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Communication System

This document provides information about a communication systems course taught by Dr. Harikrishnan at the University of Malaya. It outlines the course assessment breakdown including coursework, tests, and a final exam. It also lists recommended textbooks and provides a brief introduction to communication systems and their history.

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Syieda Zamry
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232 views

Communication System

This document provides information about a communication systems course taught by Dr. Harikrishnan at the University of Malaya. It outlines the course assessment breakdown including coursework, tests, and a final exam. It also lists recommended textbooks and provides a brief introduction to communication systems and their history.

Uploaded by

Syieda Zamry
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

University of Malaya

KEET 1101/ KEEE 2142 Communication


Dr.Harikrishnan Department of Electrical Engineering e-mail: hrkhari@um.edu.my

Course Outline

Course work (mini project) Test Test I Test II Final Examination

20 % 10 % 10 % 60 %

Reference:

Simon Haykin, Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Wayne Tomasi, Electronic Communications Systems. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Rodger E.Ziemer, William H. Tranter, Principles of Communications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

University of Malaya

KEEE 2142/KEET 1101

HRK 2/13

Introduction

The term communication covers a very broad area and encompasses a large number of fields of study, ranging from the use of symbols to the social implications and effects.

Electronic communications is the transmission, reception and processing of information between two or more location using electronic circuits.

All

forms of information must be converted to electromagnetic energy before being

propagated through an electronic communications system.


There are two basic types of electronic communications system: analog and digital. In an analog communication system energy is transmitted and received in analog form ( a continuously varying signal such as a sine wave).

digital communication system is a system in which energy is transmitted and

received in digital or discrete form.

University of Malaya

KEEE 2142/KEET 1101

HRK 3/13

Communication Historian
Samuel Morse, 1791-1872. Samuel Morse developed the first electronic communications system in 1837. Morse used electromagnetic induction to transmit information in the form of dots, dashes and spaces across a length of metallic wire. He called his invention the telegraph.

Alexander Graham Bell, 1847-1922. Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson were the first to successfully transmit human conversation over a crude telephone conversation.

University of Malaya

KEEE 2142/KEET 1101

HRK 4/13

Communication Historian (contd)


Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937. Radio communications began in 1894 When Marconi transmitted the first wireless signals through Earths atmosphere. Commercial radio began in 1920 when AM radio stations began broadcasting in 1933.

Edwin Howard Armstrong, 1890-1954. Armstrong invented FM. Commercial broadcasting of FM began in 1936.

University of Malaya

KEEE 2142/KEET 1101

HRK 5/13

Communication System Organization

The source of information includes information to be communicated such as voice, music, pictures or data files. Transmitter processes the information provided by the source into a form that is suitable for transmitting over the channel. Eg. music signal converted to frequency modulation (FM) for radio transmission. The channel or the transmission medium may be a cable, an optical fiber or free space. Receiver converts the signal transmitted over the channel back to the form that may be understood at the intended destination. A receivers function is typically greater than simply being the inverse of the transmitter; the receiver may also have to compensate for distortions introduced by the channel and perform other functions, such as synchronization.
University of Malaya KEEE 2142/KEET 1101 HRK 6/13

The Layered Approach

Open System Interconnect (OSI) for computer communications


University of Malaya KEEE 2142/KEET 1101 HRK 7/13

The Electromagnetic Spectrum


The purpose of an electronic communication system is to communicate information between two or more locations commonly called stations. This is accomplished by converting the original information into electromagnetic energy and then transmitting it to one or more receive stations where it is converted back to its original form.

