ADMINISTRATIVE DISTANCE (AD)

When identical prefixes are discovered fro t!o or ore

separate so"rces# Adinistrative Distance (AD) is "sed to discriinate
$et!een the paths% AD is a poor choice of !ords& trustworthiness is a
$etter nae% Ro"ters "se paths !ith the lo!er AD%
TABLE 1-1 Routing Protocols and Their Default
Administrative Distance
Information Source AD
Connected '
Static (
External )*+ ()order *ate!a, +rotocol) -'
Internal EI*R+ (Enhanced I*R+) .'
I*R+ (Internet *ate!a, Ro"tin/ +rotocol) (''
0S+1 (0pen Shortest +ath 1irst) (('
IS2IS (Interediate S,ste to Interediate S,ste) ((3
RI+ (Ro"tin/ Inforation +rotocol) (-'
0DR (0n Deand Ro"tin/) (4'
External EI*R+ (5'
Internal )*+ -''
6n7no!n -33
AD can $e chan/ed for an, protocol "sin/ coand(in ro"ter ode)8
Distance 9
C0M+ARIN* R06TIN* +R0T0C0:S
Distance-vector routing is broken down into two parts: distance and vector. Distance
is the measure of how far it is to reach the destination, or the metric to reach the
destination. Vector, or direction, is the direction the packet must travel to reach that
destination. This is determined by the next hop of the path.
Distance-vector routing protocols are known to route by rumor. hat this means is
that a router will learn routes from its neighbors. Those neighbors learned the routes from
their neighbors. !t reminds me of my old high school days when one person would tell
another person something and by the end of the day the entire school knew.
Distance-vector routing protocols are "!# v$,"!# v%,!&"# and '!&"#. '!&"# is an
advanced distance-vector protocol and it has some characteristics of a link-state protocol.
TABLE 1 . 1
Distance-Vector Comparisons
Characteristic RIPv1 RIPv2 IGRP EIGRP
Count to infinity
Split horizon with
poison reverse

Holddown timer
Triggered updates
with route poisoning
Load balancing with
eual paths
Load balancing with
uneual paths
VLS! support
"utomatic
Summarization
!anual
Summarization
!etric Hops Hops Composite Composite
Hop count limit #$ #$ %$$ &#'' by default( %$$ &#'' by default(
Support for size of
)etwor* Small Small !edium Large
!ethod of
"dvertisement +roadcast !ulticast +roadcast !ulticast
,hat is periodic update or periodic update timer-
.t is the length of the time for which a router waits before sending routing update
to its neighbours/,hen this time e0pires1 a distance-vector protocol sends full
routing table to the neighbours/ +ut 2.345 doesn6t send periodic update/
5eridic update timer for 4.5 is 7' secs and for .345 is 8' secs/
9S5: sends updates by every 7' mins using LS"/
,hat is convergence-
.t is the process in which a router using a routing protocol has *nown about all
the networ*s in an internetwor*/
How to speed up convergence-
To speed "p conver/ence on a net!or7 is !ith the "se of triggered updates and
route poisoning% Instead of the ro"ter;s havin/ to !ait "ntil the periodic "pdate tier
expires to send o"t an "pdate# a tri//ered "pdate sends o"t an "pdate as soon as a
si/nificant event occ"rs%

Ro"te poisonin/ is the iediate reoval of a ro"te fro the local ro"ter;s
ro"tin/ ta$le# once it is deterined that the ro"te is no lon/er valid and s"$se<"entl,
advertises this fact to nei/h$ors%
What is =olddo!n tier9
The holddo!n tier is "sed !hen inforation a$o"t a ro"te chan/es for the
!orse (/reater etric or "nreacha$le)% When the ne! inforation is received or a ro"te is
reoved# the ro"ter !ill place that ro"te in a holddo!n state% This eans that the ro"ter
!ill advertise $"t !ill not accept !orse advertiseents a$o"t this ro"te fro an,
nei/h$or# other than the one fro !hich the ro"te !as ori/inall, learned# for the tie
period specified $, the holddo!n tier% After the tie period expires# the ro"ter !ill start
considerin/ all advertiseents a$o"t the ro"te%
The $enefit of "sin/ holddo!n tiers is that# if "sed properl,# the, !ill c"t
do!n on the ao"nt of !ron/ inforation $ein/ advertised a$o"t ro"tes% The
disadvanta/e is that conver/ence ties a, increase%
What is invalid tier9
This tier is "sed !hen a nei/h$o"r /oes do!n% The ro"ter !ill not infor other
ro"ters that a nei/h$o"r has /one do!n and it !ill contin"e to send inforation re/ardin/
ro"tes connected to the lost nei/h$o"r "ntil the invalid tier expires% When this tier
expires# the ro"ter !ill infor a$o"t lost nei/h$o"r thro"/h periodic or tri//ered "pdate%
Dependin/ on the ro"tin/ protocol# the defa"lt invalid tier is set at three or six
ties the periodic "pdate tier and is reset for a partic"lar ro"te "pon receipt of an
"pdate for that ro"te%
What is fl"sh tier9
It is the tie for !hich a ro"ter !aits $efore discardin/ or fl"shin/ a!a, an invalid
ro"te fro the local ro"tin/ ta$le% 1l"sh tiers are not practicall, "sed in case of RI+%
1l"sh tier is al!a,s /reater than invalid tier%

), defa"lt# for I*R+# the fl"sh tier is e<"al to or /reater than the s" of the invalid
and holddo!n tiers%

It is al!a,s $etter to "se defa"lt tier val"es #as recoended $, Cisco%
What is split hori>on9
Split =ori>on is a r"le !hich tells a ro"ter not to advertise a ro"te o"t of the interface
fro !hich it has alread, learned that ro"te%1or exaple# Ro"ter A tells a$o"t the
net!or7 ('%'%'%' to Ro"ter )% No! the Ro"ter ) "st not tell a$o"t the sae net!or7 to
Ro"ter A %
In other !ords# split hori>on eans ?Don;t tell e !hat I have alread, told ,o"%@
What is poison reverse9
+oison reverse is a r"le "sed $, a I*R+ ro"ter to send an infinite etric re/ardin/ a
ro"te inaccessi$le $, the local ro"ter to the nei/h$o"r and finall, ro"te is fl"shed o"t%
1or I*R+# infinit, is the val"e A#-.A#.45#-.3# !hich represents a B-2$it field of all (s in
$inar,%
What are the siilarities $et!een RI+ v2( and RI+ v2-9
)oth are distance2vector ro"tin/ protocols and "se )ellan21ord al/orith%
+eriodic "pdate tierCB' secs
Ro"te Invalid tierC(D' secs
=olddo!n TierC(D' secs# started after ro"te invalid tier
Ro"te fl"sh tierC-A' secs
Maxi" =op Co"ntC(3
What are the differences $et!een RI+ v2( and RI+ v2-9
RI+ v2- is classless and RI+ v2( is classf"l
RI+ v2- s"pports a"thentication "sin/ cleartext or MD3
RI+ v2- "lticast ro"te "pdate $"t RI+ v2( $roadcast the%
RI+ v2- carries next2hop address !ith each advertised ro"te entr,%
What are the val"es for I*R+ tiers9
+eriodic "pdate tierC.' secs
Ro"te Invalid tierC.'EBC-5' secs
=olddo!n TierC.'EBC-5'F('C-D' secs
Ro"te fl"sh tierC.'E5C4B' secs
Maxi" =op Co"ntC('' $, defa"lt
What are the feat"res of the I*R+9
(% I*R+ "ses coposite etric($and!idth#dela,#load and relia$ilit,)%), defa"lt onl,
)and!ith and Dela, are "sed to calc"late etric%
-% 6ser can confi/"re I*R+ etric% ), defa"lt#
MetricC$and!idthFdela,
B% ), defa"lt# I*R+ can load2$alance aon/ fo"r e<"al paths%
A% To chan/e this settin/#"se the coand(in ro"ter ode)8
3% axi"2paths G(24H
4% I*R+ can also load2$alance aon/ "ne<"al paths "sin/ the variance coand%
5% Tri//ered "pdate is "sed $, I*R+ !hen etric of a ro"te chan/es%
D% To prevent ro"tin/ loops# holddo!n tier is "sed%
What are the dra!$ac7s of I*R+9
(% It is classf"l ro"tin/ protocol and doesn;t s"pport V:SM%
-% It can $e "sed onl, for sall2to2edi" net!or7s%
B% It $roadcasts ro"tin/ "pdates and this /enerates net!or7 traffic%
A% Man"al S"arisation is not s"pported%
:INI2STATE R06TIN*
Link-state routing is different in that each ro"ter 7no!s the exact
topolo/, of the net!or7% This in t"rn liits the n"$er of $ad ro"tin/ decisions that can
$e ade% :in72state ro"tin/ can accoplish this $eca"se ever, ro"ter in the ro"tin/
doain or area has a siilar vie! of the net!or7# placin/ itself at the root of a
hierarchical tree% Each ro"ter in the net!or7 !ill report on the state of each directl,
connected lin7% Each ro"ter then pla,s a part in propa/atin/ this learned inforation "ntil
all ro"ters in the net!or7 have it% Each ro"ter that receives this inforation !ill ta7e a
snapshot of it%
It;s iportant to reali>e that the other ro"ters do not a7e an, chan/e to
the "pdates received% This in t"rn ens"res that all ro"ters in the process have the sae
relative vie! of the net!or7# allo!in/ each ro"ter to a7e its o!n ro"tin/ decisions
$ased "pon the sae inforation%
Another 7e, difference of lin72state ro"tin/ is that each ro"ter does not
send its entire ro"tin/ ta$le% The onl, inforation that is sent are the chan/es that have
occ"rred or a essa/e statin/ that nothin/ has chan/ed after a /iven period of tie has
passed% This is 7no!n as a lin72state advertiseent (:SA)% An :SA is /enerated for each
lin7 on a ro"ter% Each :SA incl"des an identifier for the lin7# the state of the lin7# and a
etric for the lin7% With the "se of :SAs# lin72state protocols c"t do!n on the ao"nt of
$and!idth "tili>ed% The disadvanta/e of a lin72state ro"tin/ protocol is that it is ore
coplex to confi/"re than a distance2vector ro"tin/ protocol%
0S+1 and IS2IS are lin72state protocols%
TABLE 1 . 2 Lin*-State Comparisons
Characteristic OSPF IS-IS EIGRP
Hierarchical topology supported through areas
4etains *nowledge of all possible routes
!anual route summarization
"utomatic route summarization
2vent-triggered announcements
Load balancing with uneual-cost paths
Load balancing with eual-cost paths
VLS! support
!etric Cost Cost Composite
Hop count limit ;nlimited #'%< #'' by default
Support for size of networ* Very large Very large Large

EIGRP
What are the features of EIGRP?
Enhanced Interior *ate!a, Ro"tin/ +rotocol (EI*R+) is a Cisco
proprietar, classless ro"tin/ protocol that "ses a coplex etric $ased
on $and!idth and dela,% The follo!in/ are soe feat"res of EI*R+8
(% S"pports fast conver/ence and V:SM
-% S"pports all la,er - protocols and topolo/ies
B% Doesn;t send f"ll ro"tin/ "pdates# J"st partial "pdates%
A% S"pports sec"re a"thentication "sin/ MD3%
3% M"lticasts "pdates and soeties "nicast is also "sed%
4% S"pports "ne<"al load2$alancin/%
5% S"pports a sophisticated etric $ased on $and!idth and dela,%
What are the key technologies of EIGRP?
(% K"ic7 nei/h$or discover, "sin/ =ello essa/es%
-% RT+ (Relia$le Transport +rotocol) controls EI*R+ essa/es%
B% D6A: (Diff"sin/ 6pdate Al/orith) "sed to find the $est ro"tes%
A% Mod"les (pl"/2ins) for s"pport of I+# I+L and AppleTal7%
What are the five packet types used by EIGRP?
. 1 =elloMIdentifies nei/h$ors and serves as a 7eepalive echanis
. 2 6pdateMRelia$l, sends ro"te inforation
. 3 K"er,MRelia$l, re<"ests specific ro"te inforation
. 4 Repl,MRelia$l, responds to a <"er,
. 5 ACIMAc7no!led/ent

EI*R+ is relia$le# $"t hellos and ACIs are not ac7no!led/ed% The
ac7no!led/eent to a <"er, is a repl,%
How does EIGRP work?
When EI*R+ first starts# it "ses hellos to $"ild a nei/h$or ta$le% Nei/h$ors are
directl, attached ro"ters that have a atchin/ AS n"$er and 7 val"es (the tiers don;t
have to a/ree)% The process of nei/h$or discover, and ro"te exchan/e $et!een t!o
EI*R+ ro"ters is as follo!s8
Step 1. Ro"ter A sends o"t a hello%
Step 2. Ro"ter ) sends $ac7 a hello and an "pdate% The "pdate
contains ro"tin/ inforation%
Step 3. Ro"ter A ac7no!led/es the "pdate%
Step 4. Ro"ter A sends its "pdate%
Step 5. Ro"ter ) ac7no!led/es%
0nce t!o ro"ters are EI*R+ nei/h$ors# the, "se hellos $et!een the as
7eep lives% Additional ro"te inforation is sent onl, if a ro"te is lost or a ne! ro"te is
discovered% A nei/h$or is considered lost if no hello is received !ithin three hello periods
(called the hold time)%
What are the default values for EIGRP hello period and hold time?
1or lin7s /reater than T( and for point2to2point edia8
=ello tier C 3 secs
=old tier C 3EB C (3 secs
1or lin7s saller than or e<"al to T(8
=ello tier C 4' secs
=old tier C 4'EB C (D' secs
What do you know about EIGRP metric?
Metric(s) isNare factors "sed $, ro"ter to deterine the $est path to reach to the
destination net!or7% To deterine the $est path or etric# EI*R+ "se the follo!in/
factors (or criteria)8
)and!idth 8 The sallest $and!idth $et!een so"rce and destination%
Dela, 8 The c""lative interface dela, in icroseconds alon/ the path%
The a$ove factors are "sed $, defa"lt $, EI*R+% The follo!in/ criteria can $e
"sed $"t are not recoended $eca"se the, t,picall, res"lt in fre<"ent recalc"lation of
the topolo/, ta$le8
Relia$ilit, 8 This val"e represents the !orst relia$ilit, $et!een the so"rce and destination
# $ased on 7eep alives%
:oad 8 This val"e represents the !orst load on a lin7 $et!een the so"rce and destination
cop"ted $ased on the pac7et rate and the confi/"red $and!idth of the interface%
Altho"/h the axi" transission "nit (MT6) is exchan/ed in EI*R+ pac7ets
$et!een nei/h$or ro"ters# MT6 is not factored into the EI*R+ etric calc"lation%


