running everything from digital phones and PCs to stock
markets and spacecraft, and enable todays information-rich, converged
digital world. Intel expects to continue driving the leading edge of
Moores prediction well into the foreseeable future.
Raising the Bar
Nearly 40 years ago, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore forecasted the
rapid pace of technology innovation. His prediction, popularly known as
Moores Law, states that transistor density on integrated circuits
doubles about every two years. Today, Intel continues to lead the
industry, driving Moores Law to increase functionality and performance
and decrease costs, bringing growth to industries worldwide.
Another decade is probably
straightforward...There is certainly
no end to creativity.
Gordon Moore, Intel Chairman Emeritus of the Board
Speaking of extending Moores Law at the
International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC),
February 2003.

Question #2
Explain all kinds of Microprocessor since beginning till 2009.
A Brief History of Microprocessors

The first microprocessor was developed by what was then a small


company called Intel (short for Integrated Electronics) in the early
1970s. The client, a Japanese company called Busicon, declined to buy
the chipset and Intel, faced with a development cost and no customer,
decided to market the chipset as a "general purpose" micro processing
system for use in applications where digital logic chips would have been
used. The chipset was a success and within a short while Intel
developed a general purpose 4 bit microprocessor called the 4004.
In 1974 the more powerful second generation microprocessor (the 8008)
was announced fabricated as a single chip. This was quickly followed
by the Intel 8080. Both the 8008 and the 8080 operated from a single
+5v power supply (using NMOS technology).
At about the same time Motorola released its first microprocessor, the
6800, which was also an 8 bit processor with about the same processing
power as that of the Intel 8080. The architectures used in the Intel 8080
and the Motorola 6800 were very different. The Intel 8080 used a
register based architecture with registers AX, BX, CX, DX, and HL, all
16 bit but capable of being used as 8 bit register pairs so that the AX
register could be used as two separate registers AH and AL. AH was
really just the higher byte of register AX; and AL the lower byte. In this
way, the AX, BX, CX, DX, and HL registers could be used as AH, AL,
BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL, H, and L 8 bit registers. Another thing about
the 8080 was its separate I/O map.
This meant that to perform byte-wide input/output to hardware, special
instructions were used: IN to input from byte-wide input ports, OUT to
output to byte-wide output ports. Access to memory involved access to
a different memory map using typically the MOV instruction. The
Motorola 6800 microprocessor used what is called "Memory Mapped
I/O" which means that both memory and byte-wide input/output share
the same memory map.
The register set was much smaller, consisting of two 8 bit accumulators
(A and B) and a 16 bit index register called X. These registers could
however support a range of addressing modes which, in effect, made up
for the fewer registers (and also made for simpler programming). Both

microprocessors had other registers but we will ignore these since we


have not yet formally looked at the microprocessor in detail.
To input data from memory or from I/O requires the use of the LDAA
instruction, to write data to memory or I/O requires the use of the STAA
instruction. Access to the X register was via its own set of instructions,
ie. LDX and STX.
Intel and Motorola have maintained the fundamental differences in
architecture during the development of later microprocessors. In the
case of the Intel range of microprocessors, the 8080 evolved into the
8085 (also 8 bit like the 8080), then the third generation 16 bit 8086
microprocessor which, in its 8088 pseudo 16 bit form, was used in the
first IBM PCs. The 8088 was an 8086 but with only an 8 bit data bus.
This made it easier to interface to the common 8 bit peripheral devices
available at the time. In time this was followed by the 80186, the
80286, the 800386 (a 32 bit processor), and 80486, leading to the
Pentium range of microprocessors (64 bit processors) available today.
The 80x86 and Pentium processors have all been designed for use in
personal computer type applications and have large memory maps.
The Motorola range of microprocessors followed a similar path with the
6800 replaced by the 6809 (8 bit), then the 68000 (16 bit), the 68010,
68020, and 68030 used in many workstations and of course the Apple
MAC range of personal computers.
In due course the Intel 8080 core processor was used for a range of
microcontrollers (8048 and 8051 to name but two). The 8051
microcontroller survives today but is now manufactured by Philips.
Intel have gone on to develop a range of other microcontrollers that are
more complex than the basic original devices (see
Motorola followed in a similar vein with a range of microcontrollers
based on the 6800 (6805, 6808, 6811 which survive to this day).
So, many of today's popular microcontrollers are based around two core
architectures - that of the 8080 and that of the 6800 microprocessors.
Other manufacturers such as Rockwell produced microprocessors based
on the 6800 architecture (6502), whilst Zilog developed the Z80 (based
on the 8080 architecture). The development of more recent
microprocessor architectures such as the Harvard architecture and the

use of Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) have led to the


development of microcontrollers such as the Microchip PIC.

Question #4:
How to Classified memories in computer? write in detail?

Question 4:
Calculate the price and number of processors can be build from 4
inch wafer, if the price is 500 US dollars.

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