Tampiig: Wɛligir dinɛ bɛ tiɛnr-pala ni

rock formation
Subclass of	natural material, aggregate
Made from material	rock forming minerals
Studied in	petrology
Has characteristic	chemical composition, texture, permeability
Opposite of	soil

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Lɛm gɔs nwɛnnɛ 18:59, 13 Sawa'ar/Nwadispii nɛ yinne 2024

rockZamis kanɛ gɔsid dunia la’ad nɛ kuga yɛl la pa’al ye, tampiins (bɛɛ kuga) anɛ dinɛ ka Wina’am maal ka li anɛ la’abanɛ mɔr tɛbisim ka kpi'em ka ba buon minerals bɛɛ mineraloid la ya’a la’as taaba. Tampiis bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka li anɛ la’ad banɛ la’asi kilimi di la ka ba nɔkidi baŋi di li, nɛ din gɛndig si'em, nɛ din kilim si'em-si'em. Tampiins paas nɛ teŋgbaŋ la’ad banɛ ka sɔ’ na nyaŋi gban’e nɛ nu’us, ka ba buon crust la, nɛ di pʋʋgin, ka di yi’iŋ gbɛɛsim nɛ tampiing kanɛ nyɛligidi bɛ tɛŋ tɛŋir asthenosphere pʋʋgin. Tampiis zamisig yɛla mɔr zamisbibisi di pʋʋgin, ba sieba an petrology nɛ mineralogy. Di tun’e gɔsidnɛ tampiins banɛ bɛ teŋgbaŋ zug bɛɛ di tun’e an planetary geology dinɛ ka ba zamisid tampiins nɛ la’ad banɛ bɛi pɛbisim zug.

Tampiis mɔr kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb atan’: igneous tampiis, sedimentary tampiis nɛ metamorphic tampiis. Igneous rock la maan si'em an tampintʋʋla bɛɛ magma ya’a ma’ae, bɛɛ teŋ la gbinin ya’ la’aŋ bugum dʋ’ agɔl na, ma’ae tɛngbaŋ zug bɛɛ kɔlis pʋʋg. Sedimentary rock la maan si'em yit nɛ kugbaanlig ya’a la’as taaba ka ba buon diagenesis bɛɛ lithification la, din yitnɛ tampiins banɛ pʋn dɛŋi bɛ ya’a bʋas biel-biel, la’as taaba kilim. Metamorphic rock maani yit nɛ tampiis banɛ pʋn bɛ sa, ya’a tʋlig hali ka lɛɛ pʋ nyaŋi nyɛlig wala saa.

Ninsaalib banɛ da bɛ dunia pin'ilugin nɛ kudumin sa la nɔk tampiinsi maal si'elnam hali. Saŋkaŋa ka ba buon kuga yʋʋm la, ka ba da mɔr kuga maan la’ad bɛdigʋ. Ba da mɔr kuga mɛɛd ya’ nɛ mɛɛb banɛ ka ba da mɛɛd wʋsa. Sanlima nɛ kʋnt sieba gaansʋg da pin’ilya ka ba yisit kʋnt nam la yit tampiins la pʋʋgin. Na’asaasɔɔng kɛya ka ba nyaŋi maal la’ad sieba ka ba nwɛn wʋʋ tampiinsnɛ, ka ba yinne an concrete.

zamisig

Geology anɛ zamis kanɛ gɔsid dunia nɛ di la’ad yela, ka tampiingi maan si’em mɛ paas anina. Petrology anɛ zamis kanɛ gɔsid tampiins la yi zin’ig sia na. Mineralogy anɛ zamis kanɛ gɔsid la’ad banɛ la’asi kilim tampiing la. Ban zamisid tampiing nɛ dinɛ bɛɛ li pʋʋgin la kɛ ka ba baŋ dunia da pin’il si’em, ninsaali di pin’il si’em, nɛ la’ad maalig nɛ na’asaasɔɔng dinɛ ka ninsaalib yʋ’ʋn mɔr la.^[1]

Dunia la’ad zamisig yela nii, tampiins zamisig nɛ ban yi zin’ig si’a na, mɛ paas anina, ba da pin’il tampiing zamisig nɛ 19th century saŋa sa. Plutonism da an zamis kanɛ ka ba da zamisid sankan la, nɛ ban ti vɛn’ɛsi nyɛ radioactive decay yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ piswai nɛ ayʋobʋ (1896) la ni ka ba yʋ’ʋn pin’ili kaanl tampiins yʋʋma. Zamis kanɛ an plate tectonics la da pin’il nɛ 20th century.^[2]

buudi

Tampiins yinɛ la’ad banɛ buri-bur, an ban’alig-ban’alig ya’a tʋn fɔɔli la’as taaba nɛ paŋ.^[3] Tampiins si’eba mɔr mineraloids, dinɛ kpi’em, ka wan wʋʋ volcanic glass,^[4] ka lɛɛ pʋ tʋn taaba fɔɔli. La’ad banɛ bɛ tampiing ni la zuoe zɛm si’em an yine tampiing la maal si’em.