Metric can $e also defined as a val"e calc"lated $, the EI*R+ ro"ter to
deterine the $est path to reach to the destination ne!or7% 1or"la "sed to calc"late
EI*R+ etric is (considerin/ defa"lt 7 val"es)8
Metric C -34 ($and!idth F dela,)
The EI*R+ etric is -34 ties the I*R+ etric8
EI*R+ etric C -34 E I*R+ etric
What are ! and "!?
D6A: selects a $est path and a second $est path to reach a destination% The $est
path selected $, D6A: is the Os"ccessor; and the second $est path# if availa$le# is the
feasi$le s"ccessor or $ac7"p ro"te% The feasi$le distance (1D) is the lo!est calc"lated
etric of a path to reach the destination% The 1D of the s"ccessor path is al!a,s less than
that of feasi$le s"ccessor path%
AD (Advertised Distance) is the etric of the nei/h$or to the net!or7% 1D is the
distance of the ro"ter to the net!or7 thro"/h the nei/h$or% AD is the distance as
advertised $, the nei/h$or%
AD C distance or EI*R+ etric of the nei/h$or to the net!or7%
1D C distance or EI*R+ etric of the ro"ter to the nei/h$or F AD
Confi/"re EI*R+ on a ro"ter and /ive coand8
Sho! ip ro"te
In the o"tp"t# if a ro"te is ar7ed as O+;# this eans ro"ter doesn;t need to
perfor an, calc"lation to reach the net!or7% +assive ro"te is the $est ro"te%
If a ro"te is ar7ed as OA;# this eans all the paths to reach the destination
net!or7 are lost and the ro"ter is activel, tr,in/ to /et an, repl, fro nei/h$ors% The
Active (A) state of a ro"ter reains for B in"tes (defa"lt active tier)% When the Active
Tier expires# the ro"te is ar7ed as SIA (st"c72in2active)%
What are the EIGRP tables?
EI*R+ "ses three ta$les8
(% Nei/h$or Ta$le
-% Topolo/, Ta$le
B% Ro"tin/ Ta$le ("sed $, all the ro"tin/ protocols)
The nei/h$or ta$le is $"ilt fro EI*R+ hellos and "sed for relia$le deliver,%
The topolo/, ta$le contains EI*R+ ro"tin/ inforation for $est pahs and loop2
free alternatives%
EI*R+ places $est ro"tes fro its topolo/, ta$le into the coon ro"tin/ ta$le%
What do you know about EIGRP load balancing?
:i7e ost ro"tin/ protocols# EI*R+ can load $alance over "ltiple paths !hich
have e<"al or nearl, e<"al etricNcost% 0ne ver, "ni<"e characteristic of EI*R+ is that
,o" can confi/"re it to proportionall, load $alance over "ne<"al etric paths% The
Ovariance; coand is "sed to confi/"re load $alancin/ over "p to six loop2free paths
!ith a etric lo!er than the prod"ct of the variance and the $est etric%
What do you know about EIGRP #ummarisation?
EI*R+ a"toaticall, s"arises classf"l net!or7s% It is $etter to disa$le this
feat"re of EI*R+%
Ro"ter ei/rp ('
No a"to2s"ar,
Po" can advertise a s"ar, ro"te thro"/h an interface "sin/ EI*R+% To
advertise a defa"lt ro"te thro"/h interface fa'N'8
Int fa'N'
Ip s"ar,2address ei/rp (' '%'%'%' '%'%'%'
To advertise a ran/e of net!or7s thro"/h interface s'N' as a s"ar, ro"te8
Int s'N'
Ip s"ar,2address ei/rp (' (5-%(4%'%' -33%-AD%'%'
How EIGRP use W$ %andwidth?
), defa"lt# EI*R+ process !ill "se onl, half of the $and!idth of a lin7% Po" can
confi/"re EI*R+ to "se ver, liited $and!idth% 1or exaple# $and!idth of a lin7 is -34
7$ps% We !ant EI*R+ to "se onl, -3Q of $and!idth availa$le% *ive coand8
Int s'N'
Ip $and!idth2percent ei/rp (' -3
So -3N('' E -34 C 4A 7$ps !ill $e "sed $, EI*R+%
With WAN lin7s# it is iportant to tell the ro"ter a$o"t the act"al $and!idth of a
WAN lin7 $eca"se ro"ter can ass"e that WAN lin7 can $"rst%
Int s'N'
)and!idth -34
What do you know about EIGRP uthentication?
EI*R+ doesn;t s"pport siple a"thentication instead it s"pports sec"re
a"thentication "sin/ an MD3 hash% At first# a 7e, chain is /enerated and !ithin that 7e,
chain# a 7e, is created% Then an a"thentication strin/ or pass!ord is set% :ifetie is
confi/"red for the 7e,s and this lifetie "st $e e<"al on all the ro"ters% +ass!ord "st
$e the sae on all the EI*R+ ro"ters%
1inall,# MD3 a"thentication is ena$led# "sin/ the 7e, chain# on an interface%
Ro"ter(confi/)Rkey chain R&R'uth
Ro"ter(confi/27e,chain)Rkey (
Ro"ter(confi/27e,chain27e,)Rkey)string mykey
Ro"ter(confi/27e,chain27e,)Rsend)lifetime (*+(,+** -**
Ro"ter(confi/27e,chain27e,)Raccept)lifetime (*+**+** (*+*,+**
.
Ro"ter(confi/)Rinterface s*/*/*
Ro"ter(confi/2if)Rip authentication mode eigrp (* md,
Ro"ter(confi/2if)Rip authentication key)chain eigrp (* R&R'uth
What do you know about EIGRP #calability?
A internet!or7 "sin/ EI*R+ ro"ters is scala$le "sin/ the follo!in/ feat"res8
(% When possi$le# "se ro"te s"arisation%
-% Net!or7 depth of no ore than seven hopes%
B% :iit the scope of EI*R+ <"eries%
A% Stub routing is one !a, to liit <"eries% A st"$ ro"ter is one that is connected to no
ore than t!o nei/h$ors and sho"ld never $e a transit ro"ter% When a ro"ter is
confi/"red as an EI*R+ st"$# it notifies its nei/h$ors% The nei/h$ors then do not <"er,
that ro"ter for a lost ro"te% 6nder ro"ter confi/"ration ode# "se the coand
eigrp stub 0receive)only1connected1static1summary2%
An EI*R+ st"$ ro"ter still receives all ro"tes fro its nei/h$ors $, defa"lt%
What are #I)3ueries and #I)Replies?
Ro"ters "se SIA-Queries and SIA-Replies to prevent loss of a nei/h$or
"nnecessaril, d"rin/ SIA conditions% A ro"ter sends its nei/h$or a SIA2K"er, after no
repl, to a noral <"er,% If the nei/h$or responds !ith a SIA2Repl,# then the ro"ter does
not terinate the nei/h$or relationship after three in"tes# $eca"se it 7no!s the nei/h$or
is availa$le%
What is Graceful #hutdown?
Graceful shutdown is another feat"re that speeds net!or7 conver/ence%
Whenever the EI*R+ process is sh"t do!n# the ro"ter sends a ?/ood$,e@ essa/e to its
nei/h$ors% The nei/h$ors can then iediatel, recalc"late an, paths that "sed the ro"ter
as the next hop# rather than !aitin/ for the hold tier to expire%
4#P"
What are the features of 4#P"?
(% 0S+1 is an open2standard# classless ro"tin/ protocol that conver/es <"ic7l, and
"ses cost as a etric (Cisco I0S a"toaticall, associates cost !ith $and!idth)%
-% 0S+1 is a lin72state ro"tin/ protocol and "ses DiJ7stra;s Shortest +ath 1irst (S+1)
al/orith to deterine its $est path to each net!or7%
B% 0S+1 is availa$le in t!o versions2version ( and version - $"t onl, version - is
"sed%
A% M"lti2+rotocol :a$el S!itchin/ (M+:S) can $e "sed !ith 0S+1%
What are the advantages of using 4#P"?
(% 0S+1 internet!or7s have hirarchical desi/n and are divided into areas and this
enhance scala$ilit, of 0S+1%
-% :SD) (:in7 State Data$ase) ta$les "sed $, 0S+1 red"ce ro"tin/ loops%
B% 0S+1 s"pports classless ro"tin/ and sipleNsec"re a"thentication of ro"tin/
"pdates exchan/ed aon/ 0S+1 ro"ters%
A% Man"al s"arisation s"pported $, 0S+1 red"ces ro"tin/ ta$les% A"toatic
S"arisation is not s"pported $, 0S+1%
3% 0S+1 saves net!or7 $and!idth $, sendin/ ro"tin/ "pdates onl, !hen chan/es
occ"r%
4% 0S+1 ro"ters co"nicate !ith each other "sin/ "lticatin/%
5% 0S+1 traffic is "lticast to either of t!o addresses8 --A%'%'%3 for all 0S+1 ro"ters
or --A%'%'%4 for all 0S+1 DRs%

