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'''Vadakalai''', meaning '''Northern branch''' are a subsect of the [[Vaishnavite]] [[Iyengar]] community of [[Hindu]] [[Brahmins]]. In Sanskrit the Vadakalai are referred to as '''Uttara Kalārya'''.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=uttara+kalarya&source=bl&ots=oqbPM3ilia&sig=6EkIsOmJPSfzwlvT7kCxykZBSl0&hl=en&ei=Y-LvS6H_IYyK6gP8_pCmBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=uttara%20kalarya&f=false |title=Pg 205 Students' Britannica India |publisher=Books.google.co.in |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Vadakalais are followers of [[Ramanuja]] and [[Vedanta Desika]].<ref name="tamilakamp166">{{cite book|title=History of Tamilakam. Darkness at horizon|authors=T. V. Kuppuswamy (Prof.), Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|page=166|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira|year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=KkUITta2LvHumAXyjo24DQ&ct=result&id=3kQNAQAAMAAJ&dq=vadakalai |title=Pg.129 Sociology of religion, Volume 1 – by Joachim Wach, University of Chicago press, 1944 |publisher=Google Books |date=3 November 1958 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=0WGDTbbiK4-qcczBnZ8D&ct=result&id=3KpjAAAAMAAJ&dq=vadagalai+represent+ramanuja%27s&q=tendency+vadakalai#search_anchor |title=Pg.107 Kabir, the apostle of Hindu-Muslim unity: interaction of Hindu-Muslim ideas in the formation of the bhakti movement with special reference to Kabīr, the bhakta – Muhammad Hedayetullah, Motilal Banarsidass publication, 1977 |publisher=Books.google.co.in |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref>
'''Vadakalai''', meaning '''Northern branch''' are a subsect of the [[Vaishnavite]] [[Iyengar]] community of [[Hindu]] [[Brahmins]]. In Sanskrit the Vadakalai are referred to as '''Uttara Kalārya'''.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=uttara+kalarya&source=bl&ots=oqbPM3ilia&sig=6EkIsOmJPSfzwlvT7kCxykZBSl0&hl=en&ei=Y-LvS6H_IYyK6gP8_pCmBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=uttara%20kalarya&f=false |title=Pg 205 Students' Britannica India |publisher=Books.google.co.in |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> Vadakalais are followers of [[Ramanuja]] and [[Vedanta Desika]].<ref name="tamilakamp166">{{cite book|title=History of Tamilakam. Darkness at horizon|authors=T. V. Kuppuswamy (Prof.), Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|page=166|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira|year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=KkUITta2LvHumAXyjo24DQ&ct=result&id=3kQNAQAAMAAJ&dq=vadakalai |title=Pg.129 Sociology of religion, Volume 1 – by Joachim Wach, University of Chicago press, 1944 |publisher=Google Books |date=3 November 1958 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=0WGDTbbiK4-qcczBnZ8D&ct=result&id=3KpjAAAAMAAJ&dq=vadagalai+represent+ramanuja%27s&q=tendency+vadakalai#search_anchor |title=Pg.107 Kabir, the apostle of Hindu-Muslim unity: interaction of Hindu-Muslim ideas in the formation of the bhakti movement with special reference to Kabīr, the bhakta – Muhammad Hedayetullah, Motilal Banarsidass publication, 1977 |publisher=Books.google.co.in |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref>

==Ethnicity and origin==
The Vadakalai Iyengars (Uttara Kalārya,{{lang-sa|उत्तर कलार्य}}) are believed to be an [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] people who once migrated from [[North India]].<ref>{{cite book|title= The changing Indian civilization: a perspective on India|pages=283, 160.<br> Pg.283 refers to Vadagalai and Vadamas as one entitity, and describes them as sanskritic and patriarchal people who had migrated from North India, while Pg.160 speaks about the brahmins who are aryans, following the sanskritic and patriarchal systems. A visible snippet view of the source is available as citation no.15 in the same article.|author=Oroon K. Ghosh|publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications)|year=1976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=Zx44TtWsMYHOrQfZ7vwd&ct=result&id=El9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=vadagali+aryans+in+south+india&q=vadagali#search_anchor |title=Pg.72, Aryans in South India – by P. P. Nārāyanan Nambūdiri, Inter-India Publications. The page classifies Vadagalai & Madhwas as aryans of south india, under the "Vaisnava" section |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-iyer-and-vs-iyengar/ |title=Difference between Iyer and Iyengar |publisher=Differencebetween.com |date=14 July 2011 |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> In a genetic study in Andhra Pradesh all individuals examined among Vadakalai Iyengars showed a high similarity of rhesus(d) gene frequency with the people of [[Faislabad]] in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab province of Pakistan]].<ref name="Vadakalai Genetics">{{cite web|url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/pjbs/2002/722-724.pdf |title=Prevalence of phenotypes & genes (pdf file) – Last page 10th line to the left has vadagalai specific reference while the whole article speaks about the gene frequencies of the people of Faislabad-Punjab-Pakistan |format=PDF |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> All the individuals examined among Vadakalai Iyengars showed Rhesus(D) positive with a high frequency of the D allele while the other castes from Andhra showed a low frequency of the D allele.<ref name="Vadakalai Genetics"/> Vadakalai Iyengars are ardent followers of the Vedas.<ref name="Social Science Textbook">[http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/07/Std07-SS-EM.pdf Pg 31 Std 7 Social Science textbook printed by the TamilNadu textbook corporation]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> [[Vedanta Desika]], the Vaishnavite Acharya and philosopher, founded the Vadakalai sampradaya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624460/Vedantadesika |title=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> based on the Sanskritic tradition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adityaprakashan.com/index.php?String=31173&p=sr&Field=bookcode&Exactly=yes&Format=detail |title=Astadasabhedanirnaya |publisher=Adityaprakashan.com |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduismhome.com/shop/hinduismbk.pdf |title=Swami Shivananda’s book on Hinduism |format=PDF |accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref>


