"The crux of Plaintiff's argument is that Defendants' affirmative defenses are not, in fact, affirmative defenses; they are merely denials of liability.

'It must be to the extent where we have a proud Malay population that can stand on its own and state they want affirmative action to be removed,'' he added.

White Men Least Likely to Support Either Affirmative Action Program

Perhaps more importantly, the bishops explicitly recommended "that Catholic institutions avoid the services of agencies and industries which refuse to take affirmative action to achieve equal opportunity and that the church itself always be a model as an equal opportunity employer." The bishops addressed affirmative action once again in 1986, this time in their pastoral letter "Economic Justice for All," where they stated, "The nation should renew its efforts to develop effective affirmative action policies that assist those who have been excluded by racial or sexual discrimination in the past."

This book is equally helpful to plaintiffs' lawyers who need to draft motions to strike affirmative defenses, since it contains case cites for each listed affirmative defense.

Cashin's new book, Place, Not Race: A New Vision of Opportunity in America, argues that place-based affirmative action provides a race-neutral approach for helping disadvantaged students as well as brings diversity to elite colleges and universities.

Affirmative action policies are designed to compliment and often correct some of the known deficits of democratic systems.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(b)(1)(A) requires a party responding to a pleading to "state in short and plain terms its defenses to each claim asserted against it." (14) Rule 8(c)(1) states that a defendant "must affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense," and provides a list of nineteen affirmative defenses.

If the Court decided to bar affirmative action entirely, many educators say, it would reduce the number of black and Latino students at nearly every selective college and graduate school, with more Asian-American and white students gaining entrance instead.

The Army Medical Affirmative Claims program allows the Army to recover costs of medical care provided to Soldiers, retirees, and their Family members by MTFs and civilian hospitals.

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 passed eventually, but not before Bush put a new impediment in the way of affirmative action.

Affirmative Action is the collection of "policies used in the United States to increase opportunities for minorities by favoring them in hiring and promotion, college admissions, and the awarding of government contracts.

Richard Nixon and the Rise of Affirmative Action: The Pursuit of Racial Equality in an Era of Limits.

Affirmative Action and the Academy: Have standards been lowered?