How does 4#P" work?
(% 0S+1 ro"ters exchan/e hellos !ith each nei/h$or# learnin/ Ro"ter ID
(RID) and cost% Nei/h$or inforation is 7ept in the adJacenc, data$ase%
-% The ro"ter then constr"cts the appropriate :in7 State Advertiseents
(:SA)# !hich incl"de inforation s"ch as the RIDs of# and cost to#
each nei/h$or%
B% Each ro"ter in the ro"tin/ doain shares its :SAs !ith
all other ro"ters%
A% Each ro"ter 7eeps the coplete set of :SAs in a
ta$leMthe :in7 State Data$ase (:SD))%
3% Each ro"ter r"ns the S+1 al/orith to cop"te $est paths% It then
s"$its these paths for incl"sion in the ro"tin/ ta$le# or for!ardin/
data$ase%
What are 4#P" packets?
0S+1 "ses five pac7et t,pes% It does not "se 6D+ or TC+ for transittin/ its
pac7ets% Instead# it r"ns directl, over I+ (I+ protocol D.) "sin/ an 0S+1 header% 0ne field
in this header identifies the t,pe of pac7et $ein/ carried% The five 0S+1 pac7et t,pes are8
HelloMIdentifies nei/h$ors and serves as a 7eepalive%
5ink #tate Re6uest 75#R8MA re<"est for an :in7 State 6pdate (:S6)% Contains the
t,pe of :S6 re<"ested and the ID of the ro"ter re<"estin/ it%
!atabase !escription 7!%!8MA s"ar, of the :SD)# incl"din/ the RID and
se<"ence n"$er of each :SA in the :SD)%
5ink #tate 9pdate 75#98MContains a f"ll :SA entr,% An :SA incl"des topolo/,
inforation& for exaple# the RID of this ro"ter and the RID and cost to each nei/h$or%
0ne :S6 can contain "ltiple :SAs%
5ink #tate cknowledgment 75#ck8MAc7no!led/es all other 0S+1 pac7ets (except
hellos)%
How do 4#P" routers become neighbors?
0S+1 ro"ters send o"t periodic "lticast pac7ets to introd"ce theselves to other
ro"ters on a lin7% The, $ecoe nei/h$ors !hen the, see their o!n ro"ter ID incl"ded in
the Nei/h$or field of the hello fro another ro"ter% Seein/ this tells each ro"ter that the,
have $idirectional co"nication% In addition# t!o ro"ters "st $e on a coon s"$net
for a nei/h$or relationship to $e fored% (Virt"al lin7s are soeties an exception to this
r"le%)
Certain paraeters !ithin the 0S+1 hellos "st also atch in order for
t!o ro"ters to $ecoe nei/h$ors% The, incl"de8
=elloNdead tiers
Area ID
A"thentication t,pe and pass!ord
St"$ area fla/
What is 4#P" Router I!?
), defa"lt# the RID is the hi/hest loop$ac7 I+ address% If no loop$ac7 addresses
are confi/"red# the RID is the hi/hest I+ address on an active interface !hen the 0S+1
process is started%
Ro"ter(confi/)Rinterface loopback*
Ro"ter(confi/2if)Rip address (*:*:*:( ;,,:;,,:;,,:;,,
A !a, to override the defa"lt RID selection is to staticall, assi/n it
"sin/ the 0S+1 router)id coand%
Ro"ter(confi/)Rrouter ospf <
Ro"ter(confi/2ro"ter)Rrouter)id (*:*:*:(
What do you know about 4#P" $etwork #tructure or 4#P" areas?
0S+1 ro"tin/ doains are $ro7en "p into areas% An 0S+1 net!or7 "st contain
an area '# and a, contain other areas% The S+1 al/orith r"ns !ithin an area# and inter2
area ro"tes are passed $et!een areas% A t!o2level hierarch, to 0S+1 areas exists& area '
is desi/ned as a transit area# and other areas sho"ld $e attached directl, to area ' and onl,
to area '% The lin72state data$ase "st $e identical for each ro"ter in an area% 0S+1 areas
t,picall, contain a axi" of 3'S('' ro"ters# dependin/ on net!or7 volatilit,%
What do you know about 4#P" metric?
In Cisco ro"ters# 0S+1 etric is calc"lated as the cost assi/ned to an interface%
The cost of a lin7 is inversel, proportionall, to ('' M$ps% The cost of lin7s is advertised
to other 0S+1 ro"ters thro"/h ro"te advertiseents%
The for"la for calc"latin/ cost is
Cost C ('' M$psN)and!idth
This for"la is invalid in case ro"ters have interfaces /reater than speed of (''
M$ps% 1or exaple# if interface speed is ( *$ps# "se the a"to2cost coand8
Ro"ter(confi/2ro"ter)Rauto)cost reference)bandwidth (***
The cost can also $e an"all, assi/ned "nder the interface confi/"ration
ode% The cost is a (42$it n"$er# so it can $e an, val"e fro ( to 43#3B3%
Ro"ter(confi/2ro"ter)Rip ospf cost ;=
What are 4#P" router roles or different types of 4#P" routers?
0S+1 defines ro"ter roles as !ell% 0ne ro"ter can have "ltiple roles%
An internal router has all interfaces in one area%
%ackbone routers have at least one interface assi/ned to area '%
An rea %order Router 7%R8 has interfaces in t!o or ore
areas%
An utonomous #ystem %oundary Router 7#%R8 has interfaces
inside and o"tside the 0S+1 ro"tin/ doain%
What are the advantages of dividing 4#P" network into areas?
Minii>es the n"$er of ro"tin/ ta$le entries%
Contains :SA floodin/ to a reasona$le area%
Minii>es the ipact of a topolo/, chan/e%
Enforces the concept of a hierarchical net!or7 desi/n%
What do you know about 5# 75ink)#tate dvertisement8?
Link-state advertisement (LSA is an 0S+1 data pac7et containin/ lin72state and
ro"tin/ inforation that is shared aon/ 0S+1 ro"ters% :SA incl"des RIDs of ro"ters
and cost of the lin7s% Each ro"ter in the ro"tin/ doain shares its :SAs !ith all other
ro"ters% Each ro"ter 7eeps the coplete set of :SAs in a ta$leMthe :in7 State Data$ase
(:SD))% Each ro"ter r"ns the S+1 al/orith to cop"te $est paths% It then s"$its these
paths for incl"sion in the ro"tin/ ta$le# or for!ardin/ data$ase%
Each ro"ter aintains a data$ase of the latest received :SAs% Each :SA is
n"$ered !ith a se<"ence n"$er# and a tier is r"n to a/e o"t old :SAs% When a :SA
is received# it;s copared to the :SD)% If it is ne!# it is added to the data$ase and the
S+1 al/orith is r"n%
0S+1 se<"ence n"$ers are B- $its% The first le/al se<"ence n"$er is
'xD''''''(% :ar/er n"$ers are ore recent% The se<"ence n"$er chan/es onl, "nder
t!o conditions8
The :SA chan/es $eca"se a ro"te is added or deleted%
The :SA a/es o"t (:SAs are "pdated ever, half ho"r# even if
nothin/ chan/es)%
The coand show ip ospf database sho!s the a/e (in seconds) and
se<"ence n"$er for each RID%
What do you meant by 5#!% 4verload Protection?
In a lar/e net!or7# a ro"ter a, receive and process n"ero"s :SA and this a,
adversel, affect ro"ter Os C+6 and eor,% To protect ro"ter# ,o" a, ena$le :SD)
0verload +rotection% The ro"ter !ill then onitor n"$er of :SAs received and placed
in the :SD)%
If the specified threshold is exceeded for one in"te# the ro"ter enters the
?i/nore@ state $, droppin/ all adJacencies and clearin/ the 0S+1 data$ase% The ro"ter
res"es 0S+1 operations after thin/s have $een noral for a specified period% )e caref"l
!hen "sin/ this coand# as it disr"pts ro"tin/ !hen invo7ed%
Confi/"re :SD) overload protection !ith the 0S+1 ro"ter process
Coand8
ma>)lsa ma!imum-number Tthreshold-percentageU Ti/nore2tie minutesU
"a!imum-numberMThe threshold% This is the ost nonlocal :SAs that the ro"ter can
aintain in its :SD)%
#hreshold-percentageMA !arnin/ essa/e is sent !hen this percenta/e of the threshold
n"$er is reached% The defa"lt is 53 percent%
Ignore)time minutesMSpecifies the len/th of tie to sta, in the
i/nore state% The defa"lt is five in"tes%
What are 5# types?
:SAs are of (( t,pes $"t first 5 t,pes are iportant to note% An 0S+1 ro"ter
havin/ a specific role /enerates a specific :SA t,pe% In the ro"tin/ ta$le# different :SA
t,pes are listed !ith different s,$ols%
&ype ( 5#
It is also called Ro"ter :SA or Ro"ter :in72State advertiseent% Ever, 0S+1
ro"ter in an area /enerates this :SA and it contains or advertises onl, intra2area (!ithin
the area) ro"tes% S,$ol is 0%
&ype ; 5#
It is also called Net!or7 :SA% This :SA is /enerated $, DR (Desi/nated Ro"ter)
on a "lti2access lin7% This :SA is advertised onl, !ithin the area% S,$ol is 0%
&ype - 5#
It is also called S"ar, :SA% This :SA is /enerated $, A)R and flooded to
adJacent areas% S,$ol is 0 IA
&ype ? 5#
It is also called S"ar, :SA% This :SA is /enerated $, A)R and flooded to
adJacent areas $"t it advertises ro"tes to an AS)R% S,$ol is 0 IA
&ype , 5#
It is also called External :SA% This :SA is /enerated $, AS)R and flooded to
adJacent areas $"t it advertises ro"tes in another ro"tin/ doain% S,$ol is 0 E( or 0
E-%
&ype @ 5#
It is also called M"lticast :SA% This :SA is "sed in "lticast 0S+1 operations%
&ype = 5#
It is also called Not2so2st"$$, area (NSSA) :SA% This :SA is /enerated $, an
AS)R !ithin a NSSA area and it advertises ro"tes in ro"tin/ doain% S,$ol is 0 N( or
0 N-%
5# &APE !E#BRIP&I4$ #AC%45
T,pe ( Ro"ter :SA 0
T,pe - Net!or7 :SA 0
T,pe B S"ar, :SA 0 IA
T,pe A S"ar, :SA 0 IA
T,pe 3 External :SA 0 E( S etric increases
0 E- S etric doesn;t
increase
T,pe 4 M"lticast :SA
T,pe 5 NSSA :SA 0 N( S etric increases
0 N- S etric doesn;t
increase
Why a !R 7!esignated Router8 is needed?
The S+1 al/orith $"ilds a directed /raphMpaths ade "p of a series of points
connected $, direct lin7s% 0ne of the conse<"ences of this directed2/raph approach is that
the al/orith has no !a, to handle a "ltiaccess net!or7# s"ch as an Ethernet V:AN%
The sol"tion "sed $, 0S+1 is to elect one ro"ter# called the Desi/nated Ro"ter (DR)# to
represent the entire se/ent% +oint2to2point lin7s fit the S+1 odel perfectl, and don;t
need an, special odelin/ ethod% 0n a point2to2point lin7# no DR is elected and all
traffic is "lticast to --A%'%'%3%
What do you meant by !R and %!R?
0n a "ltiaccess lin7# one of the ro"ters is elected as a DR and another as a
$ac7"p DR ()DR)% All other ro"ters on that lin7 $ecoe adJacent onl, to the DR and
)DR# not to each other (the, stop at the t!o2!a, state)% The DR is responsi$le for
creatin/ and floodin/ a net!or7 :SA (t,pe -) advertisin/ the "ltiaccess lin7% NonDR
(DR0T=ER) ro"ters co"nicate !ith DRs "sin/ the I+ address --A%'%'%4% The DRs
"se I+ address --A%'%'%3 to pass inforation to other ro"ters%
In other !ords# a designated router ($R is "sed onl, !hen the 0S+1 ro"ter is
connected to a $roadcast ("lti2access) net!or7% To inii>e the n"$er of adJacencies
fored# a DR is chosen to disseinateNreceive ro"tin/ inforation toNfro the reainin/
ro"ters on the $roadcast net!or7 or lin7%
A backup designated router (%$R is a hot stand$, for the DR on $roadcast
("lti2access) net!or7s% The )DR receives all ro"tin/ "pdates fro 0S+1 adJacent
ro"ters $"t does not flood :SA "pdates%
What are 4#P" network types?
0S+1 s"pports five net!or7 t,pes%
$%C 7$on)%roadcast Cuti)ccess8
1rae rela,# L%-3 and ATM are N)MA net!or7s% 0S+1 nei/h$ors are
confi/"red an"all,% DR and )DR are elected d"e to "lti2access nat"re of N)MA%
%roadcast 7Culti)ccess8
Ethernet is exaple of $roadcast net!or7s% Ethernet allo!s $roadcast and so
nei/h$ors are discovered a"toaticall, $"t Ethernet provides "ti2access and so DR and
)DR are elected%
Point)to)point 7P;P8
:eased line is exaple of point2to2point net!or7% Nei/h$ors are discovered
a"toaticall, and no DR is re<"ired%
Point)to)multipoint 7P;CP8
This is a t,pe of N)MA net!or7 $"t in this net!or7# point2to2point lin7s are
created% So DR is not re<"ired and nei/h$ors are discovered a"toaticall,%
Point)to)multipoint non)broadcast 7P;C$%8
This is a Cisco proprietar, ode of net!or7% DR is not re<"ired $"t nei/h$ors are
confi/"red an"all,%
To confi/"re a nei/h$or an"all,# /ive the coand "nder 0S+1 ro"tin/ process8
Nei/h$or ('%'%'%(
To confi/"re 0S+1 ro"ters properl, in +-M+# "nder the interface confi/"ration ode#
/ive coand8
Ip ospf net!or7 point2to2"ltipoint
When confi/"rin/ 0S+1 ro"ters over frae2rela, or N)MA net!or7s# the frae2rela, or
ATM aps "st incl"de the 7e,!ord O$roadcast;%
What are #tub reas?
An 0S+1 area can $e confi/"red as St"$ area and this !ill red"ce the ro"tin/
inforation "sed $, the ro"ters in the area% Area ' can;t $e confi/"red as St"$ area% In a
partic"lar area# all the ro"ters "st $e confi/"red as St"$% St"$ Areas can $e of three
t,pes8
(% St"$ Area
-% Totall, St"$$, Area
B% Not2so2st"$$, area (NSSA)
To confi/"re st"$ area# /ive the follo!in/ coand on all the ro"ters in the area8
Ro"ter ospf ('
Area ( st"$
1eat"res of a St"$ Area8
(% All the ro"ters !ill replace their external ro"tes !ith a defa"lt ro"te%
-% A)R (Area )order Ro"ter) ro"ters in the area !ill $e specificall, $enefitted $,
"sin/ the defa"lt ro"te for the external ro"tes%
B% External ro"tes are of 0S+1 :SA t,pe 3 and the, are /enerated $, a AS)R
(A"tonoo"s S,ste )order Ro"ter) and the, are fro different ro"tin/ doain
(s"ch as rip# ei/rp# $/p etc)%
To confi/"re OTotall, St"$$, Area;# /ive coands8
Ro"ter ospf ('
Area ( st"$ no2s"ar,
In this case# A)R in the area replace all the inter2area and external ro"tes !ith J"st
a defa"lt ro"te%
:iitations 0f St"$ Areas8
St"$ Areas can;t incl"de a virt"al lin7%
St"$ Areas can;t incl"de an AS)R%
St"$$iness "st $e confi/"red on all the ro"ters in the area%
NSSA (Not2so2st"$$, area)
NSSA is li7e st"$ area $"t it can $e have an AS)R ro"ter%
Area ( nssa defa"lt2inforation2ori/inate
0r
Area ( nssa no2s"ar,
What do you know about Route #ummarisation?
It is the process in !hich an, net!or7s are s"arised as a sin/le net!or7 $,
the ro"ter% These !a, ro"ters are not affected $, an, ro"tes in the ro"tin/ ta$le% This
saves eor, of the ro"ter% :oo7 this ta$le8
!ecimal BI!R %lock #iDe 7;,@)!ecimal8
(-D N-3 (-D
(.- N-4 4A
--A N-5 B-
-A' N-D (4
-AD N-. D
-3- NB' A
S"ppose !e have D net!or7s 8
(5-%(4%'%' N(4
(5-%(5%'%' N(4
(5-%(D%'%' N(4
(5-%(.%'%' N(4
(5-%-'%'%' N(4
(5-%-(%'%' N(4
(5-%--%'%' N(4
(5-%-B%'%' N(4
These are D net!or7s and in the s"ar, address # !e can "se $loc7 si>e of D%
The s"ar, address and s"$net as7 !ill $e8
(5-%(4%'%' -33%-AD%'%'
The s"ar, address !ill s"arise the net!or7s (5-%(4%'%' to (5-%-B%'%'% The
s"ar, address !ill "se the first net!or7 address% S"$nets !ith -AD are8
'#D#(4#-A#B-VVVVVVVVV-AD%
Note the s"$net O(4; "sed for s"arisation8
(4VV%-B
:etOs ta7e another exaple8
Net!or7s (5-%(4%B-%' to (5-%(4%3'%'
No! !e have (. net!or7s and in the s"ar, address# !e "st choose a s"$net
as7 !hich /ives $loc7 si>e near to (.% We can "se $loc7 si>e of (4 or B-% )loc7 si>e of
(4 !ill not advertise all the net!or7s% So if !e have s"ar, address as
(5-%(4%B-%' -33%-33%-A'%'
This !ill advertise net!or7s fro B- to A5 onl,% Net!or7s AD to 3' !ill not $e
advertised% )"t this a, $e the safest ans!er in ost sit"ations% If !e "se $loc7 si>e of
B- and s"ar, address is8
(5-%(4%B-%' -33%-33%--A%'
This !ill advertise net!or7s B- to 4B% )"t "nnessar, advertiseents (3(24B) a, lead to
pro$les in soe internet!or7s%
4#P" #9CCRI#&I4$
The coand OareaV%%ran/e; can $e "sed to advertise an, net!or7s in an area
as a sin/le s"ar, net!or7 to another area%
Consider a topolo/,8
I+ Address Assi/nents8
R' (S'N') C (.-%(4D%'%(
R( (S'N') C (.-%(4D%'%-
R( (S'N() C (.-%(4D%'%3
R- (S'N') C (.-%(4D%'%4
Area Assi/nent8
R' C area '
R( C area 'Narea (
R- C area (
There are an, V:ANs connected to R- (fa'N')%
0n ro"ter R-#
Int fa'N'
No ip add
No sh"t
Int fa'N'%(
Encaps"lation dot(< (
Ip add (5-%(4%'%( -33%-33%'%'
Int fa'N'%-
Encaps"lation dotl< -
Ip add (5-%(5%'%( -33%-33%'%'
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Int fa'N'%D
Encaps"lation dot(< D
Ip add (5-%-B%'%( -33%-33%'%'
No! start ospf process on all the ro"ters and confi/"re net!or7s on ospf% No!
,o" see that all the D V:AN net!or7s !ill advertise as s"ch to ro"ter R' !hich is in area
'% Ro"tin/ ta$le of all the three ro"ters !ill $ecoe len/th,% No! ,o" can advertise these
D V:AN net!or7s as sin/le net!or7 into the area ' ro"ters $, "sin/ a s"ar, address%
0n the ro"ter R( !hich is connected to $oth area ' and area (# /ive the coand8
Ro"ter ospf ('
Area ( ran/e (5-%(4%'%' -33%-AD%'%'
No! the Oarea '; ro"ter R' !ill have a sin/le entr, for all the D V:AN net!or7s
connected to ro"ter R-%
S"ppose R- have V:ANs !hich are "sin/ s"$nets of address ('%'%'%' !ith s"$net
as7 -33%-33%-33%(.-% !e have fo"r s"$nets8
('%'%'%' -33%-33-%-33%(.-
('%'%'%4A -33%-33%-33%(.-
('%'%'%(-D -33%-33%-33%(.-
('%'%'%(.- -33%-33%-33%(.-
We can /ive addresses to s"$ interfaces of fa'N' (of R-) as
('%'%'%( -33%-33%-33%(.-
('%'%'%43 -33%-33%-33%(.-
('%'%'%(-. -33%-33%-33%(.-
('%'%'%(.B -33%-33%-33%(.-
We !ant to advertise these fo"r s"$nets into area ' as sin/le s"$net% *ive the coand
on R(8
Area ( ran/e ('%'%'%' -33%-33%-33%'
This s"ar, address !ill advertise all the s"$nets possi$le !ith the s"$net as7
-33%-33%-33%(.-%
9sing a !efault Route in 4#P" #ummarisation
A defa"lt ro"te s"arises all the net!or7s and provide "ltiate $enefit for ro"te
s"arisation% S"ppose there are an, V:ANs connected to fa'N' of R- ro"ter% In the
0S+1 process on R-# ,o" don;t need to advertise these V:ANs separatel, and ,o" can
J"st create a defa"lt ro"te "sin/ the coand8
Defa"lt2inforation ori/inate Tal!a,sU TetricU
If Oal!a,s; 7e,!ord is "sed# the ro"ter !ill a"toaticall, /enerate a defa"lt ro"te
if it doesn;t /et fro another so"rce% Oetric; 7e,!ord sets the etric for the defa"lt
ro"te% 0n R-# /ive coand8
Ro"ter ospf ('
Net (.-%(4D%'%A '%'%'%B area (
Defa"lt2inforation ori/inate al!a,s%
No! a defa"lt ro"te of '%'%'%'N' can $e seen on R( and R'% *ate!a, of last resort
!ill $e as (.-%(4D%'%- on R' and it !ill $e as (.-%(4D%'%4 on R(% All the ro"ters can pin/
the V:ANs connected to ro"ter R-% If R- is connected to Internet thro"/h the interface
fa'N'# all the ro"ters can connect to Internet%
The follo!in/ coands can also $e "sed in 0S+1 defa"lt s"arisation8
AreaV%ran/e
S"ar,2address (this coand is "sed on AS)R ro"ter for external ro"tes)
Po" can t,pe the follo!in/ coand on ro"ter R- as8
Defa"lt2inforation ori/inate al!a,s etric -''
Po" can see the etric specified in the coand on all the other ro"ters%
0n R'# t,pe
Sho! ip ro"te
Po" can see n"$ers li7e
T(('N-''U ((' is the 0S+1 AD and -'' is the etric for the defa"lt ro"te%
What do you meant by Eirtual)link?
In 0S+1# it is re<"ired that all the ro"ters in the area ' "st $e directl, connected
and all other areas "st $e connected to area '% In this !a,# 0S+1 !or7s properl,% In
sit"ations# !here parts of area ' are in different places# ,o" can connect all these parts $,
creatin/ a virt"al lin7 thro"/h an interediate area%
Consider a siple topolo/,%
R' and RB are in area ' $"t R( and R- area in area (% R( and R- are A)Rs%
Define 0S+1 process on all ro"ters8
0n R'#
ro"ter ospf ('
net (.-%(4D%'%' '%'%'%B area '
0n R(#
ro"ter ospf ('
net (.-%(4D%'%' '%'%'%B area '
net (.-%(4D%'%A '%'%'%B area (
0n R-#
ro"ter ospf ('
net (.-%(4D%'%A '%'%'%B area '
net (.-%(4D%'%D '%'%'%B area '
0n RB#
ro"ter ospf ('
net (.-%(4D%'%D '%'%'%B area '
To provide connectivit, $et!een R' and RB# ,o" have to create virt"al2lin7s on
A)Rs (R( W R-)% This !a, t!o parts of area ' !ill $e /et connected and all the ro"ters
!ill then connect each other% To create virt"al2lin7# "se coand8
area Garea IDH virt"al2lin7 Gro"ter IDH
Ro"ter ID is the hi/hest ip address of a ph,sical interface or it can $e ip of a
loop$ac7 has $een confi/"red in the ro"ter%
Ro"ter ID of R( is (.-%(4D%'%3
Ro"ter ID of R- is (.-%(4D%'%.
0n R(# t,pe
ro"ter ospf ('
area ( virt"al2lin7 (.-%(4D%'%.
It "st $e noted ro"ter2ID of R- is specified%
0n R-# t,pe
ro"ter ospf ('
area ( virt"al2lin7 (.-%(4D%'%3
No! !e have specified ro"ter2ID of R(%
A virt"al2lin7 !ill $e created $et!een R( and R-% *ive the follo!in/ coands
to verif, virt"al2lin7s (on R( W R-)8
sh ip ospf virt"al2lin7s
What do you know about 4#P" uthentication?
0S+1 A"thentication is of t!o t,pes8
(i) Siple A"thentication
(ii) MD3 A"thentication
In an area# all the 0S+1 ro"ters "st "se the sae a"thentication t,pe and
pass!ord to exchan/e 0S+1 pac7ets and to $ecoe nei/h$ors%
Siple A"thentication
(i) 1irst define a"thentication in the 0S+1 process%
(ii) Then appl, the a"thentication to the interface%
ro"ter ospf ('
area ' a"thentication
int s'N'
ip ospf a"thentication
ip ospf a"thentication27e, test(-BE
Ie, "st $e sae on all the ro"ters%
MD3 A"thentication
ro"ter ospf ('
area ' a"thentication essa/e2di/est
int s'N'
ip ospf essa/e2di/est27e, - d3 test(-BE
ip ospf a"thentication essa/e2di/est
What are 4#P" Hello timer and !ead timer?
=ellos serve as 7eepalives% A nei/h$or is considered lost if no =ello is received
!ithin fo"r =ello periods (called the dead tie)% The defa"lt val"es are8
1or :AN and point2to2point net!or7s8
=ello tier C (' seconds
Dead tier C ('EA C A' seconds
1or N)MA net!or7s8
=ello tier C B' seconds
Dead tier C B'EA C (-' seconds
What are 4#P" troubleshooting commmands?
Soe of the coands "sed to tro"$leshoot 0S+1 operations are listed $elo!8
debug ip ospf adFacencies
sh ip ospf neighbors
debug ip ospf packet
sh ip route
sh ip route ospf
sh ip protocols
sh ip ospf
sh ip ospf interface
I#)I#
What do you know about I#)I#?
Intermediate S&stem-to-Intermediate S&stem (IS-IS is a lin7 state ro"tin/ protocol
that is part of the 0SI fail, of protocols% :i7e 0S+1# it "ses DiJ7stra;s S+1 al/orith to
choose ro"tes% IS2IS is a classless interior /ate!a, protocol that "ses ro"ter reso"rces
efficientl, and scales to lar/e net!or7s# s"ch as lar/e Internet service providers (IS+)%
R49&E RE!I#&RI%9&I4$
What do you meant by Route Redistribution?
Ro"te Redistri$"tion is the process in !hich ro"tin/ inforation is exchan/ed
aon/ different ro"tin/ protocols or different ro"tin/ doains% 0nl, ro"tes that are in the
ro"tin/ ta$le and learned via specified protocol are redistri$"ted% Ro"tin/ inforation can
$e shared $et!een I*R+ and EI*R+ "sin/ the sae AS and so no redistri$"tion is
re<"ired for these protocols !or7in/ to/ether in an internet!or7%
Why do we need multiple routing protocols?
The follo!in/ are soe of the reasons8
(% Mi/ratin/ fro one ro"tin/ protocol to another# !here $oth protocols !ill r"n in the
net!or7 teporaril,%
-% Applications that r"n "nder certain ro"tin/ protocols $"t not others%
B% Areas of the net!or7 "nder different adinistrative control (?la,er D@ iss"es)%
A% A "lti2vendor environent in !hich soe parts of the net!or7 re<"ire a standards2
$ased protocol%
What are the redistribution characteristics of different routing protocols?
Redistri$"tion is "sed differentl, in different protocols% 1or exaple# RI+ v2( is
classf"l ro"tin/ protocol $"t EI*R+ is classless ro"tin/ protocol and if ,o" !ant to
redistri$"te EI*R+ ro"tes into RI+ v2( ro"tin/ doain# soe thin/s have to $e 7ept in
ind% An, ro"te fro other ro"tin/ doain !hen redistri$"ted into 0S+1 has defa"lt
etric of -'%
RIP
In case of RI+# !hen external ro"tes are redistri$"ted# etric "st $e set%
Exceptions are static or connected ro"tes !hich have a etric of (%
4#P"
In case of 0S+1# defa"lt etric is -' and ,o" can set the etric t,pe $"t defa"lt
t,pe is that of t,pe 3 :SA or 0 E-% If s"$nets 7e,!ord is not "sed in the redistri$"tion
coand# onl, classf"l net!or7s !ill $e redistri$"ted%
EIGRP
In case of EI*R+# etric "st $e set# except !hen redistri$"tin/ static or
connected ro"tes# !hich /et their etric fro the interface% Metric val"e is ?$and!idth#
dela,# relia$ilit,# load# MT6%@ Redistri$"ted ro"tes have a hi/her adinistrative distance
than internal ones%
#tatic/Bonnected
To incl"de local net!or7s not r"nnin/ the ro"tin/ protocol# ,o" "st redistri$"te
connected interfaces% Po" can also redistri$"te static ro"tes into a d,naical protocol%
What is the redistribute command?
The coand for redistri$"tion is8
redistribute Xroute-sourceY Tmetric metricU Troute)map tagU
=ere# ro"te2so"rce is soe ro"tin/ protocol li7e rip# ei/rp etc%
etric is etric val"e(s)
ro"te2ap refers to ro"tin/ decisions#that is# !hich ro"tes are allo!ed or !hich are
denied or advanced ro"te traffic control%
It "st $e noted that ro"tin/ protocols "sin/ I+ can redistri$"te onl, I+ ro"tes and not
soe other protcol ro"tes s"ch as I+L ro"tes%
What is #eed Cetric?
In redistri$"tion# ro"tes fro a ro"tin/ doain are transferred into another ro"tin/
doain% 0ften redistri$"ted ro"tes have incopati$le etric% 1or exaple# ro"tes fro
RI+ "se hope2co"nt as etric and !hen these RI+ ro"tes are redistri$"ted into EI*R+
ro"tin/ doain# the, "st "se coposite etric% No! Seed Metric is the redistri$"ted
ro"te Os startin/ etric%
To set Seed Metric for all the redistri$"ted ro"tes# "sin/ the follo!in/ coand
"nder the ro"tin/ process8
defa"lt2etric TetricU
To set Seed Metric for specific ro"tes# ,o" can "se etric or ro"te2ap 7e,!ords
in the redistri$"tion coand%
What are the tools to control/prevent routing updates?
Cisco I0S provides several !a,s to control ro"tin/ "pdates% The, incl"de8
+assive interface
Defa"lt andNor static ro"tes
Distri$"te list
Ro"te ap
Chan/e adinistrative distance
The passive)interface coand prevents ro"tin/ "pdates fro $ein/ sent o"t an
interface that r"ns the ro"tin/ protocol% RI+ and I*R+ do not send "pdates o"t an
interface% It prevents other ro"tin/ protocols fro sendin/ hellos o"t of an interface& th"s#
the, don;t discover nei/h$ors or for an adJacenc, o"t that interface% To disa$le the
protocol on one interface# "se the coand passive)interface interface% To t"rn off the
protocol on all interfaces# "se passive)interface default% Po" can then "se no passive)
interface interface for the ones that sho"ld r"n the protocol# as sho!n8
Ro"ter(confi/)Rrouter eigrp =
Ro"ter(confi/2ro"ter)Rpassive)interface default
Ro"ter(confi/2ro"ter)Rno passive)interface s*/*/*
A distribute list allo!s ,o" to filter ro"tin/ "pdates and also ro"tes $ein/
redistri$"ted thro"/h an access list% Confi/"re an access list that perits the ro"tes to $e
advertised or redistri$"ted# and then lin7 that access list to the ro"tin/ process !ith the
distribute)list coand# /iven "nder ro"ter confi/"ration ode% This coand has t!o
options8
(i) distribute)list access-list inM1ilters "pdates as the, coe in an interface% 1or 0S+1#
this controls ro"tes placed in the ro"tin/ ta$le $"t not the data$ase% 1or other protocols#
this controls the ro"tes the protocol 7no!s a$o"t%
(ii) distribute)list access-list outM1ilters "pdates /oin/ o"t of an interface and also
"pdates $ein/ redistri$"ted o"t of another ro"tin/ protocol into this one%
Route maps are a $it li7e pro/ras that "se a ?ifNthenNelse@ decision a7in/
capa$ilit,% The, match traffic a/ainst certain conditions# and then set specified options
for that traffic% Soe "ses for ro"te aps incl"de8
1ilterin/ redistri$"ted ro"tesM6se the route)map 7e,!ord in the redistri$"te
coand%
+olic,2$ased ro"tin/MTo specif, !hich traffic sho"ld $e polic, ro"ted# $ased on
ver, /ran"lar controls%
)*+ polic,MTo control ro"tin/ "pdates and to anip"late path attri$"tes%
Ro"te aps are created !ith the /lo$al coand8
Ro"ter(confi/)Rroute)map XtagY permit 1 deny Tse'uence(numberU
Each ro"te ap stateent can have fro none to "ltiple match and set conditions%
Bhanging !
When a ro"ter receives ro"tes to the sae destination net!or7 fro ore than
one ro"tin/ process# it decides !hich to p"t in the ro"tin/ ta$le $, loo7in/ at the
adinistrative distance (AD) val"e assi/ned to the ro"tin/ process% The ro"te !ith the
lo!est AD is chosen%
AD can $e chan/ed for all ro"tes of a process or onl, for specific ro"tes !ithin a
process% The coand for all I*+s except EI*R+ is8
Ro"ter(confi/2ro"ter)Rdistance administrative(distance Xaddress
wildcard-maskY Taccess-list-number Z nameU
6sin/ the address/mask 7e,!ords in the coand chan/es the AD of ro"tes
learned fro the nei/h$or !ith that I+ address% An entr, of *:*:*:* ;,,:;,,:;,,:;,,
chan/es the AD of all ro"tes% Specif,in/ an access list n"$er or nae chan/es the AD
onl, on net!or7s peritted in the AC:%
What are the routing filters or the tools/methods used to filter routing information?
There are an, ethods to "se for filterin/ ro"tin/ inforation% These ethods
incl"de access /ro"ps# distri$"te lists# and ro"te aps% Access /ro"ps are "sed to filter
traffic crossin/ a ro"ter# distri$"te lists are "sed to filter ro"tin/ "pdates# and ro"te aps
are "sed to filter ro"tes $ein/ redistri$"ted%
How to configure redistribution?
Consider a topolo/,8
Coents8
(% RI+ v2- is ena$led on Delhi W M"$ai
-% EI*R+ is ena$led on Delhi W Chd%
At M"$ai#
int s'N'
ip add (.-%(4D%'%- -33%-33%-33%-3-
cloc7 rate 4A'''
no sh"t
ro"ter rip
net (.-%(4D%'%'
version -
At Delhi#
int s'N'
ip add (.-%(4D%'%( -33%-33%-33%-3-
cloc7 rate 4A'''
no sh"t
int s'N(
ip add (.-%(4D%'%3 -33%-33%-33%-3-
cloc7 rate 4A'''
no sh"t
ro"ter rip
net (.-%(4D%'%'
net (.-%(4D%'%A
ro"ter ei/rp ('
net (.-%(4D%'%'
net (.-%(4D%'%A
No! create an access list8
confi/ t
access2list (' perit (.-%(4D%'%' '%'%'%'
Assi/n this access2list to int s'N'8
int s'N'
ip access2/ro"p (' in
ro"te2ap x,> perit ((
atch ip address ('
At Chd#
int s'N'
ip add (.-%(4D%'%4 -33%-33%-33%-3-
cloc7 rate 4A'''
no sh"t
ro"ter ei/rp ('
net (.-%(4D%'%A
No! !e !ill r"n the Oredistri$"te; coand on the Delhi ro"ter8
ro"ter ei/rp ('
redistri$"te rip etric ('' ( -'' -'' ('' ro"te2ap x,>
Ro"tes fro rip "se hop2co"nt as etric $"t rip ro"tes no! redistri$"ted into
ei/rp ro"tin/ doain "st "se coposite etric% So the 7e,!ord Oetric ('' ( -'' -''
(''; refers to $and!idth# dela,# load# relia$ilit, and MT6 of the lin7% All these val"es "st
$e set properl,% After r"nnin/ redistri$"te coand# all the ro"ters !ill pin/ each other%
!efault EIGRP values for %andwidth G !elay
Media T,pe Dela, )and!idth
Satellite 3(-' (- secs) 3(-' (3'' M$ps)
Ethernet -3#4'' (( s) -34#''' ((' M$ps)
T2( ((%3AA M$ps) 3(-#''' (-'#''' s) (#435#D34
4A 7$ps 3(-#''' A'#'''#'''
34 7$ps 3(-#''' A3#5(A#(54

