Object-Oriented Programming using C++ - Day2

Recap of Day 1
• Programming Techniques
• Introduction to Object Oriented Concepts
• Basics of C++
• Reference Variables
• Parameter Passing techniques
• Abstract Data types
• Classes and Objects
• Access Specifiers
• Class – Best Practices and Guidelines
• Constructors and Destructors

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Session Plan - Day 2
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
• Inline Functions
• Static Members
• Const Members
• Polymorphism
• ‘this’ pointer
• Aggregation
• Cin & Cout

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Pointer to objects
class Trainee { int main(int argc,char** argv) {
private: Trainee oT1;
int m_iEmpId;
char m_acName[30]; //Declaring a pointer to an Object
float m_fBasic; Trainee* poT1;
float m_fHRA;
public: //Initializing pointer
void SetData(ID,Name,Basic,Hra){ poT1=&oT1;
………//Code
} //Invoking Methods using pointer
void CalculateSal() { poT1->SetData(102,”Dave”,1200,350);
………//Code poT1->CalcuateSal();
} poT1->CalculateTax();
void CalculateTax(){
………//Code return 0;
} }
}; Copyright © 2006, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/LA38/003
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 Dynamic Memory Allocation – new & delete operators
• The new and delete operators are used to allocate and free memory at run time.
• The new operator allocates memory and returns a pointer to the start of it.
• The delete operator frees memory previously allocated using new.
• The general forms of new and delete are shown here:
p_var = new type;
delete p_var;

• Here, p_var is a pointer variable that receives a pointer to memory that is large
enough to hold an item of type type.

• Trainee *poT1 = new Trainee();

vs Trainee *poT1 = (Trainee *) malloc( sizeof(Trainee) );

• Even though malloc/free allocates and releases the memory respectively,

Constructor/Destructor is not called during dynamic object creation/destruction.

• Hence use new/delete for dynamic memory allocation for objects and
malloc/free for primitive data types.

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Dynamic Memory Allocation – Example using new & delete

class Trainee {
private: int main(int argc,char** argv) {
int m_iEmpId; //Declaring a pointer to an Object
char m_acName[30]; Trainee* poT1;
float m_fBasic; //Initializing pointer
float m_fHRA; poT1=new Trainee();
public: //Invoking Methods using pointer
void SetData(ID,Name,Basic,Hra){ poT1->SetData(102,”Dave”,1200,350);
………//Code // Releasing Memory
} delete poT1;
void CalculateSal() {
………//Code poT1=new Trainee(101,”Dave”,1200,350);
} poT1->CalculateSal();
void CalculateTax(){ delete poT1;
………//Code }
}
}; Copyright © 2006, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/LA38/003
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Memory allocation through new and delete

• The dynamic memory allocation happens on the heap.

• Heap is a memory space which grows or shrinks dynamically.

• Whenever the memory is allocated dynamically for any object, a space is

allocated in the heap. This allocation remains until it is deleted (freed).

• If a program fails to de-allocate memory, that memory cannot be used by other

programs. This is called as “memory leak”.
// Example of Memory leak
int main(int argc,char** argv) {
Trainee* poT1=new Trainee();
poT1->SetData(102,”Dave”,1200,350);
poT1->CalculateSal();
return 0;
}
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 Inline Functions
• Normal function-calls eat up lot of CPU time for its bookkeeping activities
• So, for smaller methods, the C++ compiler automatically replaces the function
calls with the actual code to be executed.
• As a programmer, we can also request the compiler to do so.
• This is done usually for smaller and non-recursive functions.
• Inline is a suggestion given to the compiler. Compiler decides whether to replace
or not.

inline double CalcArea() {

return Length * Breadth;
}

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Static Members
Static Data Members
• Data member whose value is shared by all the objects of the class
• Static data is allocated memory only once when the class is loaded.
• Must be defined outside the class
• Also can be initialized during definition, If not initial value will be 0.

Static Member Functions

• Provide a very generic functionality that doesn’t require us to instantiate the
class.
• can be invoked without any objects (ie. using class name)
• can access only other static members (static functions or static variables).

