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下

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 丅 and 卞
下 U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B
← 上
[U+4E0A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丌 →
[U+4E0C]

𝍴 U+1D374, 𝍴
IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK THREE
← 𝍳
[U+1D373] 		Counting Rod Numerals 𝍵 →
[U+1D375]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
Stroke order
3 strokes

Han character

[edit]

下 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 下
alternative forms 丅 ancient
𠄟

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 下
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j00145
j00146
j00147
j00148
j00149
j00150
j00151
j00152
j00153
j00154
j00155
j00156
j00157
j00158
j00159
j00160
j00161
j00162
b00153
b00154
b00155
b00156
b00157
b00158
b00159
b00160
b00161
b00162
s00016
Transcribed ancient scripts
L34992
L34993
L34994
L34995
L34996
L34997
L34998
L34999
L35000
L35001
L17177
L17178
L17179
L17180
L17181
L17182
L17183
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
丅 *ɡraːʔ
下 *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs
芐 *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ

In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast 上). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.

Etymology 1

[edit]

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):

    • inside Sinitic, cognate with 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
    • outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).

    Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:

    • 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
    • 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

    Pronunciation 1

    [edit]
    Note:
    • ha4 - vernacular;
    • xia4 - literary.
    Note:
    • hā - vernacular;
    • xiā - literary.
    Note:
    • hâ/ha1 - vernacular ("low", "below", "under");
    • ha/ha4 - literary ("inferior", "low-ranking", "next").
    Note:
    • hā - literary;
    • à - vernacular.
    Note:
    • hâ - literary;
    • â - vernacular.
    Note:
    • ha5 - literary;
    • or5 - vernacular.
    Note:
    • hā/hǎ/hēe/hiěe - literary, abstract sense (“lower (in status, rank, quantity); bad, poor; inferior; subservient; final (in a set of two or three); downward”);
    • ē/ě/ēe/ěe - vernacular, concrete sense (“lower (spacially); next, posterior (in time), younger; southern; under, below, down”);
    • both - in certain compounds (天下, 地下, 下層) or as a postposition (“under, with”, 以下).
    Note:
    • hia6 - literary;
    • ê6 - vernacular.
    Note:
    • 6gho - vernacular;
    • shia - new literary;
    • 6ya, 6yo - literary.
      Note:
      • Dialectal data
      Variety Location 下 (底下)
      Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/
      Harbin /ɕia⁵³/
      Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/
      Jinan /ɕia²¹/
      Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/
      Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/
      Xi'an /xa⁴⁴/ ～頭
      Xining /xa²¹³/
      Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/
      Lanzhou /xa¹³/
      Ürümqi /xa²¹³/
      Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/
      Chengdu /ɕia¹³/
      Guiyang /xa²¹³/
      /ɕia²¹³/
      Kunming /ɕia̠²¹²/
      Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
      Hefei /ɕia⁵³/
      Jin Taiyuan /xa⁴⁵/
      Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/
      Hohhot /ɕiaʔ⁰/
      Wu Shanghai /ɦo²³/
      /ɕia⁵³/
      Suzhou /ɦo³¹/
      Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/
      Wenzhou /ɦo³⁵/
      Hui Shexian /ɕia²²/
      /xa³⁵/
      Tunxi /xɔ²⁴/
      Xiang Changsha /xa¹¹/
      Xiangtan /ɦɒ²¹/
      Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/
      Hakka Meixian /ha⁴⁴/
      Taoyuan /hɑ²⁴/
      Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²²/
      Nanning /ha²⁴/
      Hong Kong /ha²²/
      Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ha²²/
      /ke²²/
      Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ɑ²⁴²/
      Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tai²¹/
      Shantou (Teochew) /e³⁵/
      Haikou (Hainanese) /ɛ³³/
      Rime
      Character 下
      Reading # 1/2
      Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
      Final (韻) 麻 (98)
      Tone (調) Rising (X)
      Openness (開合) Open
      Division (等) II
      Fanqie 胡雅切
      Baxter haeX
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang             		/ɦˠaX/
      Pan
      Wuyun             		/ɦᵚaX/
      Shao
      Rongfen             		/ɣaX/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank             		/ɦaɨX/
      Li
      Rong             		/ɣaX/
      Wang
      Li             		/ɣaX/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren             		/ɣaX/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex             		xià
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex             		haa6
      Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character 下
      Reading # 1/2
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)             		xià
      Middle
      Chinese             		‹ hæX ›
      Old
      Chinese             		/*ɡˁraʔ/
      English down