Redistribution in ? routers
EIGRP is enabled on routers H % and B:
Router ! only use RIP v);
"or complete routingH enable RIP v); on and B also:
Run the redistribute command only on the router :
RE!I#&RI%9&I$G EIGRP I$&4 4#P"
Bonsider a simple topology+
We !ill distri$"te ro"tes fro ei/rp ro"tin/ doain into ospf ro"tin/ doain% R' !ill
r"n $oth ei/rp and ospf % Redistri$"tion !ill $e done on R'%
At R(#
ro"ter ei/rp ('
net (.-%(4D%'%'
At R'#
ro"ter ei/rp ('
net (.-%(4D%'%'
net (.-%(4D%'%A
no a"to2s"ar,
ro"ter ospf ('
net (.-%(4D%'%A '%'%'%B area '
At R-#
ro"ter ospf ('
net (.-%(4D%'%A '%'%'%B area '
Confi/"rin/ ORedistri$"tion; on R'#
access2list (' perit an,
int s'N'
ip access2/ro"p (' in
ro"te2ap x,> perit -'
atch ip address ('
ro"ter ospf ('
redistri$"te ei/rp (' etric -' s"$nets ro"te2ap x,>
If s"$nets 7e,!ord is not "sed# then onl, classf"l net!or7s !ill $e redistri$"ted%
Ie,!ord etric -' eans ei/rp ro"tes converted into ospf ro"tes !ill have etric of -'%
No! all the three ro"ters !ill co"nicate to each other%
*o to ro"ter R' and /ive coand8
sh ip ro"te
In the o"tp"t# ,o" can see an entr,8
0 E- (.-%(4D%'%' T(('N-'U via (.-%(4D%'%3 # ''8'(8-3# Serial 'N'
=ere# 0 C 0S+1 inJected ro"te#
((' C AD# -' C etric#
E- C 0S+1 external t,pe -
)oth the ro"tes of t,pe 0 E( and 0 E- $elon/ to the 0S+1 :SA t,pe 3% These ro"tes are
prod"ced $, AS)R% In o"r topolo/,# R' acts as AS)R%
RE!I#&RI%9&I$G EIGRP I$&4 %GP
)*+ is a ro"tin/ protocol "sed in Internet and it is a path vector protocol% Metric
of a )*+ ro"te is set $, a net!or7 adinistrator% Metric is a n"erical val"e !hich can $e
set $ased on n"$er of a"tonoo"s s,stes# $and!idth# dela, or cost% There is no need to
specif, etric of the redistri$"ted ro"tes in the redistri$"te coand% )*+ !ill
a"toaticall, assi/n a defa"lt etric val"e to the redistri$"ted ro"tes%
No! !e shall redistri$"te ro"tes fro EI*R+ ro"tin/ doain into )*+ ro"tin/
doain% Confi/"re )*+ on R' and R( and confi/"re EI*R+ on R( and R-% R- has
connected Ethernet net!or7s% In a la$ set"p# ,o" can confi/"re s"$ interfaces or loop $ac7
interfaces%
int lo'
ip add ('%'%'%( -33%'%'%'
no sh"t
int lo(
ip add -'%'%'%( -33%'%'%'
no sh"t
int lo-
ip add B'%'%'%( -33%'%'%'
no sh"t
Redistri$"tion !ill $e perfored on R(8
ro"ter $/p (''
redistri$"te ei/rp ('
=ere# O('; is EI*R+ a"tonoo"s n"$er% Siilarl, !e can redistri$"te 0S+1 ro"tes into
)*+ ro"tin/ doain8
redistri$"te ospf ('
=ere# O('; is 0S+1 process2id%
%GP
7%4R!ER G&EWA PR4&4B458
What is %GP?
)*+ is a ro"tin/ protocol "sed in Internet% It is slo! $"t relia$le# scala$le and can $e
easil, controlled% An adinistrator can c"stoi>e )*+ operations in an, !a,s%
What are the features of %GP?
The ain feat"res are listed $elo!8
(% )*+ !or7s "sin/ a"tonoo"s s,stes (AS)% An a"tonoo"s s,ste is a /ro"p of
net!or7s "nder coon adinistration%
-% )*+ "se t!o protocols for its operations2 I*+ (Interior *ate!a, +rotocol) or I)*+
(Interior )*+) and E*+ (Exterior *ate!a, +rotocol) or E)*+ (Exterior )*+)%
B% I)*+ is r"n !ithin an AS and E)*+ is r"n $et!een different AS%
A% )*+ version A is onl, the E*+ or E)*+ c"rrentl, in "se%
3% )*+ nei/h$ors are called peers and "st $e staticall, confi/"red%
4% )*+ "ses TC+ port (5.%
5% )*+ is a path2vector protocol% Its ro"te to a net!or7 consists of a list of a"tonoo"s
s,stes on the path to that net!or7%
D% )*+;s loop prevention echanis is a"tonoo"s s,ste n"$er%
What are %GP databases?
)*+ "ses three data$ases% The first t!o listed are )*+2specific& the
third is shared $, all ro"tin/ processes on the ro"ter8
$eighbor databaseMThis is a list of all confi/"red )*+ nei/h$ors%
To vie! it# "se the show ip bgp summary coand%
%GP databaseH or RI% 7Routing Information %ase8MThis is a list of net!or7s
7no!n $, )*+# alon/ !ith their paths and attri$"tes% To vie! it# "se the show ip
bgp coand%
Routing tableMThis is a list of the paths to each net!or7 "sed $, the ro"ter# and
the next hop for each net!or7% To vie! it# "se the show ip route coand%
What are %GP message types?
)*+ has fo"r t,pes of essa/es8
4penMAfter a nei/h$or is confi/"red# )*+ sends an open essa/e to tr, to
esta$lish peerin/ !ith that nei/h$or% Incl"des inforation s"ch as a"tonoo"s
s,ste n"$er# ro"ter ID# and hold tie%
9pdateMMessa/e "sed to transfer ro"tin/ inforation $et!een peers%
IeepaliveM)*+ peers exchan/e 7eepalive essa/es ever, 4' seconds $,
defa"lt% These 7eep the peerin/ session active%
$otificationMWhen a pro$le occ"rs that ca"ses a ro"ter to end the )*+
peerin/ session# a notification essa/e is sent to the )*+ nei/h$or and the
connection is closed%
How to configure %GP?
To confi/"re )*+# "se Cisco I0S of version (A or later and the follo!in/
coands ill"strate )*+ confi/"ration8
R'Rro"ter $/p (''
R'Rnet (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R'Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- reote2as (''
R(Rro"ter $/p (''
R(Rnet (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R(Rnet (.-%(4D%'%A as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R(Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( reote2as (''
R(Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%4 reote2as -''
R-Rro"ter $/p -''
R-Rnet (.-%(4D%'%A as7 -33%-33%-33-%3-
R-Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%3 reote2as (''
What is Jne>t)hop)selfK %GP command?
An, I)*+ ro"ter !hen received a ro"te fro an E)*+ ro"ter doesn;t odif,
next2hop attri$"te and this attri$"te is as s"ch passed on to other I)*+ ro"ters% This
eans all the I)*+ ro"ters !ill consider the E)*+ ro"ter as next2hop for all the E)*+
ro"tes% This sit"ation is 0%I% for an ed/e ro"ter and not for other I)*+ nei/h$ors%
In the a$ove topolo/,# R' is in AS ('' and R( W R- are in AS -''% R' has soe
Ethernet net!or7s (('%'%'%'# -'%'%'%') connected to it% No! confi/"re )*+ on all the
ro"ters% *o to R( and t,pe Osh ip ro"te; coand and ,o" can see8
) -'%'%'%'ND T-''N'U via (.-%(4D%'%(#
) ('%'%'%'ND T-''N'U via (.-%(4D%'%(#
(o"tp"t c"t)
No! t,pe the sae coand on R- and ,o" can see the sae lines% R- !ill also
consider O(.-%(4D%'%(; as the next2hop ro"ter for the ro"tes (('%'%'%'# -'%'%'%')% This
eans R- !ill connect to R' to reach to these ro"tes net!or7s% This is "ndesira$le and
!e !ant R- to connect to R( (nearest nei/h$or) for all the E)*+ or external ro"tes% To
a7e R( as next2hop ro"ter for all the ro"tes for R-# on R(# /ive coand8
R(Rro"ter $/p -''
R(Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%4 next2hop2self
No! R( !ill $ecoe itself as next2hop for all the other I)*+ ro"ters in the AS
-'' for all the ro"tes received fro a E)*+ ro"ter% *o to R- and r"n Osh ip ro"te;
coand# ,o" can see8
) -'%'%'%'ND T-''N'U via (.-%(4D%'%3#
) ('%'%'%'ND T-''N'U via (.-%(4D%'%3
So R- !ill no! consider R( as next2hop for all the ro"tes%