Tampiins bɛdigʋ mɔr silicate minerals, dinɛ ka silica tetrahedra paasi di pʋʋgin wan crystal lattice, ka mɛ len mɔr la’ad la yinne, pʋdigir atan’ pʋʋgin nɛ earth's crust kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piswai nɛ anu (95%).^[5] Dinɛ an silica bɛ tampiing ni la nɛ la’ad banɛ bɛ di pʋʋgin pa’an tampiing la yʋ’ʋr nɛ din an si’em.^[6]

Tampiins mɔr buudi-buudi ka di yinɛ la’ad banɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin la an si’em, pɛbisim bɛɛ kuom na nyaŋi kpɛ’ɛ di pʋʋgin, din saalim si’em bɛn, nɛ di labisim zɛm si’em. Yɛlbama pa’anɛ tampiing la dɔlis suor si’a maal.^[4] Yʋʋma zuligid la, tampiins na nyaŋi ti’ak buudi yinne lɛb buudi yinne dinɛ ka banɛ zamis buon ye rock cycle. Ti’asik kaŋa kɛ ka tampiins buudi atan’ la bɛ: igneous, sedimentary nɛ metamorphic.

Buudi atan’ bama pʋdig nɛ zin’is bɛdigʋ ya’as. Tampiins nwa’ ɛɛnti la’as taabaa la anɛ yinne. La’ad banɛ maali ba la ya’a na paas bɛɛ si’e, ba ɛɛnti tiak nɛ yi buudi yinne kilim buudi yinne; tampiing yinne wʋsa bɛ di kɔn’ ka sɔ’ na nyaŋi baki li nɛ li taaba, ka la’asidi ti’asidi kilimid buudi si’a. Linzugɔ, tampiing wʋsa nyɛ o yʋ’ʋr siem yinɛ lin maal bi’el-bi’el si’em kilimi li.^[7]

Igneous rock

Igneous rock (linɛ yi Latin sɔb igneus ni, ka di gbin an bugum, yit ignis ka di gbin an bugum)^[8] maan si’em anɛ dinɛ ka ba buon lava bɛɛ magma, kuga ya’a tʋligi nyɛligi la’as taaba ka lɛbi kʋdigi gban’ae taaba. Magma la yinɛ tampiing kanɛ pʋn bɛ sa’ ya’a nyɛligi bɛ tɛngbaŋ la pʋʋg, ka ba buon mantle bɛɛ crust la. Tampiing nyɛligir yitnɛ yela atan’ bama yinne nina: tʋʋligi na nɔbigid, la’ad banɛ tʋʋsid taaba paŋ ya’a si’e, bɛɛ ba vurugnɛ tiak zin’ig.^[9]

Igneous rocks pʋdig nɛ zin’is ayi’:

· Plutonic bɛɛ intrusive maanɛ yit magma ya’a ma’ae ka la’as taaba tɛngbaŋ zug. Di titʋʋli yinne an granite.

· Volcanic bɛɛ extrusive rocks yitnɛ magma dinɛ la’asid taaba la ya’a an lava bɛɛ fragmental ejecta, ka la’asi kilim pumice bɛɛ basalt.^[4]

Magma mɔr silica bɛdigʋ, di ya’ dʋt tɛngbaŋ zug, ka ba buoni li ye magma differentiation. Nwa’ maan ka li yinɛ minerals la ya’a pʋ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ ka li yiti di pʋʋgin naa, di ya’a ɛɛnti pin’ili ma’aed la (Bowen's reaction series), nɛ magma la nyɛligid crustal rock si’eba banɛ ka di dɔlli bani gat la (country rock), ka crustal rock mɛ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ. Silica anɛ linɛ an yɛlkpan ka ba nɔkidi baŋid igneous rock buudi la.^[6] ka dinɛ lɛn paas an alkali metal oxides ka mɛ an nimmua laʋk.^[10]