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character 下
      Reading # 1/2
      No. 13445
      Phonetic
      component             		下
      Rime
      group             		魚
      Rime
      subdivision             		0
      Corresponding
      MC rime             		下
      Old
      Chinese             		/*ɡraːʔ/
      This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
      Particularly: “Taishanese”

      Definitions
      [edit]

      下

      1. lower part of; under
        樹下／树下  ―  shùxià  ―  under the tree
        樓下／楼下  ―  lóuxià  ―  downstairs
      2. under the influence of; with
        在這些條件下／在这些条件下  ―  zài zhèxiē tiáojiàn xià  ―  under these conditions
        在朋友的幫助下／在朋友的帮助下  ―  zài péngyǒu de bāngzhù xià  ―  with help from friends
        在藥師指導下／在药师指导下  ―  zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià  ―  under the instruction of a pharmacist
      3. lower; located below
        下層／下层  ―  xiàcéng  ―  lower level
      4. later; next
        下個世紀／下个世纪  ―  xià ge shìjì  ―  the next century
        下卷  ―  xiàjuǎn  ―  Volume II
        下一站  ―  xià yī zhàn  ―  The next station is... (used in public transport announcements)
      5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) inferior, poor
        下人  ―  xiàrén  ―  servant
        下品  ―  xiàpǐn  ―  inferior products
      6. (literary or Xiang) low
      Antonyms
      [edit]
      Compounds
      [edit]

      Pronunciation 2

      [edit]
      Note:
      • hâ/ha1 - "to descend", "to go to", "to leave (work)";
      • ha/ha4 - "to issue (orders)".
      • Dialectal data
      Variety Location 下 (下降)
      Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/
      Harbin /ɕia⁵³/
      Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/
      Jinan /ɕia²¹/
      Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/
      Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/
      Xi'an /ɕia⁴⁴/
      Xining /ɕia²¹³/
      Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/
      Lanzhou /ɕia¹³/
      Ürümqi /ɕia²¹³/
      Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/
      Chengdu /ɕia¹³/
      Guiyang /ɕia²¹³/
      Kunming /ɕia̠²¹²/
      Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
      Hefei /ɕia⁵³/
      Jin Taiyuan /ɕia⁴⁵/
      Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/
      Hohhot /ɕia⁵⁵/
      Wu Shanghai /ɦo²³/
      /ɕia⁵³/
      Suzhou /ɦo³¹/
      Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/
      Wenzhou /ɦo²²/
      Hui Shexian /ɕia²²/
      /xa²²/
      Tunxi /xɔ²⁴/
      Xiang Changsha /ɕia⁵⁵/
      /ɕia¹¹/
      Xiangtan /ɕiɒ²¹/
      Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/
      Hakka Meixian /ha³¹/
      Taoyuan /hɑ⁵⁵/
      Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²²/
      Nanning /ha²²/
      Hong Kong /ha²²/
      Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ha²²/
      Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiɑ²⁴²/
      Jian'ou (Northern Min) /a⁴²/
      Shantou (Teochew) /hia³⁵/
      Haikou (Hainanese) /ɛ³³/
      Rime
      Character 下
      Reading # 2/2
      Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
      Final (韻) 麻 (98)
      Tone (調) Departing (H)
      Openness (開合) Open
      Division (等) II
      Fanqie 胡駕切
      Baxter haeH
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang             		/ɦˠaH/
      Pan
      Wuyun             		/ɦᵚaH/
      Shao
      Rongfen             		/ɣaH/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank             		/ɦaɨH/
      Li
      Rong             		/ɣaH/
      Wang
      Li             		/ɣaH/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren             		/ɣaH/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex             		xià
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex             		haa6
      Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character 下
      Reading # 2/2
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)             		xià
      Middle
      Chinese             		‹ hæH ›
      Old
      Chinese             		/*m-ɡˁraʔ-s/
      English descend