How to configure peering between two %GP routers using loop back interfaces?
In side an a"tonoo"s s,ste# )*+ ro"ters r"n the protocol I)*+ and "sin/ loop
$ac7 interfaces for peerin/ I)*+ ro"ters is a /ood idea $eca"se a loop $ac7 interface
doesn;t /o do!n "nless an adinistrator sh"ts it do!n and I)*+ session !ill !or7
contin"o"sl, as one interface# that is# loop $ac7 !ill $e al!a,s "p% In the nei/h$or
coand# ,o" !ill "se ip of a loop $ac7 interface and an additional coand
Onei/h$orVV"pdate2so"rce; needs to $e /iven%
Consider a siple topolo/,8
0n ro"ter R'#
R'Rint s(N'
R'Rip add (.-%(4D%'%( -33%-33%-33%-3-
R'Rcloc7 rate 4A'''
R'Rno sh"t
R'Rint lo'
R'Rip add ('%'%'%( -33%'%'%'
R'Rno sh"t
Siilarl,# /ive ip addresses on ro"ter R(%
No! ena$le )*+ on R' and R(
0n R'8
R'Rro"ter $/p ('
R'Rnet (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R'Rnet ('%'%'%' as7 -33%'%'%'
R'Rnei/h$or -'%'%'%( reote2as ('
R'Rnei/h$or -'%'%'%( "pdate2so"rce lo'
No! create a static ro"te8
R'Rip ro"te -'%'%'%' -33%'%'%' (.-%(4D%'%-
0n R(8
R(Rro"ter $/p ('
R(Rnet (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33-%3-
R(Rnet -'%'%'%' as7 -33%'%'%'
R(Rnei/h$or ('%'%'%( reote2as ('
R(Rnei/h$or ('%'%'%( "pdate2so"rce lo'
No! create a static ro"te on R(8
R(Rip ro"te ('%'%'%' -33%'%'%' (.-%(4D%'%(
It is necessar, to create static ro"tes $eca"se a ro"ter can;t pin/ the loop $ac7
interface of other ro"ter and pin/ has to /o thro"/h the ph,sical interfaces and then onl,
peerin/ or nei/h$or ship !ill ta7e place $et!een t!o )*+ ro"ters%
How to use ebgp)multihop command or how to connect two %GP routers which are
not directly connected?
The sit"ation in !hich !e connect t!o )*+ spea7ers (ro"ters) !hich are not
directl, connected is 7no!n as e$/p2"ltihop% This sit"ation a, occ"r !hen one of the
ro"ters involved is not r"nnin/ )*+ or is "sin/ loop $ac7 interface%
Consider a siple topolo/,8
In the a$ove topolo/,# R( is not r"nnin/ )*+ and !e !ill confi/"re t!o )*+
r"nnin/ ro"ters S R' and R- as peers% )oth the ro"ters are in different a"tonoo"s
s,stes%
0n R'8
R'Rro"ter $/p (''
R'Rnet (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R'Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%4 reote2as -''
R'Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%4 e$/p2"ltihop
0n R-8
R-Rro"ter $/p -''
R-Rnet (.-%(4D%'%A as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R-Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( reote2as (''
R-Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( e$/p2"ltihop
+eerin/ !ill not ta7e place $et!een R' and R- as R0 and R- are not directl,
connected and the, can;t pin/ each other% =ence !e "st create static ro"tes on R' and
R- to $"ild connectivit, $et!een the8
0n R'8
R'Rip ro"te (.-%(4D%'%A -33%-33%-33%-3- (.-%(4D%'%-
0n R-8
R-Rip ro"te (.-%(4D%'%' -33%-33%-33%-3- (.-%(4D%'%3
Alternativel,# ,o" can also confi/"re a ro"tin/ protocol s"ch as EI*R+ on all the
three ro"ters to $"ild connectivit, $et!een R' and R-% In case ,o" are "sin/ loop $ac7
interfaces for peerin/# in that case also ,o" a, confi/"re static ro"tes or confi/"re a
second ro"tin/ protocol to $"ild peerin/ $et!een R' and R-%
The Oe$/p2"ltihop; coand is ainl, "sed for E)*+ and not for I)*+%
What is %GP #ynchroniDation Rule?
)*+ S,nchroni>ation R"le states that a )*+ ro"ter !hen received a ne! ro"te
fro an I)*+ nei/h$or ro"ter in its a"tonoo"s s,ste# it doesn;t s"$it that ro"te to
the ro"tin/ ta$le and advertise it to other I)*+NE)*+ ro"ters "nless it /ets the sae
ro"te inforation fro other I*+ so"rce or static ro"te%
Recent I0S versions have s,nchroni>ation disa$led $, defa"lt% To disa$le it in old
I0S versions# "se Ono s,nchroni>ation; coand%
R'Rro"ter $/p (''
R'Rno s,nchroni>ation
What are %GP peering states?
The coand show ip bgp neighbors sho!s a list of peers# and the stat"s of
their peerin/ session% This stat"s can incl"de the follo!in/ states8
IdleMNo peerin/& ro"ter is loo7in/ for nei/h$or% Idle (adin) eans that the nei/h$or
relationship has $een adinistrativel, sh"t do!n%
BonnectMTC+ handsha7e copleted%
4pen#entH or ctiveMAn open essa/e !as sent to tr, to esta$lish the peerin/%
4penBonfirmMRo"ter has received a repl, to the open essa/e%
EstablishedMRo"ters have a )*+ peerin/ session% This is the desired state%

How does %GP select the best path or route to a destination?
6nli7e EI*R+ or 0S+1 !hich select the shortest ro"te to a destination# )*+ on
other hand assi/ns attri$"tes to each and ever, path it 7no!s and then it exaines the
attri$"tes to deterine the $est ro"te% Moreover# these attri$"tes can $e an"all,
anip"lated $, the Adinistrator to control the path selection $, )*+%
What are %GP attributes?
)*+ selects a $est ro"te dependin/ on the attri$"tes of all the ro"tes received for
a partic"lar net!or7 or destination% There are fo"r cate/ories of attri$"tes availa$le8
Well)known mandatoryMM"st $e reco/ni>ed $, all )*+ ro"ters# present in all )*+
"pdates# and passed on to other )*+ ro"ters% 1or exaple# AS path# ori/in# and next hop%
Well)known discretionaryMM"st $e reco/ni>ed $, all )*+ ro"ters and passed on to
other )*+ ro"ters# $"t need not $e present in an "pdate% 1or exaple# local preference%
4ptional transitiveMMi/ht or i/ht not $e reco/ni>ed $, a )*+ ro"ter# $"t is passed
on to other )*+ ro"ters% If not reco/ni>ed# it is ar7ed as partial% 1or exaple#
a//re/ator# co"nit,%
4ptional nontransitiveMMi/ht or i/ht not $e reco/ni>ed $, a )*+ ro"ter and is not
passed on to other ro"ters% 1or exaple# M"lti2Exit Discriinator (MED)# ori/inator ID %
ttribute Ceaning
AS path An ordered list of all the a"tonoo"s
s,stes thro"/h !hich this "pdate has
passed% Well27no!n# andator,%
0ri/in =o! )*+ learned of this net!or7% i C $,
network coand# e C fro E*+#9 C
redistri$"ted fro other so"rce% Well2
7no!n# andator,%
Next hop The I+ address of the next2hop ro"ter%
Well27no!n# andator,%
:ocal preference A val"e tellin/ I)*+ peers !hich path to
select for traffic leavin/ the AS% Well2
7no!n# discretionar,%
M"lti2Exit Discriinator
(MED)
S"//ests to a nei/h$orin/ a"tonoo"s
s,ste !hich of "ltiple paths to select for
traffic $o"nd into ,o"r a"tonoo"s s,ste%
0ptional# nontransitive%
ttribute Ceaning
Wei/ht Cisco proprietar,# to tell a ro"ter !hich of
"ltiple local paths to select for traffic
leavin/ the AS% 0nl, has local si/nificance%
What do you know about %GP local preference attribute?
)*+ local preference attri$"te is "sed to deterine the preferred exit point fro
one AS (the local AS) to the other AS% This attri$"te val"e is exchan/ed or propa/ated
aon/ all the ro"ters !ithin the local AS%
:ocal preference is an indication to the AS a$o"t !hich path is preferred to exit
the AS in order to reach a certain net!or7% A path !ith a hi/her local preference is ore
preferred% The defa"lt val"e for local preference is (''%
6nli7e the !ei/ht attri$"te !hich is onl, relevant to the local ro"ter# local
preference is an attri$"te that is e>changed among routers in the same AS%
:ocal preference is set via the ?bgp default local)preference Gval"eH@ coand or !ith
ro"te2aps as !ill $e deonstrated in the follo!in/ exaple8
:et;s confi/"re the a$ove topolo/,% A net!or7 (('%'%'%') is connected to R' !ith
AS (''% We !ant $oth R( and R- to "se R( to reach to the destination net!or7 or in
other !ords# $oth R( and R- !ill "se the path# R( to R'%
0n R'8
R'Rro"ter $/p (''
R'Rnet ('%'%'%'
R'Rnet -'%'%'%'
R'Rnet (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R'Rnet (.-%(4D%'%A as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R'Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- reote2as -''
R'Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%4 reote2as -''
R'Rend
0n R(8
R(Raccess2list ( perit ('%'%'%' '%-33%-33%-33
R(Raccess2list - perit an,
R(Rro"te2ap x,> perit ('
R(Ratch ip address (
R(Rset local2preference -''
R(Rro"te2ap x,> perit -'
R(Ratch ip address -
R(Rset local2preference (''
R(Rro"ter $/p -''
R(Rnet (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R(Rnet (.-%(4D%'%A as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R(Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( reote2as (''
R(Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' reote2as -''
R(Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( ro"te2ap x,> in
R(Rend
0n R-8
R-Rro"ter $/p -''
R-Rnet (.-%(4D%'%A as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R-Rnet (.-%(4D%'%D as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
R-Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%3 reote2as (''
R-Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%. reote2as -''
R-Rend
No! ro"tes atchin/ the access2list ( !ill have local2preference val"e as -'' and
all other ro"tes have the val"e as (''% R( !ill tell R- a$o"t the chan/ed local2preference
val"e of the ro"te to net!or7 ('%'%'%'% )oth R( and R- have t!o paths to the net!or7 $"t
local2preference val"e of the ro"te fro R( is -'' and that fro R- is (''% Therefore
$oth R( and R- !ill "se the path (R( to R-) and all the traffic for the net!or7 ('%'%'%'
!ill follo! the sae path%
The coand sh ip bgp sho!s local2preference val"e of the ro"tes and the
coand sh ip route sho!s the exit point or path "sed to reach the destination net!or7%
0n R(# t,pe sh ip route
) ('%'%'%'ND T-'N'U via (.-%(4D%'%(#
(o"tp"t c"t)
0n R(# t,pe sh ip bgp
('%'%'%' (.-%(4D%'%( ' -'' ' ('' (
(o"tp"t c"t)
T,pe these coands on R- and ,o" !ill /et siilar res"lts%
What do you know about %GP as)path attribute?
The )*+ as2path attri$"te contains the list of AS n"$ers "sed to reach a
destination net!or7% In the a$ove topolo/,# s"ppose R- is in AS B''# then to reach a
net!or7 s"ch as ('%'%'%'# R- !ill have as2path as (-''#('') $"t R( !ill have the path as
(('') to reach to the sae net!or7%
No! !e shall "se as2path attri$"te to set local2preference% S"ppose !e !ant that
all the ro"tes coin/ fro R' (AS ('') to R( (AS -'') "st have local preference of
A''% *o to R( and t,pe8
R(Rip as2path access2list ( perit [(''\
R(Rro"te2ap x,> perit ('
R(Ratch as2path (
R(Rset local2preference A''
R(Rro"te2ap x,> perit -'
R(Rset local2preference (''
R(Rro"ter $/p -''
R(Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( ro"te2ap x,> in
R(Rend
Ro"tes atchin/ !ith as2path access2list ( !ill have local2preference val"es as
A'' and all other ro"tes not atchin/ the condition !ill the defa"lt val"e of (''% =ere
[(''\ eans Start of AS n"$er([) and end of AS n"$er(\)% Soe ore exaples8
](''](via AS('')
[(''\ (ori/in AS('')
[('' %E (coin/ fro AS('')
[\ (ori/inated fro this AS)
No! $oth R( and R- !ill "se the path (R( to R') to reach net!or7s (('%'%'%' and
-'%'%'%')% This can $e verified $, t,pin/ the coand sh ip ro"te on R( and R-8
) -'%'%'%'ND T-'N'U via (.-%(4D%'%(#
) ('%'%'%'ND T-'N'U via (.-%(4D%'%(#
(o"tp"t c"t)
What do you know about %GP weight?
The !ei/ht attri$"te is a Cisco defined attri$"te% The !ei/ht is "sed for a $est path
selection process% The !ei/ht is assi/ned locall, to the ro"ter% It is a val"e that onl,
a7es sense to the specific ro"ter and !hich is not propa/ated or carried thro"/h an, of
the ro"te "pdates% A !ei/ht can $e a n"$er fro ' to 433B3% +aths that the ro"ter
ori/inates have a !ei/ht of B-54D $, defa"lt and other paths have a !ei/ht of >ero%
Ro"tes !ith a hi/her !ei/ht are preferred !hen "ltiple ro"tes exist to the sae
destination% Consider a siple topolo/,8
We !ant R- sho"ld follo! the path (R-2R(2R') to reach the net!or7s ('%'%'%'
and -'%'%'%'% R- learns a$o"t these net!or7s fro R' and R(% So R- has t!o ro"tes to
reach to these net!or7s% If !e confi/"re !ei/ht of ro"tes coin/ fro R( has hi/her
val"es than that of ro"tes coin/ fro R'# then R( !ill follo! the path thro"/h R( to
reach the net!or7s% This !ill happen onl, if all other )*+ attri$"tes li7e as2path# local
preference etc are the sae for R( and R-% R( and R- are in the sae AS and so the,
have the sae as2path val"e% No! !ei/ht attri$"te can act as etric to deterine the $est
path%
Confi/"re )*+ properl, on R' and R(% *ive the follo!in/ coands on R-8
Ro"tes received fro R' !ill have !ei/ht as >ero and ro"tes fro R( !ill have
!ei/ht as 5'% This can $e verified "sin/ sh ip $/p coand as8

