Since mobbing victims tend to manifest symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance and increased arousal it has been suggested that mobbing may lead to PTSD (10-14).

Several studies have examined how the four clusters of PTSD symptoms (re-experiencing, effortful avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal) may affect how individuals develop and recover from PTSD and AUD.

"PTSD in preschool children" (DMS5) requires zerp re-experiencing events and only one avoidance or negative thoughts/feelings symptom because it is harder to discern at this age.

Items 1-5 are re-experiencing symptoms, items 6-12 are avoidance symptoms, and items 1317 are hyper-arousal symptoms.

Individuals who experienced greater numbers of hurricane-related traumatic events and were displaced by the event showed more re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms.

The most common PTSD symptoms experienced by the high-risk group were "intrusion," or re-experiencing, whereby an officer is haunted by flashbacks of traumatic events.

Experts in the field call this reliving the event or re-experiencing symptom.

I'm tempted to say it's the same light in a seven-year-old seeing the Star Wars opening crawl for the first time, or a teary-eyed 40-year old re-experiencing it after a decade.

These responses can include symptoms of arousal, re-experiencing the trauma and avoidance.

(1) In brief, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines PTSD as persistent and long-term changes in thoughts or mood following actual or threatened exposure to death, serious injury, or sexual assault that leads to re-experiencing, functional impairment, physiologic stress reactions, and avoidance of thoughts or situations associated with the original trauma.

People who have PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when they are not in [immediate] danger." In addition to what NIMH describes as "re-experiencing symptoms," such as flashbacks, PTSD patients may also manifest "avoidance symptoms," such as "staying away from places, events, or objects that are reminders of the traumatic experience" and "avoiding thoughts or feelings related to the traumatic event."

As a consequence, the individual may be prone to re-experiencing the feelings generated by the trauma.

Re-experiencing symptoms can exist on a continuum with primary psychotic symptoms, and comorbid substance use disorders can add additional diagnostic complexity.