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character 下
      Reading # 2/2
      No. 13446
      Phonetic
      component             		下
      Rime
      group             		魚
      Rime
      subdivision             		0
      Corresponding
      MC rime             		暇
      Old
      Chinese             		/*ɡraːs/
      Definitions
      [edit]

      下

      1. to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
        你快下來。／你快下来。  ―  Nǐ kuài xià lái.  ―  Come down here.
        下海  ―  xiàhǎi  ―  to go to sea
        下樓／下楼  ―  xiàlóu  ―  to go downstairs
        下山  ―  xiàshān  ―  to go down the mountain
        走下  ―  zǒuxià  ―  to walk down
        落下  ―  luòxià  ―  to fall down
        跳下深淵／跳下深渊  ―  tiàoxià shēnyuān  ―  to jump down to an abyss
        1. (as complement) completely, thoroughly
          拿下  ―  náxià  ―  to capture; to arrest
          打下基礎／打下基础  ―  dǎxià jīchǔ  ―  to lay the foundation
      2. to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off
        下船  ―  xiàchuán  ―  to disembark from a boat
        下床  ―  xiàchuáng  ―  to get out of bed
        1. to finish, to complete
          下班  ―  xiàbān  ―  to get off work
          下課／下课  ―  xiàkè  ―  to finish class
      3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
        下鄉／下乡  ―  xiàxiāng  ―  to go to the countryside
        下館子／下馆子  ―  xiàguǎnzǐ  ―  to go to the restaurant
        下野  ―  xiàyě  ―  to be forced to step down
      4. to give or issue something to an inferior person
        下令  ―  xiàlìng  ―  to issue an order
        1. to send an invitation
          下戰書／下战书  ―  xià zhànshū  ―  to send a letter of challenge
      5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to stay the night
        下榻  ―  xiàtà  ―  to stay the night
      6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to conquer
        連下三城／连下三城  ―  lián xià sān chéng  ―  to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")
      7. (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
        先去下個軟件。／先去下个软件。  ―  Xiān qù xià ge ruǎnjiàn.  ―  Download the software first.
      8. (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
      Synonyms
      [edit]
      Dialectal synonyms of 下 (“to go down; to descend”) [map]
      Variety Location Words
      Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 下, 落 (Chiefly Cantonese)
      Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 下
      Taiwan 下
      Malaysia 下
      Singapore 下
      Jilu Mandarin Jinan 下
      Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 下
      Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 下
      Xi'an 下
      Xining 下
      Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 下
      Ürümqi 下
      Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 下
      Cantonese Guangzhou 落
      Hong Kong 落
      Yangjiang 落
      Nanning 落
      Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 落
      Singapore (Guangfu) 落
      Gan Nanchang 下
      Pingxiang 下
      Hakka Meixian 落
      Jin Taiyuan 下
      Xinzhou 下
      Northern Min Jian'ou 下
      Southern Min Xiamen 落
      Quanzhou 落
      Zhangzhou 落
      Zhao'an 落
      Taipei 落 GT
      Penang (Hokkien) 落
      Singapore (Hokkien) 落
      Manila (Hokkien) 落
      Chaozhou 落
      Shantou 落
      Jieyang 落
      Singapore (Teochew) 落
      Wenchang 落
      Haikou 落
      Qionghai 落
      Singapore (Hainanese) 落
      Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 落
      Wu Shanghai 落
      Suzhou 落
      Hangzhou 下, 落
      Hangzhou (Yuhang) 落
      Wenzhou 落
      Jinhua 落
      Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
      See also
      [edit]
      Compounds
      [edit]