Igneous rocks la faan’ɛ paalʋ si’a Earth's crust pʋʋgin anɛ kɔbiga pʋʋgin, pisyʋobʋ nɛ anu’ (65%). Nwa’ pʋʋgin, pʋdigir pisyʋobʋ nɛ ayʋobʋ, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (66%) anɛ basalt nɛ gabbro, kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piinɛ ayʋobʋ (16%) anɛ granite, ka piinɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (17%) an granodiorite nɛ diorite. 0.6% ma’a an syenite ka 0.3% mɛ an ultramafic. Oceanic crust la mɛ mɔr piswai nɛ awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (99%) an basalt, dinɛ an igneous rock, ka mafic bɛɛ li pʋʋgin. Granite nɛ li wannim, ka ba buon granitoids, n faan’e zin’ig continental crust ni.^[11]^[12]

Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks la maan si’em tɛngbaŋ zug anɛ tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ ya, nɛ minerals, nɛ bʋnvʋlsi’eba^[13] ya’a la’as taaba naalim ka ba sieba mɛ gbilim ka si’eba mɛ la’as kɔlis gbina ni. Nwa’ kɛt ka clastic sediments (kug baan’lig) bɛɛ mɔɔd nɛ bʋnvʋlsi’eba (detritus) la’asid taaba gan’alim, ka pɛbisim kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin la yi ka basi li. Di na tʋʋns taaba ka tʋʋlig bi’ela mɛ kpɛn’ɛ li tɛnsʋk ka li la’as taaba (diagenesis).^[4]^[14]

Tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ sa ɛɛnti buri-bur, ka di anɛ kuom zii li kɛn ka di nwɛ’ɛd taaba la yela, ka kuom bɛɛ sisiem bɛɛ ice la’asiba zii kɛŋ la’asi ba taaba zin’i si’eba. ^[4]Sedimentary rocks la di’e paalʋ si’a crust la pʋʋgin anɛ ayɔpɔi nɛ li pʋdigir awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (7.9%), ka pisnii nɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (82%) an shales, ka ayʋobʋ, pʋdigid kɔbiga pʋʋgin (6%) an limestone, ka piinɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (12%) an sandstone nɛ arkoses.^[12] Sedimentary rocks mɔr fossils li pʋʋgi. Sedimentary rocks la maan si’em yitnɛ diinlig bɛɛ tɛbisim pʋʋgin, ka pa’ae pa’ae nɛ taaba zug nɛ fɔɔli, ka ba lɛn buoni ba ye stratified rocks.^[15]

Sedimentary rocks banɛ nwa’asi la’as taaba mɛ mɔr bʋʋdi-bʋʋdi ka ba gɔsid nɛ ba labisim zɛm si’em bɛn. Ban ɛɛnti buri-bur la, dinɛ pɔɔdi gat anɛ ya’ad bʋʋlig, ka linɛ dɔl an tanbiins baanlig, tintanbiinsig nɛ zigi. Si’eba mɔr cobbles nɛ boulders makidi gɔsid.^[16]

↑ Haldar, S. K. (2013). "Introduction". Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology. Elsevier Science. pp. 1–37. ISBN 9780124167100.
↑ O'Hara, Kieran D. (2018). "The Structure of Geological Revolutions". A Brief History of Geology (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–259. doi:10.1017/9781316809990.013. ISBN 978-1-316-80999-0.
↑ Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195106916.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2438-4.
↑ Heinen, Wouter; Oehler, John H. (1979). "Evolutionary Aspects of Biological Involvement in the Cycling of Silica". In Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J. (eds.). Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 431. ISBN 9780080874623. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Wilson, James Robert (1995), A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah, Utah Geological Survey, pp. 1–22, ISBN 978-1-55791-336-4, archived from the original on 19 November 2016.
↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Flett, John Smith (1911). "Petrology". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
↑ ""igneous, adj."". OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
↑ Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521880060.
↑ Le Maitre, R. W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M. J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P.; Bellieni, G.; Dudek, A.; Efremova, S.; Keller, J.; Lamere, J.; Sabine, P. A.; Schmid, R.; Sorensen, H.; Woolley, A. R., eds. (2002). Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66215-X.
↑ Condie, Kent C. (2015). Plate Tectonics & Crustal Evolution (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 68. ISBN 9781483100142. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney (2011), Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 23–24, ISBN 978-3-540-74168-8, archived from the original on 19 November 2016.
↑ Gilluly, James (1959). Principles of Geology. W.H. Freeman.
↑ Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131547283.
↑ Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed (2008). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 438. ISBN 9780495554806. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
↑ Blott, Simon J.; Pye, Kenneth (2012). "Particle size scales and classification of sediment types based on particle size distributions: Review and recommended procedures". Sedimentology. 59 (7): 2071–2096. Bibcode:2012Sedim..59.2071B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x. ISSN 0037-0746. S2CID 130084299.

