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FFT Slides

The document discusses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. It outlines the basic radix-2 decimation-in-time algorithm, which breaks down a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) into smaller DFTs by splitting the input into even and odd indices. This reduces the computational complexity from N multiplications for a direct DFT to N log2(N) multiplications for an N-point FFT. The FFT provides a speedup of over 100 times for a 1024-point DFT compared to direct computation.

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121 views

FFT Slides

The document discusses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. It outlines the basic radix-2 decimation-in-time algorithm, which breaks down a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) into smaller DFTs by splitting the input into even and odd indices. This reduces the computational complexity from N multiplications for a direct DFT to N log2(N) multiplications for an N-point FFT. The FFT provides a speedup of over 100 times for a 1024-point DFT compared to direct computation.

Uploaded by

safu_117
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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18-791 Lecture #17 INTRODUCTION TO THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM ALGORITHM Richard M.

Stern
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Phone: +1 (412) 268-2535 FAX: +1 (412) 268-3890 rms@cs.cmu.edu http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~rms October 24, 2005

Introduction
Today we will begin our discussion of the family of algorithms
known as Fast Fourier Transforms, which have revolutionized digital signal processing

What is the FFT?


A collection of tricks that exploit the symmetry of the DFT calculation to make its execution much faster Speedup increases with DFT size

Today - will outline the basic workings of the simplest


formulation, the radix-2 decimation-in-time algorithm

Thursday - will discuss some of the variations and extensions


Alternate structures Non-radix 2 formulations
Carnegie Mellon
Slide 2 ECE Department

Introduction, continued

Some dates:
~1880 - algorithm first described by Gauss 1965 - algorithm rediscovered (not for the first time) by Cooley and Tukey

In 1967 (spring of my freshman year), calculation of a 8192point DFT on the top-of-the line IBM 7094 took .
~30 minutes using conventional techniques ~5 seconds using FFTs

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 3

ECE Department

Measures of computational efficiency


Could consider
Number of additions Number of multiplications Amount of memory required Scalability and regularity

For the present discussion well focus most on number of


multiplications as a measure of computational complexity
More costly than additions for fixed-point processors Same cost as additions for floating-point processors, but number of operations is comparable
Carnegie Mellon

Slide 4

ECE Department

Computational Cost of Discrete-Time Filtering


Convolution of an N-point input with an M-point unit sample response .

Direct convolution:

Number of multiplies MN

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 5

ECE Department

Computational Cost of Discrete-Time Filtering


Convolution of an N-point input with an M-point unit sample response .

Using transforms directly:

Computation of N-point DFTs requires

multiplys

Each convolution requires three DFTs of length N+M-1 plus an additional N+M-1 complex multiplys or

For
Carnegie Mellon

, for example, the computation is


Slide 6 ECE Department

Computational Cost of Discrete-Time Filtering


Convolution of an N-point input with an M-point unit sample response .

Using overlap-add with sections of length L:


N/L sections, 2 DFTs per section of size L+M-1, plus additional multiplys for the DFT coefficients, plus one more DFT for

For very large N, still is proportional to

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 7

ECE Department

The Cooley-Tukey decimation-in-time algorithm


Consider the DFT algorithm for an integer power of 2,

Create separate sums for even and odd values of n:

Letting

for n even and

for n odd, we obtain

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 8

ECE Department

The Cooley-Tukey decimation in time algorithm


Splitting indices in time, we have obtained

But
So

and

N/2-point DFT of x[2r]

N/2-point DFT of x[2r+1]

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 9

ECE Department

Savings so far
We have split the DFT computation into two halves:

Have we gained anything? Consider the nominal number of


multiplications for
Original form produces New form produces
Carnegie Mellon

multiplications multiplications

So were already ahead .. Lets keep going!!


Slide 10 ECE Department

Signal flowgraph notation


In generalizing this formulation, it is most convenient to adopt
a graphic approach

Signal flowgraph notation describes the three basic DSP


operations:
Addition

x[n] y[n]

x[n]+y[n] a

Multiplication by a constant Delay

x[n] x[n] z-1

ax[n] x[n-1]

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 11

ECE Department

Signal flowgraph representation of 8-point DFT


Recall that the DFT is now of the form The DFT in (partial) flowgraph notation:

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 12

ECE Department

Continuing with the decomposition


So why not break up into additional DFTs? Lets take the
upper 4-point DFT and break it up into two 2-point DFTs:

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 13

ECE Department

The complete decomposition into 2-point DFTs

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 14

ECE Department

Now lets take a closer look at the 2-point DFT


The expression for the 2-point DFT is:

Evaluating for

we obtain

which in signal flowgraph notation looks like ... This topology is referred to as the basic butterfly

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 15

ECE Department

The complete 8-point decimation-in-time FFT

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 16

ECE Department

Number of multiplys for N-point FFTs

Let (log2(N) columns)(N/2 butterflys/column)(2 mults/butterfly)


or ~
Carnegie Mellon

multiplys
Slide 17 ECE Department

Comparing processing with and without FFTs


Slow DFT requires N mults; FFT requires N log2(N) mults Filtering using FFTs requires 3(N log2(N))+2N mults Let
N 16 32 64 128 256 1024
Carnegie Mellon

1 .25 .156 .0935 .055 .031 .0097

2 .8124 .50 .297 .171 .097 .0302


Slide 18 ECE Department

Note: 1024-point FFTs accomplish speedups of 100 for filtering, 30 for DFTs!

Additional timesavers: reducing multiplications in the basic butterfly


As we derived it, the basic butterfly is of the form

Since
premultiplying by

we can reducing computation by 2 by

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 19

ECE Department

Bit reversal of the input


Recall the first stages of the 8-point FFT:
Consider the binary representation of the indices of the input:

0 4 2 6 1 5 3 7
Carnegie Mellon

000 100 010 110 001 101 011 111

If these binary indices are time reversed, we get the binary sequence representing 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Hence the indices of the FFT inputs are said to be in bit-reversed order

Slide 20

ECE Department

Some comments on bit reversal


In the implementation of the FFT that we discussed, the input
is bit reversed and the output is developed in natural order

Some other implementations of the FFT have the input in


natural order and the output bit reversed (to be described Thursday)

In some situations it is convenient to implement filtering


applications by
Use FFTs with input in natural order, output in bit-reversed order Multiply frequency coefficients together (in bit-reversed order) Use inverse FFTs with input in bit-reversed order, output in natural order

Computing in this fashion means we never have to compute bit


reversal explicitly
Carnegie Mellon
Slide 21 ECE Department

Summary

We developed the structure of the basic decimation-in-time


FFT

Use of the FFT algorithm reduces the number of multiplys


required to perform the DFT by a factor of more than 100 for 1024-point DFTs, with the advantage increasing with increasing DFT size

Next time we will consider inverse FFTs, alternate forms of the


FFT, and FFTs for values of DFT sizes that are not an integer power of 2

Carnegie Mellon

Slide 22

ECE Department

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