An earlier study from several district (non-teaching) hospitals from rural areas of Pakistan showed the following spectrum: hernia surgery (8.7%), urinary calculus removal (6.2%), appendicectomy (5%), haemorrhoid or perianal surgery (4%), prostatectomy (4%), abscess drainage (3.5%), gastrointestinal operations (3.1%), excision of skin and subcutaneous lesions (2.9%), hydrocele operation (0.9%), gallbladder/biliary operation (0.6%), breast surgery (0.6%), and scrotal/testicular operation (0.6%).7

Parameters influencing the incidence of recurrent urinary calculus after ESWL.

By 1810, when William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) described cystine (3) (the first amino acid to be discovered) in a new and rare type of urinary calculus, he had already characterized five other chemically distinct principal constituents of urinary calculi in humans.

The patients admitted in Surgery ward with the symptoms of pain in abdomen, burning in micturition, frequency of micturition, dribbling or weak stream of urine, retention of urine, haematuria and other symptoms of uremia, signs such as distension of bladder or abdominal tenderness were admitted in surgical wards as provisional diagnosed cases of urinary calculus and were subjected to investigations including routine Hb%, TLC, DLC, urine analysis, renal function test, X-ray KUB region, USG and intravenous pyelography as and when required.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment risk of urinary calculus development.

Urinary calculus associated with female genital cutting.

Urinary pH determination can be helpful in the management and treatment of both urinary tract and urinary calculus disease in a presumed urinary tract infection and alkaline urine (>7.5) suggest an infection with a urea splitting organism most commonly proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and staphylococcal may also produce urea se and cause an alkaline urine pH.

Urinary calculus disease is one of the oldest known to man and affects about 3% of the population.