[1] Haldar, S. K. (2013). "Introduction". Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology. Elsevier Science. pp. 1–37. ISBN 9780124167100.

[2] O'Hara, Kieran D. (2018). "The Structure of Geological Revolutions". A Brief History of Geology (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–259. doi:10.1017/9781316809990.013. ISBN 978-1-316-80999-0.

[3] Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195106916.

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2438-4.

[5] Heinen, Wouter; Oehler, John H. (1979). "Evolutionary Aspects of Biological Involvement in the Cycling of Silica". In Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J. (eds.). Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 431. ISBN 9780080874623. Retrieved 13 April 2020.

[:1-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Wilson, James Robert (1995), A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah, Utah Geological Survey, pp. 1–22, ISBN 978-1-55791-336-4, archived from the original on 19 November 2016.

[7] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Flett, John Smith (1911). "Petrology". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.

[8] ""igneous, adj."". OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.

[9] Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521880060.

[10] Le Maitre, R. W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M. J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P.; Bellieni, G.; Dudek, A.; Efremova, S.; Keller, J.; Lamere, J.; Sabine, P. A.; Schmid, R.; Sorensen, H.; Woolley, A. R., eds. (2002). Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66215-X.

[11] Condie, Kent C. (2015). Plate Tectonics & Crustal Evolution (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 68. ISBN 9781483100142. Retrieved 13 April 2020.

[:2-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney (2011), Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 23–24, ISBN 978-3-540-74168-8, archived from the original on 19 November 2016.

[13] Gilluly, James (1959). Principles of Geology. W.H. Freeman.

[14] Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131547283.

[15] Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed (2008). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 438. ISBN 9780495554806. Retrieved 13 April 2020.

[16] Blott, Simon J.; Pye, Kenneth (2012). "Particle size scales and classification of sediment types based on particle size distributions: Review and recommended procedures". Sedimentology. 59 (7): 2071–2096. Bibcode:2012Sedim..59.2071B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x. ISSN 0037-0746. S2CID 130084299.