No! R- !ill follo! the path (R-2R(2R') to reach to the net!or7s ('%'%'%' and
-'%'%'%'% This can $e verified "sin/ sh ip ro"te coand on R-8
Po" can also create a ro"te2ap and "se it in nei/h$or stateent to confi/"re
!ei/ht8
R-Rro"te2ap !t perit ('
R-Rset !ei/ht 5'
R-Rro"ter $/p -''
R-Rnei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%. ro"te2ap !t in
R-Rend
What do you know about CE! attribute or %GP metric?
The etric attri$"te !hich is also called M"lti]exit]discriinator (MED# )*+A)
or Inter2As ()*+B) is a hint to external nei/h$ors a$o"t the preferred path into an AS%
This is a d,naic !a, to infl"ence another AS on !hich !a, to choose in order to reach
a certain ro"te /iven that !e have "ltiple entr, points into that AS% lower value of a
metric is more preferred%
6nli7e local preference# etric is exchan/ed $et!een ASs% A etric is carried
into an AS $"t does not leave the AS% When an "pdate enters the AS !ith a certain
etric# that etric is "sed for decision a7in/ inside the AS% When the sae "pdate is
passed on to a third AS# that etric !ill $e set $ac7 to '% The Metric defa"lt val"e is '%
Consider a siple topolo/, of three ro"ters% Ro"ters R' and R- are in AS ('' and
ro"ter R( is in AS -''% R( can enter into AS ('' thro"/h R' or R- and can reach certain
net!or7s s"ch as ('%'%'%' and -'%'%'%'% ), defa"lt R( !ill "se R' as entr, point to reach
these net!or7s $eca"se R( is nearest to R' and oreover R' is advertisin/ these ro"tes
and is actin/ as next hop% We !ant that R( sho"ld "se R- as entr, point into AS ('' and
to reach to these net!or7s% This can $e achieved $, anip"latin/ the etric attri$"te
provided all other attri$"tes reain the sae%
We !ill confi/"re R' to advertise a hi/her etric val"e for the ro"tes
('%'%'%' and -'%'%'%' to R(% No! R- 7no!s a$o"t these ro"tes fro R' and !e !ill
confi/"re R- to advertise a lo!er etric val"e for these ro"tes to R(% This !ill ca"se R(
to "se R- as entr, point into AS ('' as R- !ill prefer ro"tes of lo!er etric val"e%
:et;s confi/"re no!8
(% 1irst confi/"re )*+ on all the ro"ters%
-% *o to R' and t,pe8
ro"te2ap settr perit ('
set etric -'
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- ro"te2ap settr o"t
B% *o to R- and t,pe8
ro"te2ap settr perit ('
set etric ('
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' ro"te2ap settr o"t
A% Ne! chan/es !ill coe into effect onl, if ,o" restart the )*+ session% Po" can
restart the )*+ session on R( so that R( can /et ne! etric val"es% T,pe8
clear $/p E
The follo!in/ pict"re sho!s path "sed $, R( and etric val"es $efore
anip"latin/ )*+ etric val"e% The later pict"re sho!s stat"s of R( after
anip"latin/ the etric attri$"te%
Po" can see R( is "sin/ R' to reach net!or7s ('%'%'%' and -'%'%'%'% The
etric for these ro"tes is >ero%
In this pict"re# ,o" can see the ne! etric val"es and can easil, confir
that R( is "sin/ R- as entr, point into AS ('' and to reach the net!or7s
connected to R'%
#etting Cetric only for network (*:*:*:*
We !ant that R( sho"ld "se R- to reach ('%'%'%' net!or7 and for all other
net!or7s it sho"ld "se path thro"/h R'% 1or this /o to R' and t,pe8
access2list ( perit ('%'%'%' '%-33%-33%-33
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
atch ip address (
set etric D'
ro"te2ap x,> perit -'
set etric '
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- ro"te2ap x,> o"t
*o to R- and t,pe8
access2list ( perit ('%'%'%' '%-33%-33%-33
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
atch ip address (
set etric A'
ro"te2ap x,> perit -'
set etric '
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%. ro"te2ap x,> o"t
R( !ill receive t!o etric val"es for the net!or7 ('%'%'%'% Val"e of D'
fro R' and val"e of A' fro R-% So R( !ill "se ro"te of lo!er etric# that is# path
thro"/h R- to reach to this net!or7%
6nless other!ise specified# a ro"ter !ill copare etrics for paths fro
nei/h$ors in the sae AS% In order for the ro"ter to copare etrics fro nei/h$ors
coin/ fro different ASs the special confi/"ration coand Lbgp always)compare)
medM should be configured on the router:
What do you know about Bommunity attribute?
The co"nit, attri$"te is a transitive# optional attri$"te in the ran/e ' to
A#-.A#.45#-''% The co"nit, attri$"te is a !a, to /ro"p destinations in a certain
co"nit, and appl, ro"tin/ decisions (accept# prefer# redistri$"te# etc%) accordin/ to
those co"nities% We can "se ro"te aps to set the co"nit, attri$"tes% The ro"te
ap set coand has the follo!in/ s,ntax8
set community co"nit,2n"$er 0additive2
A fe! predefined !ell 7no!n co"nities (co"nit,2n"$er) are8
2no)e>port (Do not advertise to E)*+ peers)
2no)advertise (Do not advertise this ro"te to an, peer)
2internet (Advertise this ro"te to the internet co"nit,# an, ro"ter
$elon/s to it)
Consider a siple topolo/,% R' is r"nnin/ onl, ei/rp and R- is r"nnin/ onl, )*+ $"t R(
is r"nnin/ $oth )*+ and EI*R+% We !ill create a ro"te2ap on R( and !ill "se this
ro"te2ap in the redistri$"te coand to prevent advertiseent of the net!or7 ('%'%'%'
to R- $, "sin/ the stateent Oset co"nit, no2advertise; inside the ro"te2ap% )oth
ro"ters R( and R- are in sae a"tonoo"s s,ste (AS) n"$ers%
0n R(# t,pe8
access2list ( perit ('%'%'%' '%-33%-33%-33
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
atch ip address (
set co"nit, no2advertise
ro"te2ap x,> perit -'
set co"nit, internet
ro"ter $/p (''
redistri$"te ei/rp (' etric 3' ro"te2ap x,>
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' reote2as (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' send2co"nit,
The redistri$"ted ro"tes fro the ro"tin/ doain Oei/rp ('; into the )*+
ro"tin/ doain !ill have etric of 3'% The cla"se Osend2co"nit,; !ill tell the
nei/h$or that )*+ co"nit, attri$"te has $een defined and !ill send this
attri$"te to the nei/h$or% ), defa"lt# co"nit, attri$"te is never sent to the
nei/h$or%
How to do route filtering or to filter routing updates using distribute)list?
Consider the previo"s topolo/,% S"ppose all the ro"ters R'# R( and R- are
in different AS8
AS of R' C (''
AS of R( C -''
AS of R- C B''
We !ant net!or7 ('%'%'%' connected to R' sho"ldn;t $e advertised to R-
or to AS B''% 1or this# on R(# t,pe8
access2list ( den, ('%'%'%' '%-33%-33%-33
access2list ( perit an,
ro"ter $/p -''
net (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
net (.-%(4D%'%D as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( reote2as (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' reote2as B''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' distri$"te2list ( o"t
A distri$"te2list a7e "se of a set of access2lists to filter net!or7s or
ro"tes%
How to do path filtering or to filter routing updates using as)path %GP
attribute?
S"ppose !e !ant that an, ro"te or net!or7 $elon/in/ to AS ('' "st not
$e advertised to AS B''% To achieve this# /o to R( and t,pe8
ip as2path access2list ( den, [(''\
ip as2path access2list ( perit %E
ro"ter $/p -''
net (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
net (.-%(4D%'%D as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%( reote2as (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' reote2as B''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%(' filter2list ( o"t
Net!or7s s"ch as ('%'%'%'# -'%'%'%' $elon/in/ to AS ('' !ill not $e
advertised to R- !hich is in AS B''% The ter O[(''\; eans an, ro"te startin/
!ith as2path ('' and endin/ !ith as2path ('' % The ter O[(''; eans an, ro"te
startin/ !ith as2path (''% The ter O%E; eans an, as2path val"e other than
[(''\% These ters are also called re/"lar expression and an, ro"te $elon/in/ to
a partic"lar as2path can $e seen "sin/ the coand8
sh ip bgp rege>p Gre/"lar expressionH
1or exaple#
sh ip bgp rege>p N(**O
The ter Ofilter2list; is "sed !henever an, )*+ attri$"te is "sed to filter
ro"tin/ "pdates%
How to filter routing updates using community attribute?
Considerin/ the a$ove in !hich all the three ro"ters are in different AS
s,stes% S"ppose !e !ant net!or7s connected to R' "st not $e advertised to
RB% Confi/"re )*+ on all the ro"ters and then /o to R' and t,pe8
access2list ( perit '%'%'%' -33%-33%-33%-33
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
atch ip address (
set co"nit, no2export
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- send2co"nit,
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- ro"te2ap x,> o"t
All the ro"tes coin/ fro R' to R( !ill have co"nit, attri$"te as no2
export !hich eans ro"tes fro one AS are not advertised to other AS% So R(
!ill not advertise these ro"tes to RB !hich is in AS B''%
dvanced "iltering
In the previo"s exaple# !e have prevented advertiseent of all the ro"tes
connected to R' to RB% S"ppose !e !ant that the net!or7 ('%'%'%' "st $e
advertised to RB $"t all other ro"tes connected or $elon/in/ to R' "st not $e
advertised% To achieve this# /o to R' and t,pe8
access2list ( perit ('%'%'%' '%-33%-33%-33
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
atch ip address (
set co"nit, internet
ro"te2ap x,> perit -'
set co"nit, no2export
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- send2co"nit,
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- ro"te2ap x,> o"t
How to effect route selection by %GP by changing as)path attribute?
If there are "ltiple ro"tes to a destination# )*+ !ill select the ro"te
havin/ the shortest path or lo!est as2path val"e% )"t !e can alter as2path val"e to
chan/e ro"te selected $, )*+ to reach a destination%
Consider a siple topolo/,8
R- has t!o ro"tes to the net!or7 ('%'%'%'8
('%'%'%' via (.-%(4D%'%3 (''
('%'%'%' via (.-%(4D%'%. -'' (''
R- !ill "se the first ro"te to reach the net!or7 $eca"se it has the shortest
path $"t !e can force R- to "se the second path $, increasin/ as2path val"e for
the first ro"te and then R- !ill "se the second path if all other attri$"tes reain
the sae for $oth the ro"tes%
*o to R' and t,pe8
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
set as2path prepend ('' (''
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%4 ro"te2ap x,> o"t
R' !ill no! advertise as2path val"e of its net!or7s as ('' ('' ('' instead
of ('' to R-% The as2path val"e of first ro"te !ill $e lar/er than that of second
path and R- !ill select the second path and all the traffic for the net!or7s
$elon/in/ to R' !ill flo! thro"/h R(% It is advisa$le to "se the local AS n"$ers
in the coand Oas2path prepend; to extend as2path deli$eratel,%

