Abstract
Auxiliaries are usually studied in the late Republic or the Imperial period. Despite this emphasis in modern research, auxiliaries were employed in substantial numbers during the third and second centuries BCE. Auxiliaries did make a crucial contribution to the Roman war effort in the Middle Republic, providing a substantial part of Rome’s military manpower. These troops were most often financed by the community providing them, allowing the Roman state to save a great deal of money if similar numbers of Roman citizens had been deployed instead. This enabled the Roman state to significantly bolster its ability to project military power without having to implement additional financing mechanisms. Along with the use of auxiliaries, the suspension of tributum after the third Macedonian War seemed to have followed a policy of decreasing the burden of financing war for Roman assidui.
Bibliography
Afzelius, A. Die römische Kriegsmacht während der Auseinandersetzung mit den hellenistischen Grossmachten. Copenhagen: Aarhus Universitetsforlaget, 1944.Search in Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. Italian Manpower, 225 BC – AD 14. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 1971.Search in Google Scholar
Busquets Artigas, S. Los externa auxilia en el siglo final de la República romana (133–27 a.C.). Barcelona: PhD Thesis Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
Cadiou, F. “Les guerres en Espagne et l'émergence de la cohorte légionnaire dans l'armée romaine sous la République: une révision critique.” Gladius 21 (2001): 167–182.10.3989/gladius.2001.84Search in Google Scholar
Cadiou, F. Hibera in terra miles. Les armées romaines et la conquête de l’Hispanie sous la république (218–45 av. J.-C.). Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2008.Search in Google Scholar
Cadiou, F. “Le dilectus de l’année 151 et les guerres celtibéro-lusitaniennes: remarques sur la question de la réticence face au service militaire dans la Rome du IIe s. av. J.-C.” In Setting Landscapes into Motion in the Ancient Empires, edited by I. B. Antela-Bernárdez and T. Ñaco del Hoyo, 23–32. Oxford: BAR, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Cadiou, F. L’armée imaginaire. Les soldats prolétaires dans les légions romaines au dernier siècle de la République. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2018.Search in Google Scholar
Cheesman, G. L. The auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army. Oxford: Clarendon, 1914.Search in Google Scholar
Coudry, M. “Partage et gestion du butin dans la Rome républicaine.” In Coudry and Humm 2009, 21–79.Search in Google Scholar
Coudry, M. and M. Humm, editors. Praeda. Butin de guerre et société dans la Rome républicaine/Kriegsbeute und Gesellschaft im republikanischen Rom. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
De Ligt, L. Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2012.10.1017/CBO9781139003834Search in Google Scholar
Díaz Fernández, A. Provincia et Imperium: el mando provincial en la República Romana (227–44 a.C.). Sevilla: Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2015.Search in Google Scholar
Dmitriev, S. City Government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Erdkamp, P. “The transformation of the Roman army in the second century BC.” In War and Territory in the Roman World. Guerra y territorio en el mundo romano, edited by T. Ñaco del Hoyo and I. Arrayás, 41–51. Oxford: BAR, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Frank, T. An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. P., 1933.Search in Google Scholar
Gargola, D. J. “Was there a regular provincia Africa in the second century?” Historia 66 (2017): 331–361.10.25162/historia-2017-0016Search in Google Scholar
Gauthier, F. “The changing composition of the Roman army in the late Republic and the so-called ‘Marian-Reforms.’” AHB 30 (2016): 103–120.Search in Google Scholar
Grainger, J. D. “The campaign of Cn. Manlius Vulso in Asia Minor.” Anatolian Studies 45 (1995): 23–42.10.2307/3642912Search in Google Scholar