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@@ Bɔɔnlʋm 1: / Bɔɔnlʋm 1: @@
 {{Databox|item=Q8063}}
-Zamis kanɛ gɔsid dunia la’ad nɛ kuga yɛl la pa’al ye, '''tampiins''' (bɛɛ [[kuga]]) anɛ dinɛ ka Wina’am maal ka li anɛ la’abanɛ mɔr tɛbisim ka kpi'em ka ba buon minerals bɛɛ mineraloid la ya’a la’as taaba. Tampiis bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka li anɛ la’ad banɛ la’asi kilimi di la ka ba nɔkidi baŋi di li, nɛ din gɛndig si'em, nɛ din kilim si'em-si'em. Tampiins paas nɛ teŋgbaŋ la’ad banɛ ka sɔ’ na nyaŋi gban’e nɛ nu’us, ka ba buon crust la, nɛ di pʋʋgin, ka di yi’iŋ gbɛɛsim nɛ tampiing kanɛ nyɛligidi bɛ tɛŋ tɛŋir asthenosphere pʋʋgin. Tampiis zamisig yɛla mɔr zamisbibisi di pʋʋgin, ba sieba an petrology nɛ mineralogy. Di tun’e gɔsidnɛ tampiins banɛ bɛ teŋgbaŋ zug bɛɛ di tun’e an planetary geology dinɛ ka ba zamisid tampiins nɛ la’ad banɛ bɛi [[pɛbisim]] zug.
+rockZamis kanɛ gɔsid dunia la’ad nɛ kuga yɛl la pa’al ye, '''tampiins''' (bɛɛ [[kuga]]) anɛ dinɛ ka Wina’am maal ka li anɛ la’abanɛ mɔr tɛbisim ka kpi'em ka ba buon minerals bɛɛ mineraloid la ya’a la’as taaba. Tampiis bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka li anɛ la’ad banɛ la’asi kilimi di la ka ba nɔkidi baŋi di li, nɛ din gɛndig si'em, nɛ din kilim si'em-si'em. Tampiins paas nɛ teŋgbaŋ la’ad banɛ ka sɔ’ na nyaŋi gban’e nɛ nu’us, ka ba buon crust la, nɛ di pʋʋgin, ka di yi’iŋ gbɛɛsim nɛ tampiing kanɛ nyɛligidi bɛ tɛŋ tɛŋir asthenosphere pʋʋgin. Tampiis zamisig yɛla mɔr zamisbibisi di pʋʋgin, ba sieba an petrology nɛ mineralogy. Di tun’e gɔsidnɛ tampiins banɛ bɛ teŋgbaŋ zug bɛɛ di tun’e an planetary geology dinɛ ka ba zamisid tampiins nɛ la’ad banɛ bɛi [[pɛbisim]] zug.
 Tampiis mɔr kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb atan’: igneous tampiis, sedimentary tampiis nɛ metamorphic tampiis. [[Igneous tampiis|Igneous rock]] la maan si'em an tampintʋʋla bɛɛ magma ya’a ma’ae, bɛɛ teŋ la gbinin ya’ la’aŋ bugum dʋ’ agɔl na, ma’ae tɛngbaŋ zug bɛɛ kɔlis pʋʋg. [[Sedimentary tampiis|Sedimentary rock]] la maan si'em yit nɛ kugbaanlig ya’a la’as taaba ka ba buon diagenesis bɛɛ lithification la, din yitnɛ tampiins banɛ pʋn dɛŋi bɛ ya’a bʋas biel-biel, la’as taaba kilim. [[Metamorphic tampiis|Metamorphic rock]] maani yit nɛ tampiis banɛ pʋn bɛ sa, ya’a tʋlig hali ka lɛɛ pʋ nyaŋi nyɛlig wala saa.
@@ Bɔɔnlʋm 17: / Bɔɔnlʋm 17: @@
 Tampiins yinɛ la’ad banɛ buri-bur, an ban’alig-ban’alig ya’a tʋn fɔɔli la’as taaba nɛ paŋ.<ref>Nesse, William D. (2000). ''[[iarchive:introductiontomi0000ness_m9a6|Introduction to mineralogy]]''. New York: Oxford University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780195106916|<bdi>9780195106916</bdi>.]]</ref><sup> </sup> Tampiins si’eba mɔr mineraloids, dinɛ kpi’em, ka wan wʋʋ volcanic glass,<ref name=":0">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). ''Petrology'' (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2438-4|978-0-7167-2438-4]]</bdi>.</ref><sup> </sup> ka lɛɛ pʋ tʋn taaba fɔɔli. La’ad banɛ bɛ tampiing ni la zuoe zɛm si’em an yine tampiing la maal si’em.
-Tampiins bɛdigʋ mɔr silicate minerals, dinɛ ka silica tetrahedra paasi di pʋʋgin wan crystal lattice, ka mɛ len mɔr la’ad la yinne, pʋdigir atan’ pʋʋgin nɛ earth's crust kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piswai nɛ anu (95%).<ref>Heinen, Wouter; Oehler, John H. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uqm3-V7Xr-cC&pg=PA431 "Evolutionary Aspects of Biological Involvement in the Cycling of Silica"]. In Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J. (eds.). ''Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements''. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 431. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>9780080874623</bdi>. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</ref> Dinɛ an silica bɛ tampiing ni la nɛ la’ad banɛ bɛ di pʋʋgin pa’an tampiing la yʋ’ʋr nɛ din an si’em.<ref>Wilson, James Robert (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1 ''A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah'',] Utah Geological Survey, pp. 1–22, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-55791-336-4|978-1-55791-336-4]]</bdi>, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119224626/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1 archived] from the original on 19 November 2016.</ref>