What do you meant by %GP peer)group?
A )*+ peer2/ro"p is a /ro"p of )*+ nei/h$ors !hich have the sae
"pdate policies% Instead of appl,in/ policies to each nei/h$or separatel,# it is $est
to define a peer2/ro"p# add nei/h$ors to the peer2/ro"p and then appl, policies to
the /ro"p "sin/ ro"te2aps# distri$"te2lists and filter2lists%
Consider a siple topolo/,8
*o to R' and t,pe8
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
set etric 3'
exit
ro"ter $/p (''
net (.-%(4D%'%' as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
net (.-%(4D%'%A as7 -33%-33%-33%-3-
nei/h$or testnet peer2/ro"p
nei/h$or testnet reote2as (''
nei/h$or testnet ro"te2ap x,> o"t
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- peer2/ro"p testnet
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%4 peer2/ro"p testnet
end
=ere# testnet is tha nae of the peer2/ro"p and !e have defined a ro"te2
ap !hich !ill set etric of 3' of the ro"tes coin/ fro R' to R( and R-%
!E$BE! B4$"IG9R&I4$
RTCR
ro"ter $/p B''
nei/h$or internalap peer2/ro"p
nei/h$or internalap reote2as B''
nei/h$or internalap ro"te2ap SETMETRIC o"t
nei/h$or internalap filter2list ( o"t
nei/h$or internalap filter2list - in
nei/h$or 3%3%3%- peer2/ro"p internalap
nei/h$or 4%4%4%- peer2/ro"p internalap
nei/h$or B%B%B%- peer2/ro"p internalap
nei/h$or B%B%B%- filter2list B in
In the a$ove confi/"ration# !e have defined a peer /ro"p naed internalap and
!e have defined soe policies for that /ro"p# s"ch as a ro"te ap SETMETRIC to set
the etric to 3 and t!o different filter lists ( and -% We have applied the peer /ro"p to all
internal nei/h$ors RTE# RT1 and RT*% We have defined a separate filter2list B for
nei/h$or RTE# and this !ill override filter2list - inside the peer /ro"p% $ote that we
could only override options that affect inbound updates%
55API$G B4$"IG9R&I4$# "4R EP&ER$5 $EIGH%4R#
RTCR
ro"ter $/p B''
nei/h$or externalap peer2/ro"p
nei/h$or externalap ro"te2ap SETMETRIC
nei/h$or externalap filter2list ( o"t
nei/h$or externalap filter2list - in
nei/h$or -%-%-%- reote2as (''
nei/h$or -%-%-%- peer2/ro"p externalap
nei/h$or A%A%A%- reote2as 4''
nei/h$or A%A%A%- peer2/ro"p externalap
nei/h$or (%(%(%- reote2as -''
nei/h$or (%(%(%- peer2/ro"p externalap
nei/h$or (%(%(%- filter2list B in
How to do route summariDation/aggregation in %GP?
S"ari>ation helps in advertisin/ a n"$er of ro"tes $, "sin/ a sin/le ro"te%
Consider a siple topolo/,% R- has the follo!in/ net!or7s and ro"tes for these net!or7s
are called specific ro"tes%
(5-%('%'%'N(4
(5-%((%'%'N(4
(5-%(-%'%'N(4
(5-%(B%'%'N(4
(5-%(A%'%'N(4
(5-%(3%'%'NB' (the as7 is -33%-33%-33%-3-)
(5-%(4%'%'N-. (the as7 is -33%-33%-33%-AD)
All these ro"tes fro R- !ill $e advertised to R' and !e !ant that onl, a
s"ari>ed ro"te for these ro"tes "st $e advertised to R( !hich is in AS B''% 1or this#
on R'# "se the follo!in/ coand in the )*+ ro"tin/ process8
ro"ter $/p -''
a//re/ate2address (5-%'%'%' -33%'%'%'
This coand a, not s"ari>e all the ro"tes and soe specific ro"tes !ill /et
advertised to R(% To s"ppress the advertiseent of all the specific ro"tes and to advertise
onl, the s"ari>ed ro"te# t,pe this coand li7e this8
a//re/ate2address (5-%'%'%' -33%'%'%' s"ar,2onl,
No! this coand !ill /enerate a siple s"ari>ed ro"te for R(% *o to R(
and t,pe sh ip ro"te and ,o" !ill see8
) (5-%'%'%'ND T-''N'U via (.-%(4D%'%(
6se of Oas2set; option
A//re/ate coand !ill /enerate a (5-%'%'%'ND ro"te and attri$"tes for this ro"te
are alost >ero% The as2path attri$"te for this ro"te !ill have val"e of the AS in !hich the
a//re/ate coand has $een r"n% In this case# the as2path is -'' and this can $e verified
$, t,pin/ sh ip $/p on R(% R' !ill advertise this ro"te to R- and R- !ill have this ro"te
in its ro"tin/ ta$le $eca"se R- !ill consider the a//re/ate ro"te as ne! ro"te fro R'
$eca"se it has as2path val"e as -''% This a, ca"se ro"tin/ loop in a closed )*+
net!or7% To prevent this# "se the coand li7e this on R'8
a//re/ate2address (5-%'%'%' -33%'%'%' s"ar,2onl, as2set
The Oas2set; option !ill incl"de the AS n"$ers of the specific ro"tes in the
a//re/ateNs"ari>ed ro"te Os as2path attri$"te% No! on R( the a//re/ate ro"te !ill
have as2path as O-'' ('';% When this a//re/ate ro"te is advertised to R-# R- !ill not
accept this ro"te $eca"se this ro"te contains its o!n AS n"$er and this is the )*+ loop
prevention echanis%
It sho"ld $e noted that (5-%'%'%'ND is not a classf"l address and it is in CIDR
forat and this helps in s"ari>ation% CIDR (Classless Interdoain Ro"tin/) or also
called s"pernettin/ !as introd"ced in )*+ version A%
What are the different aggregate commands?
S"ppose !e !ant that the net!or7 (5-%(4%'%'N-. sho"ldn;t $e "sed in the
a//re/ation process# then /o to R' and t,pe8
access2list ( den, (5-%(4%'%' '%'%'%5
access2list ( perit an,
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
atch ip address (
a//re/ate2address (5-%'%'%' -33%'%'%' s"ar,2onl, as2set s"ppress2ap x,>
)"t the net!or7 (5-%(4%'%' !ill $e advertised to R( in case on R- ,o" have "sed
the net!or7 coand to inJect this net!or7 into )*+%
S"ppose !e !ant to set the attri$"tes of the a//re/ate ro"te and then /o to R' and
t,pe8
ro"te2ap x,> perit ('
set etric 3'
set !ei/ht 4'
a//re/ate2address (5-%'%'%' -33%'%'%' s"ar,2onl, as2set attri$"te2ap x,>
The !ei/ht of the ro"te !ill $e as 4' on R' $"t on R( it !ill $e ' $eca"se !ei/ht is not
exchan/ed aon/ )*+ ro"ters% The etric of the ro"te !ill $e as 3' $oth on R' and R(%
What is i%GP meshing or discuss about scalability issues of %GP network?
The pro$le of )*+ is that in lar/e net!or7s# inside an AS# ro"te learned $, one
i)*+ ro"terNspea7er is not advertised to other i)*+ peer% In sall net!or7s# s"ch
pro$le a, not occ"r% 0ne ethod to solve this pro$le is that f"ll, eshin/ the )*+
net!or7 $, creatin/ s"fficient )*+ sessions% 1or A ro"ters# ,o" need n(n2()N- or A(A2()N-
C 4 sessions% )"t for -D ro"ters# ,o" a, need B5D sessions and this is harder for an
adinistrator to aintain and ipleent%
What is route reflection?
Ro"te reflection !as first defined in R1C (.44 and !as later revised $, R1C
-5.4% Ro"te reflection allo!s a )*+ spea7erM7no!n as a ro"te reflectorMto advertise
i)*+2learned ro"tes to certain other i)*+ peers% This reoves the need for a f"ll,
eshed )*+ net!or7% A ro"te reflection cl"ster is ade "p of a ro"te2reflector !hich
learns the ro"te fro a )*+ ro"ter27no!n as a non2client peer2and reflects it to the other
)*+ ro"ters 7no!n as client peer present in the cl"ster% Inside an AS# for fa"lt tolerance#
,o" can have ore than one ro"te reflector $"t all the ro"te reflectors "st the sae
cl"ster ID%
How to configure route reflection?
Consider the follo!in/ topolo/,% Coands are entered onl, on the ro"te
reflector R' and nothin/ is done on the clients% R' !ill receive ro"tes fro external
nei/h$ors and reflect the to the internal nei/h$ors%
R(# R- and RB are clients and LI and L- are non2client peers% 1irst do the $asic
)*+ confi/"rations on all the ro"ters and then /o to R' and enter coands to confi/"re
R' as a ro"te reflector% No! enter8
ro"ter $/p B''
nei/h$or -'%'%'%( ro"te2reflector2client
nei/h$or -'%'%'%- ro"te2reflector2client
nei/h$or -'%'%'%B ro"te2reflector2client
How to configure multiple route reflectors?
Cl"ster ID has to $e "sed in "ltiple ro"te reflectors AS% If one ro"te reflector
fails# the other reflector !ill contin"e servin/ the clients and vice2versa% In the follo!in/
topolo/,# R( and R- are ro"te reflectors and the others are client peers%
Each of the ro"te reflectors needs a peerin/ session !ith each of the clients% The
cl"ster ID !e !ill "se is 55% 1irst do $asic )*+ confi/"rations on all the ro"ters% It is
$etter to "se loop $ac7 interfaces for )*+ sessions or peerin/% No! /o to R( and enter8
R((confi/)Rrouter bgp (**
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp cluster)id ==
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor -:-:-:- route)reflector)client
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? route)reflector)client
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ,:,:,:, route)reflector)client
R((confi/2ro"ter)RNQ
And then /o to R- and enter8
R-(confi/)Rrouter bgp (**
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp cluster)id ==
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor -:-:-:- route)reflector)client
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? route)reflector)client
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ,:,:,:, route)reflector)client
R-(confi/2ro"ter)RNQ
R-R
What do you meant by confederations?
:i7e ro"te reflection# confederations also help in reovin/ need for f"ll, eshed
)*+ net!or7 and th"s increase scala$ilit, of )*+ net!or7s% In a $i/ cit,# an IS+ "se
confederations to ana/e its $i/ )*+ net!or7% Confederations !ere initiall, laid o"t in
R1C (.43# !hich !as later ade o$solete $, R1C B'43% Confederations allo! ,o" to
$rea7 one a"tonoo"s s,ste into "ltiple ini a"tonoo"s s,stes% I)*+ sessions r"n
!ithin the ini AS and E)*+ sessions r"n $et!een different ini AS% The o"tside !orld
onl, 7no!s a$o"t the one $i/ AS and not a$o"t the ini AS present inside the $i/ AS%
Soe points to $e noted are8
AS confederation is a collection of a"tonoo"s s,stes that appear to the o"tside
!orld as one a"tonoo"s s,ste%
AS confederation identifier (I$ is an AS n"$er that represents the
confederation as a !hole and is advertised to other a"tonoo"s s,stes%
"ember-AS is an AS that is contained !ithin the confederation%
"ember-AS number is an AS n"$er that represents the partic"lar e$er2AS%
"ini-AS is also 7no!n as the e$er2AS%
)rivate AS is an AS n"$er that sho"ld not $e advertised to the o"tside !orld%
The AS n"$ers reserved for private a"tonoo"s s,stes are 4A3(- to 433BA#
!ith 433B3 the a$sol"te last AS val"e $ein/ officiall, reserved and not part of
the private AS space%
)ublic AS is an AS n"$er that "st $e assi/ned% The p"$lic AS n"$er ran/e
is ( to 4A#3(( and is assi/ned $, ARIN%
How to configure confederations?
Consider the follo!in/ topolo/,% We !ill loop $ac7 addresses for )*+ sessions%
As -'' is one AS in !hich confederations settin/s !ill $e ade%
We !ill start $, confi/"rin/ the e$er2AS 43'''8
R-Rconf t
Enter confi/"ration coands# one per line% End !ith CNT:N^%
R-(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,***
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rno synchroniDation
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation identifier ;**
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation peers @,**(
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor -:-:-:- remote)as @,***
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor -:-:-:- update)source 5o*
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? remote)as @,***
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? update)source 5o*
R-(confi/2ro"ter)RNQ
R-R
RB(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,***
RB(confi/2ro"ter)Rno synchroniDation
RB(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation identifier ;**
RB(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation peers @,**(
RB(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ;:;:;:; remote)as @,***
RB(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ;:;:;:; update)source 5o*
RB(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? remote)as @,***
RB(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? update)source 5o*
RA(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,***
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rno synchroniDation
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation identifier ;**
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation peers @,**(
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ;:;:;:; remote)as @,***
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ;:;:;:; update)source 5o*
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor -:-:-:- remote)as @,***
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor -:-:-:- update)source 5o*
Settin/s for R-# RB and RA are alost siilar% :et;s no! confi/"re i)*+ net!or7
in the e$er2AS 43''(%
R3(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,**(
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rno synchroniDation
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation identifier ;**
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation peers @,***
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor @:@:@:@ remote)as @,**(
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor @:@:@:@ update)source 5o*
R4(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,**(
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rno synchroniDation
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation identifier ;**
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rbgp confederation peers @,***
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ,:,:,:, remote)as @,**(
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ,:,:,:, update)source 5o*
No! !e shall confi/"re e)*+ session $et!een t!o ini AS8
RA(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,***
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ,:,:,:, remote)as @,**(
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ,:,:,:, update)source 5o*
RA(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ,:,:,:, ebgp)multihop
R3(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,**(
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? remote)as @,***
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? update)source 5o*
R3(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ?:?:?:? ebgp)multihop
The "ltihop coand is "sed for e)*+ peerin/ !henever !e "se loop $ac7
interfaces for esta$lishin/ nei/h$orship% Next !e shall confi/"re connections to
nei/h$orin/ AS ('' and B''% R(# R-# R4 and R5 !ill $e confi/"red for e)*+ sessions
"sin/ "s"al coands8
R((confi/)Rrouter bgp (**
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rno synchroniDation
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ;:;:;:; remote)as ;**
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ;:;:;:; update)source 5o*
R((confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor ;:;:;:; ebgp)multihop
R-(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,***
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor (:(:(:( remote)as (**
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor (:(:(:( update)source 5o*
R-(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor (:(:(:( ebgp)multihop
R5(confi/)Rrouter bgp -**
R5(confi/2ro"ter)Rno synchroniDation
R5(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor @:@:@:@ remote)as ;**
R5(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor @:@:@:@ update)source 5o*
R5(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor @:@:@:@ ebgp)multihop
R4(confi/)Rrouter bgp @,**(
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor =:=:=:= remote)as -**
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor =:=:=:= update)source 5o*
R4(confi/2ro"ter)Rneighbor =:=:=:= ebgp)multihop
What do you know about prefi>)list?
1or ro"te filterin/# ,o" can "se prefix2lists $eca"se the, are $etter than access2
lists and distri$"te2lists% A distri$"te2list is $ased on access2lists and access2lists are not
flexi$le% If ,o" need to den, a ne! ro"te or perit a ne! ro"te# ,o" need to delete the
access list and reconfi/"re it !ith the ne! inforation% That is !here prefix lists can
help% +refix lists !ere first introd"ced in I0S (-%'% The, operate in "ch the sae !a, as
distri$"te lists% )refi! lists are /enerall, "sed to filter ro"tes% +refix lists can $e co$ined
!ith ro"te aps%
The aJor $enefit of a prefix list over an access list is that a prefix list contains a
se<"ence n"$er for each line of the prefix list% This allo!s ,o" to add# reove# and
odif, lines in a prefix list !itho"t havin/ to delete it and re2create it as ,o" !o"ld an
access list%
Consider a siple topolo/,8
S"ppose !e !ant that Ethernet net!or7s (5-%(4%'%' and (5-%(5%'%' sho"ldn;t $e
accessi$le to or advertised to R(% In s"ch a sit"ation# it is $etter to appl, a o"t$o"nd
prefix2list on R' so that these net!or7s are not incl"ded in the "pdates fro R' to R(% *o
to R' and t,pe8
ip prefix2list x,> se< (' den, (5-%(4%'%'N(4
ip prefix2list x,> se< -' den, (5-%(5%'%'N(4
ip prefix2list x,> se< B' perit '%'%'%'N' le B-
le C axi" n"$er of $its to $e atched# x,> C prefix2list nae# se< C se<"ence
n"$er%
No! /o to )*+ ro"tin/ process and appl, the prefix2list8
ro"ter $/p (''
nei/h$or (.-%(4D%'%- prefix2list x,> o"t
end
R49&E 4P&ICI#&I4$
(using IGP such as eigrp, ospf, rip etc)
What do you know about access)group?
Access2/ro"p a7es "se of access2list to perit or den, to a net!or7 or set of
net!or7s% S"ppose !e !ant no "ser in the net!or7 (5-%(4%'%' can access or pin/ the
net!or7 (5-%-'%'%'% In other !ords# traffic coin/ fro (5-%(4%'%' and /oin/ to
(5-%-'%'%' "st $e stopped%
It is $etter to p"t an access2list on R'% *o to R' and t,pe8
access2list ('' den, ip (5-%(4%'%' '%'%'%-33%-33 (5-%-'%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list ('' perit ip an, an,
int s(N(
ip access2/ro"p ('' o"t
We have "sed an extended access2list and an access2/ro"p to app, the access2list
on the interface of R' and this interface lead to R-% Access2/ro"ps onl, stopNcontrol
traffic $"t doesn;t preventNallo!Ncontrol advertiseent of ro"tes% If !e t,pe access2list
li7e this8
access2list ('' den, ip (5-%(4%'%' '%'%-33%-33 (5-%-'%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list ('' den, ip (.-%(4D%'%' '%'%'%B (5-%-'%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list ('' perit ip an, an,
This !ill also prevent ro"ter R(to connect to the net!or7 (5-%-'%'%'%
What do you know about distribute)list?
Consider the a$ove topolo/,% *o to R' and t,pe8
access2list ( den, (5-%-'%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list ( perit an,
ro"ter ei/rp ('
distri$"te2list ( o"t s(N'
end
6nli7e access2/ro"p# distri$"te2list is "sed in the ro"tin/ process and can filter
ro"tin/ "pdates or stop advertiseent of net!or7Nro"tes% The net!or7 (5-%-'%'%' !ill not
$e advertised to R( and this also prevents "ser access fro R( to this net!or7% 6s"all,
standard access2list is "sed !hen definin/ distri$"te2list%
What is policy)based routing?
+olic,2$ased ro"tin/ is a techni<"e "sed $, an Adinistration to control ro"tin/
!hen destination2$ased protocols or I*+ s"ch as rip# i/rp# ei/rp etc are "sed% These
protocols al!a,s "se the shortest path to reach a destination net!or7%
Ro"te2aps can $e "sed to control ro"tin/% Po" cannot directl, "se a ro"te ap
as ,o" can !ith )*+% )*+ allo!s ,o" to attach a ro"te ap to a )*+ session for
filterin/ andNor anip"lation of the ro"tin/ inforation passin/ over the session% I*+s do
not allo! ,o" to do this% Po" "st "se a ro"te ap !ith either redistri$"tion or polic,2
$ased ro"tin/% +olic,2$ased ro"tin/ allo!s an adinistrator to ro"te the traffic in !a, he
li7es% There can $e an, reasons for confi/"rin/ polic,2$ased ro"tin/ s"ch as selectin/
hi/h2speed path over lo!2speed path# load2$alancin/ of paths in !a, adinistrator
prefers# t,pe of traffic to $e ro"ted thro"/h a specific path and so on%
+olic,2$ased ro"tin/ is ainl, "sed to force traffic to follo! a specific path onl,
and it is not "sed to peritNden, a specific traffic%
+olic,2$ased ro"tin/ is ena$led on the in$o"nd interface of the polic, ro"ter that
the traffic !ill $e coin/ in on% Po" specif, a ro"te ap# !hich !ill control enforcin/
the policies% The ro"te ap is then associated !ith the interface on !hich the polic,
needs to $e enforced% In order to ena$le polic,2$ased ro"tin/# ,o" need to confi/"re a
ro"te ap to enforce the policies% Po" then need to ena$le polic,2$ased ro"tin/ on the
interface !here these policies need to $e enforced% In order to ena$le polic,2$ased
ro"tin/# ,o" need to enter the follo!in/ coand on the appropriate interface8
ip policy route)map name
name * the nae of the ro"te ap%
There are different t,pes of polic,2$ased ro"tin/8
(% So"rce2$ased polic,2$ased ro"tin/
-% T,pe of Traffic polic,2$ased ro"tin/
B% T,pe of Service polic,2$ased ro"tin/
What is source)based policy)based routing?
So"rce2$ased polic, ro"tin/ allo!s ,o" to a7e the ro"tin/ decisions $ased on
!here the traffic ori/inates%
Consider the a$ove topolo/,# !e !ant that all the traffic fro the net!or7
(5-%(4%'%' destined for the net!or7s (5-%(D%'%'# (5-%-'%'%' "st follo! the WAN lin7 of
(-D I fro R' to R-% All other traffic !ill $e ro"ted "sin/ the WAN lin7 of 4A I% *o to
R' and t,pe8
access2list ('' perit ip (5-%(4%'%' '%'%-33%-33 (5-%(D%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list ('' perit ip (5-%(4%'%' '%'%-33%-33 (5-%-'%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list ((' perit ip an, (5-%(D%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list ((' perit ip an, (5-%-'%'%' '%'%-33%-33
ro"te2ap testpolic, perit ('
atch ip address (''
set interface s(N-
ro"te2ap testpolic, perit -'
atch ip address (('
set interface s(N(
exit
int s(N'
ip polic, ro"te2ap testpolic,
exit
int fa'N'
ip polic, ro"te2ap testpolic,
exit
int fa'N(
ip polic, ro"te2ap testpolic,
end
The interfaces fa'N' and fa'N( are of net!or7s (5-%-3%'%' and (5-%-4%'%'
respectivel,%
What is &ype of &raffic policy)based routing?
T,pe of traffic polic, ro"tin/ allo!s ,o" to a7e ro"tin/ decisions $ased on the
t,pe of traffic that is crossin/ the polic, ro"ter%
Consider the follo!in/ topolo/,% We !ant that all the SMT+ traffic fro the
copan, net!or7 "st $e directed to the ro"ter of IS+ S ( and all other traffic "st pass
to the ro"ter of IS+ S -%
*o to R' and t,pe8
access2list ('' perit tcp an, an, e< stp
ro"te2ap test( perit ('
atch ip address (''
set ip next2hop (.-%(4D%'%-
ro"te2ap test( perit -'
set ip next2hop (.-%(4D%'%4
exit
int s(N'
ip polic, ro"te2ap test(
exit
int s(N(
ip polic, ro"te2ap test(
exit
int fa'N'
ip polic, ro"te2ap test(
end
In this exaple# !e have "sed ip next2hop coand instead of set
interface and this is $etter coand in s"ch scenerio%
What is &ype of &raffic policy)based routing?
T,pe of service policies allo! the ta//in/ of a pac7et !ith the defined
classification $, settin/ the I+ precedence or t,pe of service (ToS) val"es% ), "sin/ ToS
val"es for different traffic# !e are ipleentin/ soethin/ called KoS (K"alit, of
Service)%
*o to R'(consider the a$ove topolo/,) and t,pe8
access2list ( perit (5-%(4%'%' '%'%-33%-33
access2list - perit (5-%(5%'%' '%'%-33%-33
ro"te2ap test perit ('
atch ip address (
set ip tos ax2relia$ilit,
ro"te2ap test perit -'
atch ip address -
set ip tos in2dela,
ro"te2ap test perit B'
set ip tos noral
int s(N'
ip polic, ro"te2ap test
exit
int s(N(
ip polic, ro"te2ap test
exit
int fa'N'
ip polic, ro"te2ap test
end
The traffic fro net!or7 (5-%(4%'%' !ill $e set for axi" relia$ilit,# traffic
fro net!or7 (5-%(5%'%' !ill $e set for ini" dela, and all other traffic !ill $e set to
$e noral%
C95&IB#&I$G
What is IP Culticast?
A "lticast is a sin/le data strea sent fro one so"rce to a /ro"p of
recipients% Exaples i/ht $e a stoc7 tic7er or live video feed%
What are the features of a multicast traffic?
M"lticast "ses 6D+# so relia$ilit, "st $e handled $, the end host%
The sendin/ host does not 7no! the identit, of the receivin/ hosts& it 7no!s
J"st a /ro"p I+ addresses%
*ro"p e$ership is d,naic% =osts Join a /ro"p# notif, their "pstrea ro"ter#
and the ro"ter $e/ins for!ardin/ data to the%