== Groups ==
== Groups ==

Revision as of 05:36, 29 January 2013

Vadakalai Iyengar
Regions with significant populations
 India
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
Languages
Brahmin Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Sanskrit(Ritualistic language)
Religion
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Vadama, Madhwas, Thenkalai

Vadakalai, meaning Northern branch are a subsect of the Vaishnavite Iyengar community of Hindu Brahmins. In Sanskrit the Vadakalai are referred to as Uttara Kalārya.[1] Vadakalais are followers of Ramanuja and Vedanta Desika.[2][3][4]

Groups

The Vadakalai community consists of the following groups, based on the sampradaya followed[5][6][7][8][9]

  • Hebbar – They are mostly followers of Parakala Mutt, Mysore.[17]

Caste mark

Caste symbol of Vadakalai Iyengars

The Tilak(Urdhva Pundra) mark of the Vadakalai men is a symbolic representation of Lord Vishnu's right foot. Since Vishnu's right foot is believed to be the actual origin of the river Ganges, the vadakalais contend that his right foot should be held in special veneration, and its sign impressed on the forehead.[18] They also apply a central mark (Srichurnam) to symbolize goddess Lakshmi(Vishnu's wife), along with the thiruman(urdhva pundra).[18] The Urdhva Pundra which is vertical and faces upwards denotes that it helps one in reaching Vaikunta (the spiritual abode of Lord Vishnu), and is also considered to be a protection from evil. Vadakalai women apply a red central mark only, symbolizing goddess Lakshmi, on their foreheads.

Religious practices and tradition

The Vadakalais being staunch followers of the Sanskrit Vedas,[19] always championed the cause of purity of the vedic tenets.[20] Traditionally, every day starts around 4 a.m as per Ushah Kāla Dharma.[21] There are mantras to be recited on every occasion, invoking the grace of God at every stage – ablutions, etc.[21] Performance of Sandhyavandanam three times a day(morning twilight, evening twilight and noon), is of absolute necessity.[21] The most important daily duty is the Aradhana or Ijya, either with a shaligrama or a small idol.[21] After that, Vaiswadeva and Pancha -Maha Yajnas(including brahma yajna) are to be performed.[22] Special charts, namely Vyajanakara and Chakrakara are used in regard to the oblations offered in Vaiswadeva Yajnas.[23]

The Vadakalai Iyengars firmly believe in practising Karma yoga, Jnana yoga and Bhakti yoga along with Prapatti, as means to attain salvation.[24][25] The Vadakalai Guru Shri Vedanta Desika emphasizes the practise of the three yogas in his work Rahasya Trayasarah, where he describes Karma and Jnana yogas to be pre-requisites of Bhakti yoga.[25]

The sect rigorously follows the set of rules prescribed by the Manusmriti and other Dharma Shastras.[26][27]

Mutts (monasteries), and places of significance

The Vadakalais are generally followers of the Ahobila Mutt, Parakala Mutt, Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam and Poundarikapuram Andavan Ashramam.[28][29][30] Among these, Parakala Mutt is more than 700 years old, and the oldest.[31][32] The Ahobila Mutt is a 600+ year old monastic order, and the second oldest.[32][33][34] Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam is a 300+ year old organisation,[35] which came into existence by the 18th century,[36] while Poundarikapuram Andavan Ashramam is 100+ years old.[37]

Traditionally, places of high importance with significant Vadakalai populations included Kanchipuram, Kumbakonam, Tiruvallur, Mysore and Kurnool district.[1][38][39][40][41][42] However, today much of the people have moved to the big cities.