+Tampiins bɛdigʋ mɔr silicate minerals, dinɛ ka silica tetrahedra paasi di pʋʋgin wan crystal lattice, ka mɛ len mɔr la’ad la yinne, pʋdigir atan’ pʋʋgin nɛ earth's crust kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piswai nɛ anu (95%).<ref>Heinen, Wouter; Oehler, John H. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uqm3-V7Xr-cC&pg=PA431 "Evolutionary Aspects of Biological Involvement in the Cycling of Silica"]. In Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J. (eds.). ''Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements''. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 431. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>9780080874623</bdi>. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</ref> Dinɛ an silica bɛ tampiing ni la nɛ la’ad banɛ bɛ di pʋʋgin pa’an tampiing la yʋ’ʋr nɛ din an si’em.<ref name=":1">Wilson, James Robert (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1 ''A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah'',] Utah Geological Survey, pp. 1–22, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-55791-336-4|978-1-55791-336-4]]</bdi>, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119224626/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1 archived] from the original on 19 November 2016.</ref>
 Tampiins mɔr buudi-buudi ka di yinɛ la’ad banɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin la an si’em, pɛbisim bɛɛ kuom na nyaŋi kpɛ’ɛ di pʋʋgin, din saalim si’em bɛn, nɛ di labisim zɛm si’em. Yɛlbama pa’anɛ tampiing la dɔlis suor si’a maal.<ref name=":0" /> Yʋʋma zuligid la, tampiins na nyaŋi ti’ak buudi yinne lɛb buudi yinne dinɛ ka banɛ zamis buon ye rock cycle. Ti’asik kaŋa kɛ ka tampiins buudi atan’ la bɛ: igneous, sedimentary nɛ metamorphic.
@@ Bɔɔnlʋm 25: / Bɔɔnlʋm 25: @@
 '''Igneous rock'''
-Igneous rock (linɛ yi Latin sɔb ''igneus'' ni'','' ka di gbin an bugum'','' yit ''ignis'' ka di gbin an bugum'')'' maan si’em anɛ dinɛ ka ba buon lava bɛɛ magma, kuga ya’a tʋligi nyɛligi la’as taaba ka lɛbi kʋdigi gban’ae taaba. Magma la yinɛ tampiing kanɛ pʋn bɛ sa’ ya’a nyɛligi bɛ tɛngbaŋ la pʋʋg, ka ba buon mantle bɛɛ crust la. Tampiing nyɛligir yitnɛ yela atan’ bama yinne nina: tʋʋligi na nɔbigid, la’ad banɛ tʋʋsid taaba paŋ ya’a si’e, bɛɛ ba vurugnɛ tiak zin’ig.
+Igneous rock (linɛ yi Latin sɔb ''igneus'' ni'','' ka di gbin an bugum'','' yit ''ignis'' ka di gbin an bugum'')''<ref>[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/91193?redirectedFrom=igneous ""igneous, adj."".] ''OED Online''. Oxford University Press. March 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</ref> maan si’em anɛ dinɛ ka ba buon lava bɛɛ magma, kuga ya’a tʋligi nyɛligi la’as taaba ka lɛbi kʋdigi gban’ae taaba. Magma la yinɛ tampiing kanɛ pʋn bɛ sa’ ya’a nyɛligi bɛ tɛngbaŋ la pʋʋg, ka ba buon mantle bɛɛ crust la. Tampiing nyɛligir yitnɛ yela atan’ bama yinne nina: tʋʋligi na nɔbigid, la’ad banɛ tʋʋsid taaba paŋ ya’a si’e, bɛɛ ba vurugnɛ tiak zin’ig.<ref>Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). ''Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780521880060|9780521880060]]</bdi>.</ref>
 Igneous rocks pʋdig nɛ zin’is ayi’:
@@ Bɔɔnlʋm 31: / Bɔɔnlʋm 31: @@
 ·        Plutonic bɛɛ intrusive maanɛ yit magma ya’a ma’ae ka la’as taaba tɛngbaŋ zug. Di titʋʋli yinne an granite.
-·        Volcanic bɛɛ extrusive rocks yitnɛ magma dinɛ la’asid taaba la ya’a an lava bɛɛ ''fragmental ejecta'', ka la’asi kilim pumice bɛɛ basalt.
+·        Volcanic bɛɛ extrusive rocks yitnɛ magma dinɛ la’asid taaba la ya’a an lava bɛɛ ''fragmental ejecta'', ka la’asi kilim pumice bɛɛ basalt.<ref name=":0" />
