Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled

modes Random waveguide array

Coupled Mode Theory

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Overview

Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Mode equation
E (t, x, y, z ) = E (x, y ) e

iz it e

k0 = /c vacuum wave number propagation constant general mode equation

the curl operator is

0 i y i 0 x y x 0 apply it twice 2 2 y x y ix 2 2 x y E = k0 2 x iy (x, y ) E 2 2 ix iy x y

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Eliminate Ez

problem: and 2 problem: two polarization states, three elds divergence of E vanishes iEz = 1 x Ex + 1 y Ey now the mode equation contains only two elds
2 + 1 2 k0 x 1 y x y x x + y 1 2 2 + 1 y x y x k0 + x y y

Ex Ey Ex Ey

= 2
and it is a normal eigenvalue problem! analogous form for magnetic elds

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Quasi TE modes

If waveguides are broad: y y Ex 0 this results in the quasi TE mode equation

Helmholtz equation with y y and Hx 0 quasi TM mode equation

{ x

2 2 x + y + k0 (x, y )}Hy = 2 Hy 2 = (x, y ) and additional y

only change is

and: quasi modes have z -components

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Hermann von Helmholtz, German physicist, 1821 - 1894; K onigsberg, Bonn, Heidelberg, Berlin

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Hilbert space
Henceforth we speak about quasi-TE mode i. e. there is just one eld component E = E (x, y ), the

electric eld or the eld, for short

2 dx dy |E (x, y )|2 0 scalar product (G, F ) = dx dy G (x, y ) F (x, y ) P =

nite power transfer becomes a Hilbert space

(G, HF ) = (HG, F )

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

David Hilbert, German mathematician, 1862-1943; K onigsberg, G ottingen

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Helmholtz operator
Self adjoint operators A have remarkable properties A = a guaranties that the eigenvalue a is real Denote by 1 , 2 , . . . the normalized eigenvectors they form a Complete OrthoNormal Set (CONS) meaning (k , j ) = jk and = j (j , )j for all HE = E guarantees that is real Usually, there are only a few modes En with positive
2 n = n

They cannot span the entire Hilbert space We should add wave packets of evanescent and radiation

modes

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Coupled waveguides

Consider r = 1, 2, . . . , N individual waveguides Such as a coupler or a waveguide array The entire system is again a many mode waveguide Its modes are supermodes If the single waveguides are well separated the supermodes are given by Er with propagation

constants r
However, if Er and Es overlap, this will no longer be true

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

A random waveguide array

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation
0.1 0.25

0.2

0.15

Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

0.05

0.1

0.15

10

12

14

Supermodes

Coupled Mode Theory

Peter Hertel Overview

Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array
0.5 1 1.5

0.5

10

12

14

Mode expansion

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Coupled modes
If waveguide r is the only one, it obeys

1 2 + k0

r )Er

= n2 r Er

Supermode is described by

1 2 2 + )E = n E where (x, y ) = k0

r (x, y ) r

bold approximation :

E (x, y ) =
r

Ur Er (x, y )

With

1 2 + )Er ) and sr = (Es , Er ) k0 Solve generalized eigenvalue problem M U = U Msr = (Es , (

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Coupled modes ctd.

Recall

1 2 + )Er ) and sr = (Es , Er ) k0 Because of (Er , Er ) = |Er |2 = 1, all diagonal elements of are ones. Msr = (Es , (
However, there are non-diagonal contributions (overlaps) For a certain r one may write such that we may write

+ r

where r is the permittivity prole outside waveguide r

Msr = n2 r sr + (Es , r Er )

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Random waveguide array

RA=rwga descriptor() RA=rwga single(RA) RA=rwga overlap(RA) RA=rwga dices(RA) RA=rwga super(RA) RA=rwga intensity(RA,MN) Anderson localization

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Ground mode of a 3030 random waveguide array. Probability for small core is 0.1.

Coupled Mode Theory Peter Hertel Overview Mode equation Helmholtz equation Hilbert space Coupled waveguides Coupled modes Random waveguide array

Finite Dierence Method for a super mode.