Grainger, J. D. The Roman War of Antiochos the Great. Leiden: Brill, 2002.10.1163/9789004350861Search in Google Scholar
Gwyn Morgan, M. “Metellus Macedonicus and the province Macedonia.” Historia 18 (1969): 422–446.Search in Google Scholar
Hamdoune, C. Les auxilia externa africains des armées romaines. IIIe siècle av. J.-C. — IVe siècle ap. J.-C. Montpellier: Université Paul Valéry, 1999.Search in Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. “The Battle of Pydna.”JHS 104 (1984): 31–47.10.2307/630278Search in Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. “The campaign and Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197.” JHS 108 (1988): 60–82.10.2307/632631Search in Google Scholar
Harris, W. War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 BC. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 1979.Search in Google Scholar
Haynes, I. P. Blood of the Provinces: the Roman auxilia and the making of provincial society from Augustus to the Severans. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2013.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655342.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Kendall, S. The Struggle for Roman Citizenship: Romans, allies, and the wars of 91–77 BCE. Piscataway: Gorgias, 2013.10.31826/9781463225285Search in Google Scholar
Knapp, R. “The legions in the Spains, 200–167 B.C.” Revista de la Universidad Complutense 18 (1979): 87–93.Search in Google Scholar
Launaro, A. Peasants and Slaves. The rural population of Roman Italy (200 BC to AD 100). Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2011.Search in Google Scholar
Lintott, A. Imperium Romanum: politics and administration. London: Routledge, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
Martin, S. “Auxiliaria stipendia merere. La solde des auxiliaires de la fin de la guerre sociale à la fin du ier s. p.C.” In De l’or pour les braves! Soldes, armées et circulation monétaire dans le monde romain, edited by M. Reddé, 117–138. Bordeaux: Ausonius, 2014. 10.4000/books.ausonius.15032Search in Google Scholar
Morstein-Marx, R. Hegemony to Empire: the development of the Roman imperium in the east from 148 to 62 BC. Berkeley: University of California, 1995.Search in Google Scholar
Ñaco del Hoyo, T. Vectigal Incertum. Economía de guerra y fiscalidad republicana en el Occidente mediterráneo: su impacto en el territorio (218–133 a.C.). Oxford: BAR, 2003.Search in Google Scholar
Ñaco del Hoyo, T. and F. Vervaet. “War in outer space: nature and impact of the Roman war effort in Spain, 218–197 BCE.” In The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476): economic, social, political, religious and cultural aspects, edited by L. de Blois and E. Lo Cascio, 21–46. Leiden: Brill, 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Ñaco del Hoyo, T. and J. Principal. “Outposts of integration? Garrisoning, logistics and archaeology in north-eastern Hispania, 133–82 BC.” In Processes of Integration and Identity Formation in the Roman Republic, edited by S. Roselaar, 159–177. Leiden: Brill, 2012.10.1163/9789004229600_011Search in Google Scholar
Nicolet, C. Tributum. Recherches sur la fiscalité directe et indirecte sous la république romaine. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, 1976.Search in Google Scholar
Nicolet, C. “Le stipendium des alliés italiens avant la guerre sociale.” PBSR 33 (1978): 1–11.10.1017/S0068246200011387Search in Google Scholar
Peyre, C. La Cisalpine gauloise du IIIe au Ier siècle avant J.-C. Paris: l’École normale supérieure, 1979.Search in Google Scholar
Prag, J. “Auxilia and gymnasia: a Sicilian model of Roman imperialism.” JRS 97 (2007): 68–100.10.3815/000000007784016061Search in Google Scholar
Prag, J. “Troops and commanders: auxilia externa under the Roman Republic.” In Truppe e Comandanti nel mondo antico, edited by D. Bonanno, R. Marino and D. Motta, 101–113. Palermo: Hormos, 2011 a.Search in Google Scholar
Prag, J. “Provincial governors and auxiliary soldiers.” In Les gouverneurs et les provinciaux sous la République romaine, edited by N. Barrandon and F. Kirbihler, 15–28. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2011 b.10.4000/books.pur.109440Search in Google Scholar