      Pronunciation 3

      [edit]
      Note:
      • ha/ha4 - "to put in (an effort)";
      • há/ha3 - "to take off", "to reproduce".
      Note: khē/khě - variant for "to put".
      Note:
      • Ningbo:
        • 6gho - "to put into boiling water", "to sow";
        • 1o — "to put in an effort", "to fill", "to fertilize".
        Note: 3hua - as in 下種／下种.
        Definitions
        [edit]

        下

        1. (transitive) (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
          1. to use; to start doing something; to put in an effort
            下手  ―  xiàshǒu  ―  to start doing (lit., "to put the hands")
            下筆／下笔  ―  xiàbǐ  ―  to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
            下腳／下脚  ―  xiàjiǎo  ―  to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
            下藥／下药  ―  xiàyào  ―  1) to prescribe medicine; 2) to drug someone
            下毒  ―  xiàdú  ―  to poison someone
            下力  ―  xiàlì  ―  to make an effort
            下命 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-miā [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to go all out
            下心神 [Hokkien]  ―  hē sim-sîn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to concentrate (on doing something)
          2. to sow; to plant
            下種／下种  ―  xiàzhǒng  ―  to sow seeds
          3. to give money; to put in capital
            下本錢／下本钱  ―  xià běnqián  ―  to put in capital
          4. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin) to rain or snow
            Synonym: 落
            下雪  ―  xiàxuě  ―  to snow
            下雨  ―  xiàyǔ  ―  to rain
          5. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin) to give birth (as an animal)
            Synonym: 生
            下豬仔／下猪仔  ―  xià zhūzaǐ  ―  to have piglets
            下蛋  ―  xiàdàn  ―  to lay eggs
          6. (Mandarin) to move (in chess)
          7. (chiefly Mandarin, Wu) to put food into boiling water
            下麵條／下面条  ―  xià miàntiáo  ―  to put noodles into boiling water
            下餃子／下饺子  ―  xià jiǎozǐ  ―  to put dumplings into boiling water
          8. (Hokkien) to bribe
            下賂／下赂 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-lō͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to give a bribe
          9. (Min, Taishanese) to put in; to add (a condiment, etc.)
            下鹽／下盐 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-iâm [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to put salt (in food)
          10. (Hokkien) to load; to ship
          11. (Hokkien) to make a vow
            下願／下愿 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-goān [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to make a vow (to a god)
            下神下佛 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-sîn hē-pu̍t [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to vow to spirits and buddhas
          12. (Hokkien, Ningbonese) to fertilize
          13. (Ningbonese) to fill (ammunition)
          14. (Hakka) to remove, to take off (especially a hat)
            下帽仔 [Sixian Hakka]  ―  há mo-é [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  to take off the hat
            窗簾下下來洗撇知 [Meixian Hakka, trad.]
            窗帘下下来洗撇知 [Meixian Hakka, simp.]
            cung1 liam2 ha3 ha1 loi2 sê3 pêd5 di1 [Hakka Transliteration Scheme]
            Take down the curtains and wash them.
        Compounds
        [edit]

        Pronunciation 4

        [edit]
        simp. and trad.
        		 下
        alternative forms 吓 Cantonese
        • Dialectal data
        Variety Location 下 (等一下子)
        Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/
        Harbin /ɕia⁵³/
        Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/
        Jinan /ɕia²¹/
        Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/
        Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/
        Xi'an /xa⁴⁴/
        Xining /xa²¹³/
        Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/
        Lanzhou /xa¹³/
        Ürümqi /xa²¹³/
        Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/
        /xa³⁵/
        Chengdu /xa¹³/
        Guiyang /xa²¹³/
        Kunming /xa̠²¹²/
        Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
        Hefei /ɕia⁵³/
        Jin Taiyuan /xa⁴⁵/
        /ɕia⁴⁵/
        Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/
        Hohhot /ɕia⁵⁵/
        Wu Shanghai /ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇)
        Suzhou
        Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/
        Wenzhou /o⁴²/
        Hui Shexian /xa²²/
        Tunxi /xɔ¹¹/
        Xiang Changsha /xa¹¹/
        Xiangtan /ɦɒ²¹/
        Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/
        Hakka Meixian /ha⁵³/
        Taoyuan /hɑ⁵⁵/
        Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²³/
        Nanning /ha²²/
        Hong Kong /ha¹³/
        Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ha²²/
        /e²²/
        Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɑ²⁴²/
        Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xa⁴⁴/
        Shantou (Teochew) /e³¹/
        Haikou (Hainanese) /ɛ²³/
        Definitions
        [edit]

