War in Anatolia in the post-Hittite period: the Anatolian Hieroglyphic inscription of TOPADA revised
lorenzo d'alfonso2019, Journal of Cuneiform Studies
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There has been much recent research in archaeology on the dynamics of imperial systems, and valuable work has been done on the complex relationships between the Hittite state and groups on its imperial periphery. The nature of the available source material means that these relationships are usually studied from a Hittite perspective, and that interactions with the Hittites are often seen as centrally important for these groups. In this paper, however, it is argued that archaeological evidence can be used to gain insight into alternative views – views which may not necessarily privilege relationships with the Hittites over those with other groups. One well-documented example of such a group is Arzawa, a quarrelsome coalition of principalities in western Anatolia. This paper will focus on the western Anatolian site of Beycesultan, caught between the Hittite and Arzawan heartlands. It will show that people at Beycesultan did not define themselves primarily in relation to either the Hittites or the Arzawan confederacy, but had their own dynamic and shifting world-view.İmparatorluk sistemlerinin dinamikleri konusunda pek çok yeni arkeolojik araştırmalar yapılmiştır. Bu araştırmalara dayanarak, Hitit devleti ile çevresindeki gruplar arasındaki karmaşık ilişkileri inceleyen birçok değerli çalışma yapılmıştır. Mevcut olan kaynakların doğası gereği, bu ilişkiler genellikle Hitit bakış açısıyla incelenmekte ve çoğunlukla Hititlerle etkileşimin bu gruplar için çok önemli olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Ancak, bu makale arkeolojik kanıtların farklı bakış açılarına sahip olabilmek için kullanılabileceğini savunmaktadır – ki bu bakış açısı, Hititlerle olan ilişkilerinin bu gruplara ayrıcalık sağlaması gerekmediğidir. Bunlar arasında iyi belgelenmiş olan bir örnek de, batı Anadolu'daki savaşçı beyliklerin koalisyonundan oluşan Arzawa grubudur. Bu makale batı Anadolu'daki Hitit ve Arzawa merkezlerinin arasında sıkışmış Beycesultan yerleşimi üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır ve aslında Beycesultan halkının kendilerini öncelikli olarak Hitit veya Arzawa birliklerine ait görmediklerini, farklı dinamiklere ve değişken bir dünya görüşüne sahip bir toplum olarak gördüklerini ortaya koyacaktır.
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Leading cities and sites during the 3000-2000 BCE Hattian/Hittite period were Pessinus, Priene, Alaca Hüyük, Yazilikaya, and Bogazkoy plus Karatepe, also known as Cilicia (Kilikia), ancient trade city second only to Bogazkoy. This was Anatolia’s zenith period known for well – traveled trade routes – and – significant artistic use of gold, copper, and bronze. An excellent metalwork example is the Hittite solar disk with a bird goddess at center top. Additional finds from Bogazkoy and Alaca Hüyük include stamps, seals, and thousands of cuneiform writing tablets. These cuneiform writing tablets contain extensive documentation regarding the Hattian/Hittite religious rituals of significant polytheistic practices and deities such as Kultepe’s sun goddess * Arinna and her regal polos. * Further sun goddesses research includes: Anahita (WM: 49); Kultepe (Arinitti); Hittite Wurusemu; Egyptian Sekhmet; Germanic Sunna (Sunnu); Brythonic Aquae Sol (Sulis); Roman Sul–Minerva; Celtic Bridget; Baltic Saule; Finnish Paivatar; Siberian Kajae; Arabian Al–Ilat; and Shinto Amaterasu Omikami.
Ways of Being Hittite: Empire and Borderlands in Late Bronze Age Anatolia and Northern Syria
Studia Orientalia Electronica, 2021
In this paper, I take identity as a characteristic of empire in its periphery, denoting the totality of: 1) the imperial strategies an empire pursues in different regions, 2) the index of empire in each region, and 3) local responses to imperialism. My case study is the Hittite Empire, which dominated parts of what is now modern Turkey and northern Syria between the seventeenth and twelfth centuries bce, and its borderlands. To investigate the identities of the Hittite imperial system, I explore the totality of the second millennium bce in two regions. First, I explore imperial dynamics and responses in the Ilgın Plain in inner southwestern Turkey through a study of the material collected by the Yalburt Yaylası Archaeological Landscape Research Project since 2010. Second, I explore the identity of the Hittite Empire in the city of Emar in northern Syria by a thorough study of the textual and archaeological material unearthed by the Emar Expedition. In both cases, I argue that the manifestations of the Hittite Empire were mainly conditioned by the pre-Hittite trajectories of these regions. The strategies that the administration chose to use in different borderlands sought to identify what was important locally, with the Hittite Empire integrating itself into networks that were already established as manifestations of power, instead of replacing them with new ones.
After the Empire: Observations on the Early Iron Age in Central Anatolia, in: I. Singer (ed.), ipamati kistamati pari tumatimis. Luwian and Hittite Studies presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (Tel Aviv 2010) 220-229
ipamati kistamati pari tumatimis Luwian and Hittite StudieS preSented to J. david HawkinS on tHe occaSion of HiS 70 tH birtHday itaMar SinGer editor eMery and cLaire yaSS pubLicationS in arcHaeoLoGy inStitute of arcHaeoLoGy teL aviv univerSity teL aviv 2010 iv under the auspices of the friends of the institute of archaeology of tel aviv university with the support of the israel Science foundation published by the emery and claire yass publications in archaeology (bequeathed by the yass estate, Sydney, australia) of the institute of archaeology, tel aviv university iSbn 965-266-026-4 © copyright 2010 all rights reserved printed in israel by top print John david Hawkins photograph by takayuki oshima, courtesy of the Middle east cultural centre of Japan.
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