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Static Members - Example 0
class Trainee { Trainee::Trainee(int iEmpId)
1
private: m_iTotalTrainees++;
int m_iEmpId; m_iEmpid=iEmpId;
2
static int m_iTotalTrainees; }
public: int Trainee::GetTotalTrainees() {
1
Trainee(int iEmpID); return (m_iTotalTrainees);
static int GetTotalTrainees(); } 0
Trainee::~Trainee() {
~Trainee();
m_iTotalTrainess--;
};
}
Trainee::m_iTotalTrainees=0; // MUST

// Main Program // Main Program continued

Trainee *poT1,*poT2; printf(“%d”,Trainee::GetTotalTrainees());
printf(“%d”,Trainee::GetTotalTrainees()); delete poT1;
poT1= new Trainee(1001); printf(“%d”,Trainee::GetTotalTrainees());
printf(“%d”,Trainee::GetTotalTrainees()); delete poT2;
poT2= new Trainee(1002); printf(“%d”,Trainee::GetTotalTrainees());
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‘const’ Member Functions
• We can prevent methods from modifying data members
Invalid
• Guarantees that value of data member will not gets modified inside constant methods
• Member functions like getter methods, display methods can be made const

class Trainee { void Trainee::SetEmpId(int iEmpID) {

private: m_iEmpId= iEmpID;
int m_iEmpId; }
float m_fSal; void Trainee::SetSal(float fSal) {
m_fSal=fSal;
public:
}
int GetEmpId() const;
int Trainee::GetEmpId() const{
float GetSal() const;
return(m_iEmpId);
void SetSal(float fSal); }
void SetEmpId(int iEmpId); float Trainee::GetSal() const{
}; m_fSal=m_fSal+1000;
return(m_fSal);
}

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Mutable Variables

• are data members which can be modified even by ‘const’ methods

• Sometimes we may need to grant permission for constant methods to modify
selective data members.
class Trainee { void Trainee::SetEmpId(int iEmpID) {
m_iEmpId=iEmpID; Invalid
private:
}
int m_iEmpId; void Trainee::SetSal(float fSal) {
float mutable m_fSal; m_fSal=fSal;
public: }
int GetEmpId() const; int Trainee::GetEmpId() const{
return(m_iEmpId);
float GetSal() const;
}
void SalHike() const; float Trainee::GetSal() const{
void SetSal(float fSal); return(m_fSal);
void SetEmpId(int iEmpID); }
void Trainee::SalHike() const{
};
m_fSal=m_fSal+1000;
m_iEmpId=1001;
}
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const Objects
• Objects which cannot modify the value of data members
• It can invoke only static & const methods

class Trainee { void Trainee::SetEmpId(int iEmpId) {

private: m_iEmpId=iEmpId;
int m_iEmpId; }
float m_fSal; int Trainee::GetEmpId() const{
return(m_iEmpId);
public:
} Invalid
int GetEmpId() const;
void SetEmpId(int iEmpId);
};
const Trainee oT1;
oT1.SetEmpId(100);
printf(“%d”,oT1.GetEmpId());

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Function – Default Arguments
SetData(1001,1200)
• Allows function call without supplying all arguments
• Function assigns the default value to the argument which is notSetData(1001,1000)
supplied during
function invocation
• Should be on the trailing end Invalid
• Should be specified either in the function declaration or in definition
class Trainee { void Trainee::SetData(int iEmpId,
private: float fSal) {
int m_iEmpId; m_iEmpId=iEmpId;
float m_fSal; m_fSal=fSal;
public: }
void SetData(int iEmpId,float fSal=1000); void Trainee::CalculateSal() {
void CalculateSal(); // Code to calculate Sal
} }
Trainee oT1;
oT1.SetData(1001,1200);
oT1.SetData(1001);
oT1.SetData();

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 Polymorphism
• Is a Greek word, which means one name, multiple forms.
• Is the ability of objects to respond differently to the same message. The kind of
response is dependent on the data types used at a given instance.
• Allows objects having different internal structure to share the same external
interface.

Polymorphism

Compile Time Run Time

Polymorphism Polymorphism

Method
Overloading Templates
Virtual
Functions
Operator
Overloading

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 Polymorphism - Binding

• Binding refers to the process of linking a procedure call to the code to be

executed in response of the call.
• Are of two types.
– Static binding or Early or Compile time binding and
– Dynamic binding or Late or Runtime binding.
• In Static binding the code associated with a given procedure call is resolved
during compiler time.
• In Dynamic binding the code associated with a given procedure call is resolved
during run-time.