        下

        1. Classifier for the number of occurrences: time
          敲三下門。／敲三下门。  ―  Qiāo sān xià mén.  ―  Knock at the door three times.
        2. (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下.
          1. for a short time; for one moment
            等下  ―  děng xià  ―  wait a moment
          2. give something a go
            看下  ―  kàn xià  ―  take a look
            睇下 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  take a look
            聞下／闻下 [Cantonese]  ―  man4 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  try smelling it
        3. (historical, obsolete) Synonym of 點 / 点 (diǎn): an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
        Synonyms
        [edit]
        Dialectal synonyms of 一下 (“give something a go; give something a try”) [map]
        Variety Location Words
        Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 一下
        Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 一下, 看看
        Malaysia 一下
        Singapore 一下
        Cantonese Guangzhou 下
        Hong Kong 下
        Macau 下
        Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 下
        Singapore (Guangfu) 下
        Southern Min Xiamen 看覓
        Quanzhou 看覓
        Zhangzhou 看覓
        Taipei 看覓
        Kaohsiung 看覓
        Penang (Hokkien) 看覓
        Singapore (Hokkien) 看覓, 一下
        Manila (Hokkien) 覓, 看覓, 一下
        Chaozhou 睇, 下睇
        Shantou 一下
        Singapore (Teochew) 睇
        Wu Shanghai 看, 一記, 一下 often with non-monosyllabic verbs
        Suzhou 看, 一下
        Ningbo 看
        Compounds
        [edit]

        Descendants

        [edit]
        Sino-Xenic (下):
        • → Japanese: 下(か) (ka); 下(げ) (ge)
        • → Korean: 하(下) (ha)
        • → Vietnamese: hạ (下)

        Etymology 2

        [edit]
        simp. and trad.
        		 下
        alternative forms 低 Southern Min

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Definitions

        [edit]

        下 (Eastern Min, Southern Min)

        1. low; short

        Synonyms

        [edit]
        Dialectal synonyms of 低 (“low”) [map]
        Variety Location Words
        Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 低
        Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 低
        Taiwan 低
        Malaysia 低
        Singapore 低
        Jilu Mandarin Jinan 低
        Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 低
        Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 矮, 低
        Wuhan 低, 矮
        Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 低
        Hefei 低, 矮
        Cantonese Guangzhou 低
        Hong Kong 低
        Taishan 低
        Yangjiang 低
        Singapore (Guangfu) 低
        Gan Nanchang 低, 矮
        Hakka Meixian 低, 矮
        Jin Taiyuan 低
        Northern Min Jian'ou 矮
        Eastern Min Fuzhou 下, 矮
        Southern Min Xiamen 下
        Quanzhou 下
        Jinjiang 下
        Zhangzhou 下
        Tainan 下
        Penang (Hokkien) 下
        Singapore (Hokkien) 下
        Manila (Hokkien) 下
        Chaozhou 下, 矮
        Shantou 下
        Jieyang 下
        Singapore (Teochew) 下
        Pontianak (Teochew) 下
        Singapore (Hainanese) 低
        Puxian Min Putian 下, 矮
        Xianyou 下, 矮
        Wu Suzhou 低
        Ningbo 低, 矮
        Zhoushan 低, 矮
        Wenzhou 低, 矮
        Xiang Changsha 低, 矮, 下
        Shuangfeng 低, 矮

        Compounds

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]

        Japanese

        [edit]

