Dependent Sources

Dependent sources are named so because their output (current or voltage) depends on some input (branch current or voltage) with in the circuit. Dependent source can be linear as well as non-linear.
(A linear (dependent) source is that, for which input (current or voltage) and output (current or voltage) are related to each other by a linear expression) and vice versa)

Some independent and previous elements: Resistor:

Independent current source:

The current of independent current source is constant, irrespective of voltage across it.
(The independent sources are called independent because their behavior (output) is independent of the rest of circuit conditions (values of current or voltages))

Independent voltage source:

Independent voltage source keeps potential difference across it constant, irrespective of the current passing through it.

The above devices (resistor, independent current source, and independent voltage source) are two-terminal (two connections in the circuit) and 1 port devices. Now consider a dependent source.
Control Port + vI iI i0 + Output v0 Port

This is an example of voltage dependent current source. Its output current i0, depends on the voltage vI. Now vI may be any voltage across any other element in a circuit which act as input for voltage dependent current source
V

First an example with an independent source Independent current source Node Method: V/ R I0 = 0 V = I0 * R Dependent Source, an Example:
I = I0 R

+ V

The above diagram is abstract view of the diagram below: e.g. K = 10 -3 Amp * Volt, R = 1 k Node Method: V/ R I = 0 V=I*R V = K/ V *R V2 = K * R
+ V iI + R vI f (vI) i0 + v Output Port

Types of dependent Sources:

i0 iI i=f (iI) Output + v0

Dependent Current Source: 1. Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS) 2. Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS) Dependent Voltage Source: 1. Voltage Controlled Voltage source (VCVS) 2. Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)

+ Input vI Port

Port

Another dependent source example:

VCCS

iD = f(vIN)
VS

iD = K/2 * (vIN 1) iD = 0 Find v0 as a function of vIN

for vIN 1V otherwise

vIN RL

iD = K/ 2 * (vIN -1) 2 iD = 0 Node Method: (v0 VS)/ RL + iD = 0 V0 VS + iD * RL = 0

for vIN 1 otherwise

V0 = VS K/ 2 * (vIN 1) 2 * RL V0 = VS for vIN < 1V

for vIN 1

Plotting v0 Versus vI Curve for Dependent Source: Source Example: Let VS = 10 V, K = 2 mA/ V2, RL = 5 k For vI 1V v0 = VS K/ 2 * (vI 1)2 * RL Putting the values in the equation, we get v0 = 10 5 *(vI 1)2 For vI < 1V v0 = VS = 10V
10 5 * (vI 1)2
v0

Superposition with Dependent Sources:

1V

vI

If we have linear dependent source then superposition, THEVNIN applies.

(Note: Technically independent voltage and current source have an offset, so they are not linear but we do allow them for Superposition, THEVNIN) For example: The VCCS: i0 = f (vI) = a * v
i0

(where a is some constant)

This is linear source. Another VCCS Source: i0 = f (vI) = b * vI 2

(where b is some constant)

This is a nonlinear function and we cannot apply superposition to it.

Circuits with dependent sources:

Node method approach: Express dependent source in terms of node voltages and solve as usual: Applying node method at node with voltage e1 (e1 V)/ R1 + (e1 e2)/ R2 + G * (e1 e2) = 0 Applying node method at node with voltage e2: (e2 e1)/ R2 + e2/ R3 I = 0 THEVENIN and NOTRON approach: Should not turn off dependent sources when calculating THEVNIN/ NORTON resistances.

For example, consider the following circuit:

Since R2 is open, u=0 and thus G * u = 0 and therefore VTH = V RTH evaluation: Turn off voltage source but not G * u (because it is a dependent source)

At node e: e/ R1 + G * (e VTH) + (e VTH)/ R2 = 0 Solving for e: e * (1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + G) VTH * (G + 1/ R2) = 0

(G + 1/ R1 +1/ R2)

And, iTH = (VTH e)/ R2 = VTH * 1/(R1 + R2 + G * R1 * R2)

Finally we have RTH= VTH/ ITH = R1 + R2 + G * R1 * R2 Problem: The circuit has the following values:

Vin = 42 Volts, R1 = 4 , R2 = 4 , R3 = 7 , A = 1.5 and B= 0.125 To Find: i1, vout , VTH (output port) and RTH ( as seen from output port) Solution: Applying Node method at e1, we get (Vin e1)/ R1 = (e2 e3)/ R2 We can get the second equation as e1 e2 = A * vA 2 1

Finally, the third equation is obtained by equating sum of currents going in to node e3 (e2 e3)/ R2 = e3/ R3 + B * vb vA = e2 e3 vB = Vin e1 3 4 5

Now rearranging the equation 1, 2 & 3; and replacing vA and vB with their values, we get (-1/ R1) * e1 + (-1/ R2) * e2 + (1/ R2) * e3 = (-1/ R1) * Vin e1 + (-1 A)* e2 + A *e3 = 0 B * e1 + (1/ R2) * e2 + (-1/ R2 1/ R3) * e3 = B * Vin In Matrix form, we get

After solving, we get

= The current i1 is given by i1 = (Vin e1)/ R1 = (42 V 32.4 V)/ 4 = 2.4 A i1 = 2.4 A The output voltage is simply e3 = 8.4 V VTH = e3 = 8.4 V The THEVNIN resistance can be calculated by finding the NORTON current IN and using relationship RTH = VTH/ IN

Finding the NORTON current requires shorting the output terminals which shorts the resistance R3 and makes e3 = 0, in the system of equations found above gives (-1/ R1) * e`1 + (-1/ R2) * e`2 = -1/ R1* Vin e`1 + (-1 A) * e`2 = o Solving these equations gives e`1 = (1 + A) * Vin/ (1 + A + R1/ R2) e`2 = Vin/ (1 + A + R1/ R2) Therefore we can calculate IN as IN = e`2/ R2 B * (Vin e`1) The THEVNIN resistance is RTH = VTH/ IN = 5.6 RTH = 5.6 Problem:

Given that: V0 = 5 Volts, A = 2, R1 = 1 , R2 = 3 and R3 = 5 To Find: IN = Norton Current, RN = Norton Current

Solution: Applying Node method at Node 1: (u 5)/1 + (u 2 *u)/ (5 + 3) = 0 u = 5.714 Volt A * u = 2 * u = 11.42857 Volts For vTH: (vTH u)/ R2 = (u V0)/ R1 Putting the values, we get vTH = 7.856 Volt For IN: Now to calculate ITH (IN), we replace all the independent voltage sources with the short circuit and independent current sources with an open circuit, so e/ R1 + (e vTH)/ R2 =0 e * (1/R1 + 1/ R2) = vTH/ R2 e = vTH/ R2 * R1 * R2/ (R1 + R2) Putting the values, we get e = 1.964 Volts so A * u = A * e = 3.928 Volt iTH = (vTH e)/ R2 + (vTH A * e)/ R3 Putting the values and solving, we get iTH = IN = 2.7496 A Now calculating RTH: RTH = VTH/ IN RTH = 7.856/ 2.4796

RTH = 2.857 Since RTH = RNORTON So RNORTON = 2.857