=osts can $elon/ to ore than one /ro"p%
=osts in a /ro"p can $e located in an, different places%
What you know about Culticast ip and mac addresses?
Whenever a device in a net!or7 does $roadcastin/# it "se an ip address havin/ all
ones in the host portion of the ip address# for exaple# ('%-33%-33%-33 and it "se the ac
address havin/ val"e in hexadecial as 11811811811811811% The s!itch reads the ac
$roadcast address and for!ards the $roadcast traffic o"t ever, port except the port fro
!hich it ori/inated% )"t in "lticastin/# the ip address and ac address "sed are entirel,
different%
M"lticasts "se the I+ address ran/e --A%'%'%' to -B.%-33%-33%-33% The first fo"r
$its of the first octet are al!a,s $inar, ((('# and the reainin/ -D $its identif, the
"lticast /ro"p% Soe addresses are reserved8
--A%'%'%( is the all2hosts /ro"p%
--A%'%'%- is the all2ro"ters /ro"p%
The rest of the --A%'%'%'N-A ran/e is reserved for lin72local protocols%
--A%'%(%' to -BD%-33%-33%-33 are for "se over the Internet# and
the, are called /lo$all,2scoped addresses%
So"rce2specific "lticast "ses -B-%'%'%'ND addresses%
-BB%'%'%'ND is "sed to assi/n static "lticast addresses for "se $, an or/ani>ation%
The second and third octets of the address are the or/ani>ation;s A"tonoo"s
s,ste n"$er% This is called *:0+# !hich is a co$ination of /lo$al and
scope%
-B.%'%'%'ND is for local "se !ithin an or/ani>ation# and it is called
a liited scope or an adinistrativel, scoped address%
M"lticast MAC addresses all start !ith the first -3 $its '(''3E% The last -B $its
are the left2ost $its fro the I+ address%
The first fo"r $its of "lticast I+ addresses are al!a,s ((('# and the last -B $its
ap to the MAC% That leaves five $its that are dropped% Ree$er that this is an iss"e#
$eca"se ever, "lticast MAC aps to an, "lticast I+s_ Exaple 523 sho!s ho! a
MAC address of '(''%3EA'%'B'3 co"ld ap to several different "lticast I+ addresses%
Notice that the first t!o octets can var, in the I+ addresses%
What are the benefits of multicasting?
The priar, $enefit of "lticastin/ is that it saves net!or7 $and!idth%
1or exaple# in a (' M$ps net!or7# a video server can deliver onl, 4 2 5 video sessions
to clients $, "sin/ "nicastin/ $eca"se each hi/h <"alit, video session a, need a$o"t (%3
M$ps and net!or7 interface of the server !ill /et sat"rated !hen n"$er of sessions
increase $e,ond a liit% Each client !ill aintain a separate connection !ith the server%
)"t in "lticastin/# "lticast2ena$led ro"ters are "sed% The video server !ill onl, a7e
a sin/le "nicast connection !ith the ro"ter and in t"rn# the ro"ter !ill have separate
connection !ith each client% The onl, client re<"estin/ the "lticast strea !ill /et the
"lticast data% The video server doesn;t 7no! the identit, of the client& it J"st 7no!s a
"lticast ip address /ro"p%
What is multicast)routing?
In "lticast2ro"tin/# all the ro"ters in the s"$nets of the net!or7 "st $e
"lticast2ena$led so that hosts in each s"$net can /et a cop, of "lticast traffic% The
ro"ter in the s"$net in !hich the so"rce (the "lticast server) is located $"ild a
distri$"tion tree% This tree has the server as the root and $ranches thro"/ho"t the net!or7%
Ever, ro"ter in each s"$net 7no!s a$o"t this tree# that is# ip address of the server and
"lticast /ro"p inforation and this is called "lticast2ro"tin/%
A priar, /oal in distri$"tion trees constr"ction is to ens"re that at ost# one
cop, of each pac7et is for!arded on each $ranch of the tree% This is accoplished $,
constr"ctin/ a Spannin/ Tree rooted at the desi/nated "lticast ro"ter of the sendin/
host# providin/ connectivit, to the desi/nated "lticast ro"ters of each receivin/ host%
1or I+ "lticast# the IET1 has offered several "lticast ro"tin/ protocols for
consideration% These incl"de8 the Distance Vector M"lticast Ro"tin/ +rotocol (DVMR+)#
M"lticast extensions to 0S+1 (M0S+1)# +rotocol2Independent M"lticast (+IM)#
and Core2)ased Trees (C)T)% M"lticast ro"tin/ protocols $"ild distri$"tion trees $,
exainin/ a "nicast reacha$ilit, protocol`s ro"tin/ ta$le% Soe protocols "se the "nicast
for!ardin/ ta$le# incl"din/ +IM and C)T% Alternativel,# other protocols "se their o!n
private "nicast reacha$ilit, ro"tin/ ta$les% DVMR+ "ses its o!n distance vector ro"tin/
protocol to deterine ho! to $"ild so"rce2$ased distri$"tion trees% Siilarl,# M0S+1#
"ses its o!n lin7 state data$ase to $"ild so"rce2$ased distri$"tion trees%
What are multicast)distribution trees?
M"lticasts "se t!o different !a,s to distri$"te data $et!een a server
and hosts8
A source)based tree is the siplest 7ind% Its root is the server# and it fors
$ranches thro"/ho"t the net!or7 to all the e$ers of the "lticast /ro"p% A so"rce tree
is identified $, (S#*) !here S is the I+ address of the server and * is the /ro"p "lticast
address% It creates optial paths $et!een the server and the hosts# $"t ta7es ore ro"ter
reso"rces% Ever, ro"ter alon/ the path "st aintain path inforation for ever, server%
A shared tree selects a coon root called a rende>vo"s point (R+)% The server
sends traffic to the R+# !hich for!ards it to hosts $elon/in/ to the /ro"p% The tree is
identified $, (E#*) !here E eans an, so"rce and * is the /ro"p "lticast address%
Shared trees "se less ro"ter reso"rces# $"t can res"lt in s"$optial paths%
What are multicast)routing protocols?
M"lticast ro"tin/ protocols fall into t!o cate/ories8 Dense2ode (DM) and
Sparse2ode (SM)% DM protocols ass"e that alost all ro"ters in the net!or7 !ill need
to distri$"te "lticast traffic for each "lticast /ro"p (for exaple# alost all hosts on
the net!or7 $elon/ to each "lticast /ro"p)% Accordin/l,# DM protocols $"ild
distri$"tion trees $, initiall, floodin/ the entire net!or7 and then pr"nin/ $ac7 the sall
n"$er of paths !itho"t receivers%
SM protocols ass"e that relativel, fe! ro"ters in the net!or7 !ill $e involved
in each "lticast% The hosts $elon/in/ to the /ro"p are !idel, dispersed# as i/ht $e the
case for ost "lticasts in the Internet% Therefore# SM protocols $e/in !ith an ept,
distri$"tion tree and add $ranches onl, as the res"lt of explicit re<"ests to Join the
distri$"tion% The DM protocols# M0S+1# DVMR+# and +IM2DM# are ost appropriate in
:AN environents !ith densel, cl"stered receivers and the $and!idth to tolerate
floodin/# !hile the SM protocols# C)T and +IM2SM# are /enerall, ore appropriate in
WAN environents% +IM is also capa$le of f"nctionin/ in Sparse2Dense ode $,
adJ"stin/ its $ehavior to atch the characteristics of each receiver /ro"p%
What is PIC?
+IM is a protocol "sed $et!een ro"ters to 7eep trac7 of !here to for!ard traffic
for each "lticast /ro"p% It can "se inforation /athered fro an, ro"tin/ protocol% +IM
can r"n in dense ode or sparse ode%
How to configure multicast)routing?
6se the follo!in/ coand to ena$le "lticast ro"tin/8
(confi/)R ip multicast)routing
+IM ode "st $e confi/"red at each interface !ith the follo!in/ coand%
Confi/"rin/ +IM on an interface also ena$les Internet *ro"p Mana/eent +rotocol
(I*M+) on that interface8
(confi/2if)R ip pim Rsparse)mode 1 dense)mode 1 sparse)dense)modeS
When "sin/ sparse ode# an R+ "st $e specified% A ro"ter 7no!s that
it is an R+ !hen it sees its o!n address in the coand8
(config)# ip pim rp-address ip-address
What are the differences between PIC version ( and PIC version ;?
+IM Version ( is Cisco proprietar,# !hereas +IM Version - is standards2$ased%
)oth versions can d,naicall, ap R+s to "lticast /ro"ps% +IM Version ( "ses
an a"to2R+ appin/ a/ent# and +IM Version - "ses a $ootstrap ro"ter ()SR)%
+IM Version ( "ses a Tie2to2:ive val"e to $ind its anno"nceents# and +IM
Version - "ses a confi/"red doain $order%
In +IM Version -# sparse and dense odes are /ro"p properties# not interface
properties% To confi/"re +IM Version -# confi/"re at least one ro"ter as a )SR#
and selected ro"ters as R+s% To confi/"re a )SR# "se the follo!in/8
(confi/)R ip pim bsr)candidate interface hash-mask-length TpriorityU
To confi/"re a ro"ter as a candidate R+# "se the follo!in/8
(confi/)R ip pim rp)candidate t&pe number ttl group)list accesslist-number
What is IGCP?
=osts !hich !ant to receive "lticast essa/es need to infor their
iediatel,2nei/h$orin/ ro"ters% It is possi$le for each node to $ecoe a e$er of one
or ore "lticast /ro"ps and receive "lticast pac7ets%
Internet *ro"p Mana/eent +rotocol or I*M+ is the protocol thro"/h !hich hosts
exchan/e this inforation !ith their local ro"ters% There is B versions of this protocol#
defined first in R1C (((-# in (.D3% :i7e ICM+# I*M+ is considered as an inte/ral part of
the Internet +rotocol%
I*M+ versions are8
I*M+ version (
I*M+ version -
I*M+ version B
In I*M+ version B# =osts are a$le to tell the ro"ter not onl, !hich "lticast /ro"ps the,
$elon/ to# $"t also fro !hich so"rces the, !ill accept "lticasts%
What is BGCP?
S!itches flood "lticasts $, defa"lt% Cisco *ro"p Mana/eent +rotocol (C*M+)
lets a ro"ter tell a s!itch !hich hosts $elon/ to !hich "lticast /ro"p# so the s!itch can
add that inforation to its port2to2MAC address appin/% Then !hen a "lticast coes
in# the s!itch for!ards it onl, to ports that have hosts $elon/in/ to that /ro"p% C*M+ is
Cisco proprietar,%
What is IGCP snooping?
I*M+ snoopin/ is another !a, for the s!itch to find o"t !hich ports have
"lticast hosts% When it is ena$led# the s!itch opens all "lticast pac7ets# loo7in/ for
I*M+ Join or leave essa/es% When it finds one# it records that inforation and "ses it
for for!ardin/ "lticasts% )eca"se ever, "lticast pac7et has to $e opened# this can
ca"se a perforance hit on the s!itch%
&ell some commands to verify multicast)routing?
show ip mrouteMThis sho!s the contents of the "lticast
ro"tin/ ta$le% 1or each /ro"p# it lists the ode# the R+1 nei/h$or#
the /ro"p identifier# and the o"t/oin/ interfaces%
show ip mroute summaryM:ists each "lticast /ro"p !itho"t
as "ch detail%
show ip mroute activeMSho!s the active so"rces and the
sendin/ rate of each%
show ip mroute countMSho!s traffic statistics for each "lticast
/ro"p%
show ip pim interfaceM:ists each interface doin/ "lticastin/#
its +IM ode# and n"$er of nei/h$ors%
show ip pim rpM:ists the R+s the ro"ter 7no!s%
show ip pim rp-hashMSho!s the R+ selected for each "lticast
/ro"p%
show ip pim bsrM:ists the c"rrent )SR%
How to configure multicasting?
In a la$ environent# ,o" can "se *NSB si"lator and Microsoft Streain/
Media Server to have experience of "lticastin/%
(% *o to Media Server and r"n Add +"$lishin/ +oint(Wi>ard) to create a $roadcast
p"$lishin/ point% Ena$le "lticastin/ and select a edia file havin/ extension
as %asf%
-% *o to another cop"ter !hich have t!o lan cards installed% 0pen *NSB and
confi/"re a sin/le ro"ter !ith Ethernet connections !ith t!o clo"ds% These t!o
clo"ds !ill ap to ,o"r s,ste lan cards and ,o"r s,ste !ill !or7 as Cisco
ro"ter% *reat indeed ___
B% In the ro"ter# ena$le the ip "lticast2ro"tin/ and also ena$le pi on each
interface%
A% No! /o to client +C and open Windo!s Media pla,er and then open H file H open
6R: and t,pe8
http8NN(.-%(4D%(%..Ntestedia%nsc
(.-%(4D%(%.. is the ip of Media server and Otestedia; is nae of the p"$lishin/
point% The file E%nsc helps in extractin/ "lticast inforation re<"ired $, the client%