        Kanji

        [edit]
        下

        (First grade kyōiku kanji)

        Readings

        [edit]

        Compounds

        [edit]
        Compounds

        Etymology 1

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        した
        Grade: 1
        kun'yomi

        /sita/ → /ɕita/

        From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sita.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(した) • (shita) 

        1. the underneath
          Antonym: 上 (ue)
          • 1928, Motojirō Kajii, Sakura no ki no shita ni wa [Under the cherry trees]‎[2], Modern kanji and kana edition:
            桜(さくら)の樹(き)の下(した)には屍体(したい)が埋(う)まっている！これは信(しん)じていいことなんだよ。
            Sakura no ki no shita ni wa shitai ga umatte iru! Kore wa shinjite ii koto na n da yo.
            There are dead bodies buried under the cherry trees! This is something you should believe.
        Derived terms
        [edit]

        Etymology 2

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        しも
        Grade: 1
        kun'yomi

        ⟨simo1⟩ → /simʷo/ → /ɕimo/

        From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *simo.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(しも) • (shimo) 

        1. the lower portion, end
          Antonym: 上 (kami)
        2. lowness in degree or rank
        3. the downstream portion of a river
        4. the downriver area
        5. the area farther from the capital
        6. the last part of a month, year, etc.
        7. the lower half of the body
        8. (euphemistic) private parts
        9. (euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement
        Derived terms
        [edit]
        Derived terms

        Etymology 3

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        もと
        Grade: 1
        kun'yomi
        Alternative spelling
        許

        Cognate with 本 (moto, “origin”).[3][4]

        Alternative forms

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(もと) • (moto) 

        1. the lower portion, base
        2. under the influence of
          同(どう)意(い)のもと、 […]
          dōi no moto, […]
          with permission, […]

        Etymology 4

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        げ
        Grade: 1
        goon

        From Middle Chinese 下 (MC haeX|haeH).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(げ) • (ge) 

        1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

        Etymology 5

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        か
        Grade: 1
        kan'on

        From Middle Chinese 下 (MC haeX|haeH).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Affix

        [edit]

        下(か) • (ka) 

        1. down; below; beneath

        Suffix

        [edit]

        下(か) • (-ka) 

        1. under a situation

        References

        [edit]
        1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
        2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
        3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
        4. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

        Korean

        [edit]

        Hanja

        [edit]

        下 (eumhun 아래 하 (arae ha))

        1. (only used in compounds) hanja form? of 하 (“below; bottom; lower; underneath”)

        Compounds

        [edit]

        Okinawan

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]

        Cognate with mainland Japanese 下 (shita).

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(しちゃ) (shicha) 

        1. the below

        Derived terms

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]
        1. ^ Nakamoto, Masayo (中本政世) (1896) 沖縄語典 [Documentation of the Language of Okinawa], Hikone (彦根市): Eishōdō (永昌堂), →DOI, page 46

        Old Japanese

        [edit]

        Etymology 1

        [edit]

        From Proto-Japonic *sita.

        Noun

        [edit]

        下 (sita) (kana した)

        1. the below
          1. looking down
            • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 57:
              ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
              ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
              (please add an English translation of this quotation)
          2. a place
            • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 5:
              ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
              ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
              (please add an English translation of this quotation)
          Antonym: 上 (upe2)
        Derived terms
        [edit]
        Descendants
        [edit]
        • Japanese: 下 (shita)

        Etymology 2

        [edit]

        From Proto-Japonic *simo.

        Noun

        [edit]

        下 (simo1 → simo) (kana しも)

        1. the lower part
          Antonym: 上 (kami1)
        Descendants
        [edit]
        • Japanese: 下 (shimo)

        Vietnamese

        [edit]

        Han character

        [edit]

        下: Hán Việt readings: hạ[1][2][3]
        下: Nôm readings: hạ[1][2][3]

        1. chữ Hán form of hạ (“to lower; to bring down; to take down”).

        Compounds

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]
        1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
        2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
        3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
        Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=下&oldid=84360019"
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