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 Function Overloading
• In C++, we can have more than one function with the same name.
• The signature of each overloaded function must be unique.
• The signature refers to the number, type and order of the parameters.
• The compiler will determine which version of the function is being invoked by
analyzing the parameters.
int abs(int iNum) {
if(iNum<0) iNum=-iNum;
return (iNum);
}
float abs(float fNum) {
if(fNum<0) fNum=-fNum;
return (iNum);
}

int main(int argc, char * argv[] ) {

int iNum = -10;
float fNum = 2.3f;
printf(“%d”,abs(iNum));
printf(“%f”,abs(fNum));
}
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 Function Overloading and Ambiguity

void fnOne(int iValue1,int iValue2=10) {

printf(“Inside function with two parameters:%d %d“,iValue1,iValue2);
}

void fnOne(int iValue1) {

printf(“Inside function with one parameters: %d“,iValue1);
}
int main(int argc,char** argv) {
fnOne(21);
/*compiler won’t be able to decide which function to be invoked*/

fnOne(10,20); //no ambiguity

}

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 Constructor overloading

• Similar to functions, methods can also be overloaded

• Class can have more than one methods with same name and different
implementations
• Constructors can also overloaded
• Destructors CANNOT BE overloaded

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Method Returning Object - Example
class Circle { Circle::Circle(int iRadius){
private: m_iRadius=iRadius;
int m_iRadius; }
public: float Circle::Area() {
Circle(int iRadius); return(m_iRadius*m_iRadius*3.14);
float Area(); }
Circle ScaleUp(int iTimes); Circle ScaleUp(int iTimes) {
}; Circle oTemp(m_iRadius*iTimes);
return(oTemp);
}

//Usage
Circle oC1(1);
printf(“%f”,oC1.Area());
Circle oC2=oC1.ScaleUp(2);
printf(“%f %f”,oC1.Area(), oC2.Area());

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Cascading Method Call - Example
class Circle { Circle::Circle(int iRadius){
Private: m_iRadius=iRadius;
int m_iRadius; }
public: float Circle::Area() {
Circle(int iRadius); return(m_iRadius*m_iRadius*3.14);
float Area(); }
Circle ScaleUp(int iTimes); Circle ScaleUp(int iTimes) {
}; Circle oTemp(m_iRadius*iTimes);
return(oTemp);
}

//Main Program
Circle oC1(1);
printf(“%f”,oC1.Area());
float fArea = oC1.ScaleUp(2).Area();
printf(“%f”,fArea);

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‘this’ pointer

• ‘this’ pointer is a pointer that is automatically available in all non-static member

functions of a class.
• Allows objects to access its own address within member functions
• Points to the current object, that is, object that invoked the method.
• When a member function is called, it is automatically passed an implicit
argument that is a pointer to the invoking object
• Since static functions can be called even without objects, ‘this’ pointer cannot
be used with static member functions.

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‘this’ pointer - Example
class Circle { void Circle::SetRadius(int iRadius) {
private: this->iRadius=iRadius;
int iRadius; // no m_ }
public: // this is intentional int Circle::GetRadius() {
void SetRadius(int iRadius); return(iRadius); //return(this->iRadius)
void GetRadius() }
float Area(); float Circle::Area() {
}; return(3.14f*iRadius*iRadius);
}

//Main Program

Circle oC1(1);
printf(“%f”,oC1.Area());

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Method Returning Object Using ‘this’ pointer - Example
class Circle { Circle::Circle(int iRadius){
private: m_iRadius=iRadius;
int m_iRadius; }
public: float Circle::Area() {
Circle(int iRadius); return(m_iRadius*m_iRadius*3.14)
float Area(); }
Circle ScaleUp(int iTimes); Circle ScaleUp(int iTimes) {
}; this->m_iRadius=m_iRadius*iTimes;
return(*this);
}

//Main Program

Circle oC1(1);
printf(“%f”,oC1.Area());
Circle oC2=oC1.ScaleUp(2);
printf(“%f %f”,oC1.Area(), oC2.Area());
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Method Returning Reference to an Object - Example
class Circle { Circle::Circle(int iRadius){
private: m_iRadius=iRadius;
int m_iRadius; }
public: Float Circle::Area() {
Circle(int iRadius); return(m_iRadius*m_iRadius*3.14)
float Area(); }
Circle & ScaleUp(int iTimes); Circle& ScaleUp(int iTimes) {
}; this->m_iRadius=m_iRadius*iTimes;
return(*this);
}

//Main Program
Circle oC1(1);
printf(“%f”,oC1.Area());
Circle oC2=oC1.ScaleUp(2);
printf(“%f %f”,oC1.Area(), oC2.Area());