-Magma mɔr silica bɛdigʋ, di ya’ dʋt tɛngbaŋ zug, ka ba buoni li ye ''magma differentiation''. Nwa’ maan ka li yinɛ minerals la ya’a pʋ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ ka li yiti di pʋʋgin naa, di ya’a ɛɛnti pin’ili ma’aed la (Bowen's reaction series), nɛ magma la nyɛligid crustal rock si’eba banɛ ka di dɔlli bani gat la (''country rock''), ka crustal rock mɛ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ. Silica anɛ linɛ an yɛlkpan ka ba nɔkidi baŋid igneous rock buudi la. ka dinɛ lɛn paas an alkali metal oxides ka mɛ an nimmua laʋk.
+Magma mɔr silica bɛdigʋ, di ya’ dʋt tɛngbaŋ zug, ka ba buoni li ye ''magma differentiation''. Nwa’ maan ka li yinɛ minerals la ya’a pʋ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ ka li yiti di pʋʋgin naa, di ya’a ɛɛnti pin’ili ma’aed la (Bowen's reaction series), nɛ magma la nyɛligid crustal rock si’eba banɛ ka di dɔlli bani gat la (''country rock''), ka crustal rock mɛ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ. Silica anɛ linɛ an yɛlkpan ka ba nɔkidi baŋid igneous rock buudi la.<ref name=":1" /> ka dinɛ lɛn paas an alkali metal oxides ka mɛ an nimmua laʋk.<ref>Le Maitre, R. W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M. J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P.; Bellieni, G.; Dudek, A.; Efremova, S.; Keller, J.; Lamere, J.; Sabine, P. A.; Schmid, R.; Sorensen, H.; Woolley, A. R., eds. (2002). ''Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-66215-X|<bdi>0-521-66215-X</bdi>.]]</ref>
-Igneous rocks la faan’ɛ paalʋ si’a Earth's crust pʋʋgin anɛ kɔbiga pʋʋgin, pisyʋobʋ nɛ anu’ (65%). Nwa’ pʋʋgin, pʋdigir pisyʋobʋ nɛ ayʋobʋ, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (66%) anɛ basalt nɛ gabbro, kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piinɛ ayʋobʋ (16%) anɛ granite, ka piinɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (17%) an granodiorite nɛ diorite. 0.6% ma’a an syenite ka 0.3% mɛ an ultramafic. Oceanic crust la mɛ mɔr piswai nɛ awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (99%) an basalt, dinɛ an igneous rock, ka mafic bɛɛ li pʋʋgin. Granite nɛ li wannim, ka ba buon granitoids, n faan’e zin’ig continental crust ni.
+Igneous rocks la faan’ɛ paalʋ si’a Earth's crust pʋʋgin anɛ kɔbiga pʋʋgin, pisyʋobʋ nɛ anu’ (65%). Nwa’ pʋʋgin, pʋdigir pisyʋobʋ nɛ ayʋobʋ, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (66%) anɛ basalt nɛ gabbro, kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piinɛ ayʋobʋ (16%) anɛ granite, ka piinɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (17%) an granodiorite nɛ diorite. 0.6% ma’a an syenite ka 0.3% mɛ an ultramafic. Oceanic crust la mɛ mɔr piswai nɛ awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (99%) an basalt, dinɛ an igneous rock, ka mafic bɛɛ li pʋʋgin. Granite nɛ li wannim, ka ba buon granitoids, n faan’e zin’ig continental crust ni.<ref>[[:en:Kent_Condie|Condie, Kent C.]] (2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lO7fBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 Plate Tectonics & Crustal Evolution]'' (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 68. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781483100142|<bdi>9781483100142</bdi>.]] Retrieved 13 April 2020.</ref><ref name=":2">Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney (2011), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FFcHarai9GEC&pg=PA24 Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks]'', Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 23–24, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74168-8|978-3-540-74168-8]]</bdi>, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119223253/https://books.google.com/books?id=FFcHarai9GEC&pg=PA24 archived] from the original on 19 November 2016.</ref>
 '''Sedimentary rock'''
-Sedimentary rocks la maan si’em tɛngbaŋ zug anɛ tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ ya, nɛ minerals, nɛ bʋnvʋlsi’eba ya’a la’as taaba na’alim la’a sieba ya’a gbilim ka si’eba mɛ la’as kɔbis gbina ni. Nwa’ kɛt ka clastic sediments (kug baan’lig) bɛɛ mɔɔd nɛ bʋnvʋlsi’eba (detritus) la’asid taaba gan’alim, ka pɛbisim kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin la yi ka basi li. Di na tʋʋns taaba ka tʋʋlig bi’ela mɛ kpɛn’ɛ li tɛnsʋk ka li la’as taaba (diagenesis).<sup>  </sup>