Prag, J. “Auxilia and clientelae: military service and foreign clientelae reconsidered.” In Foreign clientelae in the Roman Empire, edited by M. Jehne and F. Pina Polo, 281–294. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2015.Search in Google Scholar
Richardson, J. S. Hispaniae: Spain and the development of Roman imperialism. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1986.10.1017/CBO9780511518591Search in Google Scholar
Roldán Hervás, J. M. Los hispanos en el ejército romano de época Republicana. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
Rosenstein, N. “War, wealth and consuls.” In Consuls and Res Publica. Holding high office in the Roman Republic, edited by H. Beck, A. Duplá, M. Jehne and F. Pina Polo, 131–158. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2011.Search in Google Scholar
Rosenstein, N. “Bellum se ipsum alet? Financing mid-Republican imperialism.” In Money and Power in the Roman Republic, edited by H. Beck, M. Jehne and J. Serrati, 114–130. Brussels: Latomus, 2016 a.Search in Google Scholar
Rosenstein, N. “Tributum in the Middle Republic.” In Circum Mare: themes in ancient warfare, edited by J. Armstrong, 80– 97. Leiden: Brill, 2016 b.Search in Google Scholar
Saddington, D. B. The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian (49 BC – AD 79). Harare: University of Zimbabwe, 1982.Search in Google Scholar
Schulz, R. Herrschaft und Regierung: Roms Regiment in den Provinzen in der Zeit der Republik, Paderborn: Schöningh Paderborn, 1997.Search in Google Scholar
Serrati J. “Garrisons and grain: Sicily between the Punic Wars.” In Sicily from Aeneas to Augustus: new approaches in archaeology and history, edited by C. Smith and J. Serrati, 115–133. Edinburgh: Edinburgh U. P., 2000.10.1515/9781474472708Search in Google Scholar
Sherwin-White, A. N. “Roman involvement in Anatolia, 167–88 BC.” JRS 67 (1977): 62–75.10.2307/299919Search in Google Scholar
Simon, H. Roms Kriege in Spanien 154–133 v. Chr. Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1962.Search in Google Scholar
Speidel, M. A. “Actium, allies, and the Augustan auxilia: reconsidering the transformation of military structures and foreign relations in the reign of Augustus.” In Les auxiliaires de l’armée romaine. Des alliés aux fédérés, edited by C. Wolff and P. Faure, 79–95. Paris: De Boccard, 2016.Search in Google Scholar
Tan, J. Power and Public Finance at Rome, 264–49 BCE. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2017.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190639570.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Tarpin, M. “Le butin sonnant et trébuchant dans la Rome républicaine.” In La guerre dans les économies antiques, edited by J. Andreau, P. Briant and R. Descat, 365–376. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges: Conseil général de Haute Garonne, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Tarpin, M. “Les manubiae dans la procédure d’appropriation du butin.” In Coudry and Humm 2009, 81–102.Search in Google Scholar
Tarpin, M. “Devenir riche par le butin: données quantitatives dans l’empire romain.” In Richesse et société, edited by C. Baroin and C. Michel, 66–80. Paris: De Boccard, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Taylor, M. J. “The Attalid victory at Magnesia on a lost plaque from Pergamon.” Anatolian Studies 66 (2016): 81–91.10.1017/S0066154616000065Search in Google Scholar
Taylor, M. J. “State finance in the Middle Roman Republic: a reevaluation.” AJPh 138 (2017): 143–180. 10.1353/ajp.2017.0004Search in Google Scholar
Toynbee, A. J. Hannibal’s Legacy. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 1965.Search in Google Scholar
Von Ungern-Sternberg, J. “Kriegsentschädigungen – eine vertraglich geregelte Form der Beute?” In Coudry and Humm 2009, 247–264. 10.1515/9783899496673.2.247Search in Google Scholar
Yoshimura, T. “Die Auxiliartruppen und die Provinzialklientel in der römischen Republik.” Historia 10 (1961): 473–495.Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