Very low frequencies (VLF)- Signals in the range of 3 kHz to 30 kHz which include the upper end of human hearing range. VLF frequencies are used for some specialized government and military systems such as submarine. Low frequencies (LF)- Signals in the 30 kHz to 300 kHz range and used primarily for marine and aeronautical navigation. Medium frequencies (MF)- Signals in the 300 kHz to 3 MHz range and used for AM radio broadcasting.
University of Malaya KEEE 2142/KEET 1101 HRK 8/13

The Electromagnetic Spectrum (contd)


High frequencies (HF)- Signals in the range of 3 MHz to 30 MHz and often referred as short wave. Amateur Radio and Citizens Band (CB) radio use signals in the HF range. Very high frequencies(VLF)- Signals in the 30 MHz to 300 MHz range and used for mobile radio, marine and aeronautical communications, commercial FM broadcasting (88 MHz to 108 MHz) and commercial television broadcasting (54 MHz to 216 MHz). Ultra high frequencies (UHF)- Signals in the 300 MHz to 3 GHz range and used for land mobile communication services, cellular telephones and satellite radio systems. Super high frequencies (SHF)- Signals in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz and used for microwave and satellite radio communication. Extremely high frequencies (EHF)- Signals in the range 30 GHz to 300 GHz.

University of Malaya

KEEE 2142/KEET 1101

HRK 9/13

Wireless Communications
Transmitter (Tx)

The first component of the block diagram is the protocol stack. It packages the data so that it can reliably get to the destination once it crosses the radio link. The second component of the block is the modulator. This component impresses information onto the carrier frequency in a manner that can be retrieved at the receiving end. The third component is the up-conversion stage. This component converts the modulated signal to the final radio frequency (RF), at which it will be transmitted. The fourth component is the RF stage. At the appropriate RF, the signal is amplified to an appropriate level and then emitted via an antenna, that is the electrical signal is converted to an electromagnetic signal.

University of Malaya

KEEE 2142/KEET 1101

HRK 10/13

Wireless Communications (contd)


Receiver (Rx)

In the RF stage the antenna collects RF energy in the desired frequency band. The low-noise-amplifier (LNA) is critical in boosting the signal power to a level where it can be processed easily while minimizing noise. The down-conversion is where the RF signal is translated to the message signal for ease of demodulation. In many modern receivers it is directly translated to baseband via I/Q down conversion From the demodulation process with a series of filters and controlled synchronization from phase-locked loop (PLL) the signals runs to a series of channel compensation through equalization and forward error correction. In the final stages of the protocol stack (digital system), the receiver determines that the detected message was intended for it or not.
University of Malaya KEEE 2142/KEET 1101 HRK 11/13

Wireless Communications (contd)


Propagation Loss- Communication usually implies transporting information over distance and inevitably there is a loss of signal strength with increasing distance. Frequency Selectivity- Communication channels operate over a medium. Many media conduct well only over a relatively small range of frequencies. For example, an optical fiber conducts a small band of optical frequencies well, but is never considered for radio waves. Even within the normal transmission band of medium, there may be variation in how well one frequency is transmitted compared the other. This variation is referred as frequency selectivity. Time-varying- Some channels are time varying. Terrestrial radio-wave propagation depends upon the intervening terrain, buildings and vegetation between the transmitter and receiver. When the transmitter or receiver moves, this channel changes and affects performance; common examples of this phenomenon are known as shadowing and fading. Nonlinear- Ideally a channel should be linear in order to minimize the distortion of the transmitted signal. However, a channel may include nonlinear elements such as a repeater that includes an amplifier operated in saturation. Noise- The bane of any communication system that wants to achieve maximum transmission for minimum transmitter power is the unavoidable presence of noise. The most common noise is random motion of electron.
University of Malaya KEEE 2142/KEET 1101 HRK 12/13

Wavelength
When dealing with radio waves, it is common to use the units of wavelength rather than frequency. Wavelength is the length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave occupies in space. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the velocity of propagation. The relationship among frequency, velocity and wavelength is expressed mathematically as:

wavelength =
=
where

velocity frequency
c f

c=velocity of light ( 300,000,000 meters per second ) f = frequency ( hertz )

=wavelength ( meters per cycle )

Example 1 Determine the wavelength for the following frequencies: 1 kHz, 100 kHz, and 10 MHz.

University of Malaya

KEEE 2142/KEET 1101

HRK 13/13

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