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Method Returning pointer to an Object - Example
class Circle { Circle::Circle(int iRadius){
Private: m_iRadius=iRadius;
int m_iRadius; }
public: float Circle::Area() {
Circle(int iRadius); return(m_iRadius*m_iRadius*3.14f);
float Area(); }
Circle* ScaleUp(int iTimes); Circle* ScaleUp(int iTimes) {
}; this->m_iRadius=m_iRadius*iTimes;
return(this);
}

//Main Program
Circle oC1(1);
Circle* poC1;
printf(“%f”,oC1.Area());
poC2=oC1.ScaleUp(2);
printf(“%f %f”,oC1.Area(), poC2->Area());
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Aggregation

• refers to a relationship where one class contains objects of another class as

it’s data members
• is also called as “Has-A” relationship and also called as “Containership”

Circle Point

- Center: Point -X : Integer

- Radius: Integer -Y : Integer

+SetRadius (Integer): void +SetX (Integer): void

+SetCenter(Point): void +SetY(Integer): void
+GetRadius(): Integer +GetX(): Integer
+GetCenter(): Point +GetY(): Integer

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Aggregation – Example (1 of 3)
// Class Point Declaration // Class Point Implementation
Point::Point(int iX,int iY) {
class Point { m_iX=iX;
private: m_iY=iY;
}
int m_iX;
void Point::SetX(int iX) {
int m_iY;
m_iX=iX;
public:
}
Point(int iX, int iY); void Point::SetY(int iY) {
void SetX(int iX); m_iY=iY;
void SetY(int iY); }
int GetX(); int Point::GetX() {
int GetY(); return (m_iX);
}; }
int Point::GetY() {
return(m_iY);
}

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Aggregation – Example (2 of 3)
//Class Circle declaration // Class Circle implementation
Circle::Circle(Point oP1,int iRadius) {
class Circle{
m_oCenter=oP1;
private: m_iRadius=iRadius;
Point m_oCenter; }
int m_iRadius; void Circle::SetCenter(Point oP1) {
public: m_oCenter=oP1;
}
Circle(Point oP1,int iRadius);
void Circle::SetRadius(int iRadius) {
void SetCenter(Point oP1); m_iRadius=iRadius;
void SetRadius(int iRadius); }
int GetRadius(); int Circle::GetRadius() {
returrn(m_iRadius);
float Area();
}
Point& GetCenter(); float Circle::Area() {
}; return(3.14*m_iRadius*m_iRadius);
}
Point& GetCenter() {
return(m_oCenter);
}
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Aggregation – Example (3 of 3)
int main(int argc,char** argv) {
Point oCenter(100,100); // Point object representing (100,100)
Circle oC1(oCenter,10); //Circle Object with center (100,100) and radius 10

oC1.GetCenter().SetX(50);
oC1.GetCenter().SetY(50);
oC1.SetRadius(3);

printf(“\nArea=%d”,oC1.Area());

return 0;
}

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Operator Overloading - A feature of C++

• provides the idea of Extensibility.

• That is adding new definitions to the existing operators. In other words, giving
extra work to the operator that already has some work.

• However this is not commonly used and hence is not discussed here

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Input/Output Statements – cin and cout
• cin is used for accepting data from the user
• cout is used for displaying information on the monitor
• cin and cout are declared in the header file iostream.h, So, it should be included using
#include<iostream>

• The syntax of cout (statement):

cout << String-Mesg/variable-name1 << String-Mesg/variable-name2 … ;

• Here, << is called insertion operator which inserts output to Output Device (Monitor).

• Typically the data in the output stream may get onto the monitor by default or can be
redirected to files or any other output device.

• Examples:
cout<<“Hello World” ;
cout<<“Infosys Technologies Ltd., \n”;
cout<<“Employee Name : “<< acName << endl;
cout<<“\t\t Employee Number : “ << iEmpID << “\n”;
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Input/Output Statements – cin and cout
• The syntax of cin (statement):

cin >> variable-name1 >> variable-name2 >> variable-name3 …;

• Here, >> is called extraction operator which extracts input from

keyboard to variable.

• Examples:
cout<< “ Enter your name : “;
cin >> acName ; // reads a string
cout<< “ Enter your Emp_ID and Salary : “;
cin >> iEmpID >> fSalary; // reads an integer and
// a floating point number

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Summary
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
• Inline Functions
• Static Members
• Const Members
• Polymorphism
• Function/Method Overloading
• Ambiguity in Function Overloading
• this pointer
• Aggregation
• Cin & Cout

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 Thank You!

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