+Sedimentary rocks la maan si’em tɛngbaŋ zug anɛ tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ ya, nɛ minerals, nɛ bʋnvʋlsi’eba<ref>[[:en:James_Gilluly|Gilluly, James]] (1959). ''[[iarchive:principlesofgeol00gill|Principles of Geology]]''. W.H. Freeman.</ref> ya’a la’as taaba naalim ka ba sieba mɛ gbilim ka si’eba mɛ la’as kɔlis gbina ni. Nwa’ kɛt ka clastic sediments (kug baan’lig) bɛɛ mɔɔd nɛ bʋnvʋlsi’eba (detritus) la’asid taaba gan’alim, ka pɛbisim kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin la yi ka basi li. Di na tʋʋns taaba ka tʋʋlig bi’ela mɛ kpɛn’ɛ li tɛnsʋk ka li la’as taaba (diagenesis).<sup> </sup><ref name=":0" /><ref>Boggs, Sam (2006). ''Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy'' (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0131547283|<bdi>0131547283</bdi>.]]</ref>
-Tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ sa ɛɛnti buri-bur, ka di anɛ kuom zii li kɛn ka di nwɛ’ɛd taaba la yela, ka kuom bɛɛ sisiem bɛɛ ice la’asiba zii kɛŋ la’asi ba taaba zin’i si’eba. Sedimentary rocks  la di’e paalʋ si’a crust la pʋʋgin anɛ ayɔpɔi nɛ li pʋdigir awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (7.9%), ka pisnii nɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (82%) an shales, ka ayʋobʋ, pʋdigid kɔbiga pʋʋgin (6%) an limestone, ka piinɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (12%) an sandstone nɛ arkoses. Sedimentary rocks mɔr fossils li pʋʋgi. Sedimentary rocks la maan si’em yitnɛ diinlig bɛɛ tɛbisim pʋʋgin, ka pa’ae pa’ae nɛ taaba zug nɛ fɔɔli, ka ba lɛn buoni ba ye stratified rocks.
+Tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ sa ɛɛnti buri-bur, ka di anɛ kuom zii li kɛn ka di nwɛ’ɛd taaba la yela, ka kuom bɛɛ sisiem bɛɛ ice la’asiba zii kɛŋ la’asi ba taaba zin’i si’eba. <ref name=":0" />Sedimentary rocks  la di’e paalʋ si’a crust la pʋʋgin anɛ ayɔpɔi nɛ li pʋdigir awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (7.9%), ka pisnii nɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (82%) an shales, ka ayʋobʋ, pʋdigid kɔbiga pʋʋgin (6%) an limestone, ka piinɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (12%) an sandstone nɛ arkoses.<ref name=":2" /> Sedimentary rocks mɔr fossils li pʋʋgi. Sedimentary rocks la maan si’em yitnɛ diinlig bɛɛ tɛbisim pʋʋgin, ka pa’ae pa’ae nɛ taaba zug nɛ fɔɔli, ka ba lɛn buoni ba ye stratified rocks.<ref>Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jFPMa4MxwJkC&pg=PA438 The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution]'' (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 438. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780495554806|<bdi>9780495554806</bdi>.]] Retrieved 13 April 2020.</ref>
-Sedimentary rocks banɛ nwa’asi la’as taaba mɛ mɔr bʋʋdi-bʋʋdi ka ba gɔsid nɛ ba labisim zɛm si’em bɛn. Ban ɛɛnti buri-bur la, dinɛ pɔɔdi gat anɛ ya’ad bʋʋlig, ka linɛ dɔl an tanbiins baanlig, tintanbiinsig nɛ zigi. Si’eba mɔr cobbles nɛ boulders makidi gɔsid.
+Sedimentary rocks banɛ nwa’asi la’as taaba mɛ mɔr bʋʋdi-bʋʋdi ka ba gɔsid nɛ ba labisim zɛm si’em bɛn. Ban ɛɛnti buri-bur la, dinɛ pɔɔdi gat anɛ ya’ad bʋʋlig, ka linɛ dɔl an tanbiins baanlig, tintanbiinsig nɛ zigi. Si’eba mɔr cobbles nɛ boulders makidi gɔsid.<ref>Blott, Simon J.; Pye, Kenneth (2012). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x "Particle size scales and classification of sediment types based on particle size distributions: Review and recommended procedures".] ''Sedimentology''. '''59''' (7): 2071–2096. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode:]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sedim..59.2071B 2012Sedim..59.2071B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x|10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-0746 0037-0746]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130084299 130084299.]</ref>

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