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Solution 3

This document discusses equalization techniques for communication channels. It provides: 1. The output of a zero-forcing equalizer for a given channel model, finding the equalizer coefficients that eliminate intersymbol interference. 2. The resulting output of the equalizer for a specific input signal sequence, showing the residual intersymbol interference spans 6 symbol periods. 3. The document analyzes equalization techniques to reduce intersymbol interference caused by multipath distortion in communication channels.

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Ali Duraz
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52 views

Solution 3

This document discusses equalization techniques for communication channels. It provides: 1. The output of a zero-forcing equalizer for a given channel model, finding the equalizer coefficients that eliminate intersymbol interference. 2. The resulting output of the equalizer for a specific input signal sequence, showing the residual intersymbol interference spans 6 symbol periods. 3. The document analyzes equalization techniques to reduce intersymbol interference caused by multipath distortion in communication channels.

Uploaded by

Ali Duraz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solution 3

7.4
1.
x
p
(t) =

n=
x(nT
s
)p(t nT
s
)
= p(t)

n=
x(nT
s
)(t nT
s
)
= p(t) x(t)

n=
(t nT
s
)
Thus
X
p
(f) = P(f) F
[
x(t)

n=
(t nT
s
)
]
= P(f)X(f) F
[

n=
(t nT
s
)
]
= P(f)X(f)
1
T
s

n=
(f
n
T
s
)
=
1
T
s
P(f)

n=
X(f
n
T
s
).
2. In order to avoid aliasing, F
s
=
1
T
s
> 2W. Furthermore, the spectrum P(f)
should be invertible for |f| < W.
3. X(f) can be recovered using the reconstruction lter

(
f
2W

) with W < W

<
1
T
s
W. In this case
X(f) = X
p
(f)T
s
P
1
(f)

(
f
2W

).
7.18
1.
R
X
(t; ) = E[x(t)x(t +)]
= E
[
Y
2
cos(2f
0
t +) cos(2f
0
(t +) +)
]
= E[Y
2
]E [cos(2f
0
t +) cos(2f
0
(t +) +)]
=
3
2
cos(2f
0
t)
S
X
(f) = F (R
X
(t; )) =
3
4
[(f f
0
) +(f +f
0
)]
1
2.
P
X
=

S
X
(f)df =
3
2
.
SQNR =
P
X
E[e
2
]
=
3 4
v
P
X
x
2
max
= 2
2v1
40dB = 10
4
.
We have v 8, thus the required number of bits/sample and the bandwidth
requirement are 8 and 8f
0
, respectively.
3.
SQNR =
P
X
E[e
2
]
=
3 4
v
P
X
x
2
max
dB
= 10log
10
P
X
a
2
+ 6v + 4.8.
Thus, one extra bit increases the SQNR by 6dB. If the SQNR is to be increased
by 24dB, 4 more bits/sample must be introduced. The new minimum bandwidth
requirement is 12f
0
.
7.20
1.

f
X
(x)dx = 1, then 3a = 1 which leads to a =
1
3
.
2.
P
X
= E[X
2
]
=

0
2
x
2
(
1
6
x +
1
3
)dx +

2
0
1
3
x
2
dx
=
10
9
.
3. 2
v
= 32 leads to v = 5. Thus
SQNR = 10 log
10
P
X
x
2
max
+ 6v + 4.8 = 10 log
10
10
9
/4 + 30 + 4.8 29.2dB.
4. BW
req
= vW = 5 12KHz = 60KHz.
5. SQNR = 6v 20 leads to v
min
= 4.
Then BW
req
= vW = 4 12KHz = 48KHz.
9.4
1. Taking the inverse Fourier transform of H(f), we obtain:
h(t) = F
1
[H(f)] = (t) +

2
(t t
0
) +

2
(t +t
0
).
Hence
y(t) = s(t) h(t) = s(t) +

2
s(t t
0
) +

2
s(t +t
0
).
2
2. If the signal s(t) is used to modulate the sequence I
n
, then the transmitted signal
is
u(t) =

n=
I
n
s(t nT).
The received signal is the convolution of u(t) with h(t). Hence,
y(t) = u(t) h(t) =
(

n=
I
n
s(t nT)
)

(
(t) +

2
(t t
0
) +

2
(t +t
0
)
)
=

n=
I
n
s(t nT) +

2

n=
I
n
s(t t
0
nT) +

2

n=
I
n
s(t +t
0
nT)
Thus, the output of the matched lter s(t) at the time instant t
1
is:
w(t
1
) =

n=
I
n

s( nT)s( t
1
)d
+

2

n=
I
n

s( t
0
nT)s( t
1
)d
+

2

n=
I
n

s( +t
0
nT)s( t
1
)d
If we denote the signal s(t) s(t) by x(t), then the output of the matched lter
at t
1
= kT is:
w(kT) =

n=
I
n
x(kT nT)
+

2

n=
I
n
x(kT t
0
nT) +

2

n=
I
n
x(kT +t
0
nT)
3. With t
0
= T and k = n in the previous equation, we obtain:
w
k
= I
k
x
0
+

n=k
I
n
x
kn
+

2
I
k
x
1
+

2

n=k
I
n
x
kn1
+

2
I
k
x
1
+

2

n=k
I
n
x
kn+1
= I
k
(
x
0
+

2
x
1
+

2
x
1
)
+

n=k
I
n
[
x
kn
+

2
x
kn1

2
x
kn+1
]
.
The terms under the summation is ISI introduced by the channel. If the signal
s(t) is designed so as to satisfy the Nyquist criterion, then:
x
k
= 0, k = 0
and the above expression simplied to
w
k
= I
k
+

2
(I
k+1
+I
k1
) .
3
9.5
The pulse x(t) having the raising cosine spectrum given by (9.2.20/21) is:
x(t) = sinc(t/T)
cos(t/T)
1 4
2
t
2
/T
2
The function sinc(t/T) is 1 when t = 0 and 0 when t = nT. Therefore, the Nyquist
criterion will be satised as long as the function g(t) is:
g(t) =
cos(t/T)
1 4
2
t
2
/T
2
=
{
1 t = 0
bounded t = 0
The function g(t) needs to be checked only for those values of t such that 4
2
t
2
/T
2
=
1 or t =
T
2
. However:
lim
t
T
2
cos(t/T)
1 4
2
t
2
/T
2
= lim
x1
cos(

2
x)
1 x
2
= lim
x1


4x
sin(

2
x) =

4
<
Hence:
x(nT) =
{
1, n = 0
0, n = 0
meaning that the pulse x(t) satised the Nyquist criterion.
9.12
9.24
1. The output of the zero-force equalizer is:
q
m
=
1

n=1
c
n
x
mn
4
With q
0
= 1 and q
m
= 0 for m = 0, we obtain the system:

1.0 0.1 0.5


0.2 1.0 0.1
0.05 0.2 1.0

c
1
c
0
c
1

0
1
0

Solving the previous system in terms of the equalizers coefcients, we obtain:

c
1
c
0
c
1

0.000
0.980
0.196

2. The output of the equalizer is


q
m
=

0 m 4
c
1
x
2
= 0 m = 3
c
1
x
1
+c
0
x
2
= 0.49 m = 2
0 m = 1
1 m = 0
0 m = 1
c
0
x
2
+x
1
c
1
= 0.0098 m = 2
c
1
x
2
= 0.0098 m = 3
0 m 4
Hence, the residual ISI sequence is
residual ISI = {..., 0, 0.49, 0, 0, 0, 0.0098, 0.0098, 0, ...}
and its span is 6 symbols.
5

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