Role and contributions in Northern India and other sampradayas

Gopala Bhatta Goswami, was born a Vadakalai Iyengar, who was one of the Six Goswamis of Vrindavan in Chaitanya Vaishnavism/Hare Krishna, and a highly revered Guru in ISKCON.[43] He was born in Srirangam, to Venkata Bhatta. Although belonging to the Ramanuja(Shrivaishnav) Sampradaya, he was one of the foremost disciples to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.[43] He is famous for establishing the Radha-Ramana Temple in Vrindavan.[44]

Differences with Thenkalai Srivaishnavas

The Vadakalai follow the doctrines of Vedantadesika and Ramanuja, while the Thenkalai follow the doctrines of Manavalamamunigal and Ramanuja. For philosophical differences between Vadakalai and Thenkalai traditions, please see Vadakalai and Thenkalai schools of thought, in Visishtadvaita. Vadakalai Iyengars sport the U naama, rather than the Thenkalai Y naamam.[45] Compared to the Thenkalai Iyengars who thrived in Srirangam, their tradition developed around Kanchi. The Vadakalai group follow the Sanskrit Vedas, unlike the Thenkalai who follow the Tamil prabhandams.[19]

  • In the Hindi-Tamil bilingual film Hey Ram, the characters – Saket Ram (Kamal Haasan), Mythili Iyengar (Vasundhara Das), Uppili Iyengar (Girish Karnad), Ambujam Iyengar (Hema Malini)and a few others are shown as Vadakalai Iyengars, where Saket and Uppili Iyengar are seen sporting the Vadakalai Tilak.[47][48]
  • In the animated movie "Acharya Ramanuja", released by Mediateck in early 2006, the character Ramanuja is seen wearing the Vadakalai Tilak.[49][50][51]

List of prominent Vadakalai Iyengars

Notes

  1. ^ a b Pg 205 Students' Britannica India. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  2. ^ History of Tamilakam. Darkness at horizon. Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira. 1966. p. 166. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Pg.129 Sociology of religion, Volume 1 – by Joachim Wach, University of Chicago press, 1944. Google Books. 3 November 1958. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  4. ^ Pg.107 Kabir, the apostle of Hindu-Muslim unity: interaction of Hindu-Muslim ideas in the formation of the bhakti movement with special reference to Kabīr, the bhakta – Muhammad Hedayetullah, Motilal Banarsidass publication, 1977. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  5. ^ Thurston, Pg 334
  6. ^ Pg.61, History of Sri Vaishnavism in the tamil country:post ramanuja – by N.Jagadeesan. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  7. ^ a b Pg.100, The Cultural Heritage of India: Sri Ramakrishna centenary memorial, published by – Sri Ramakrishna centenary committee. Books.google.co.in. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  8. ^ Pg.244, Impact of Śrī Rāmānujāçārya on temple worship – by Sarojini Jagannathan, Nag publishers. Books.google.co.in. 1 August 1994. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  9. ^ Pg.129, Studies in social history: modern India, O. P. Bhatnagar, India. University Grants Commission, University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History. Books.google.co.in. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  10. ^ Tirupati Balaji was a Buddhist shrine, Sanjivan Publications, 1991. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  11. ^ "Vadakalai Srivaishnava Festivals' Calendar – The source mentions Pancharatra & Munitraya Krishna Jayantis celebrated by Ahobila Mutt & Andavan Ashrams respectively". Trsiyengar.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  12. ^ "Ahobila Mutt's Balaji Mandir Pune, Calendar – The calendar mentions Ahobila Mutt disciples celebrating Krishna Jayanti as "Pancharatra Sri Jayanti"". Sribalajimandirpune.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  13. ^ "Sri Krishna & Janmashtami – Essence of Srivaishnava Practices". Trsiyengar.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  14. ^ Pg.31 Rāmānuja sampradāya in Gujarat:a historical perspective, Somaiya Publications. Google Books. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  15. ^ Pg.82, Srivaishnavism and social change – by K.seshadri, K.P.Bagchi & co publishers. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  16. ^ The Cultural Heritage of India:The Religious. Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture. 1956. p. 182.
  17. ^ "Hebbar Iyengars – HH Parakala Matham Swami". Hebbariyengar.net. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  18. ^ a b Pg.194 – Modern India and the Indians ,by M.Monier Williams. Books.google.co.in. 26 July 2001. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  19. ^ a b Pg 31 Std 7 Social Science textbook printed by the TamilNadu textbook corporation[dead link]
  20. ^ Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture – by K.V.Raman. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  21. ^ a b c d Introductory Pages – Sri Vaishnava Sadacharanirnaya(for Vadakalai Vaishnavas) : edited and published by Sri Villivalam Krishnamacharya (1990), Reviewed by THE HINDU on – Tuesday 29 May 1990
  22. ^ Pg. 536,557,558,560 – Sri Vaishnava Sadacharanirnaya(for Vadakalai Vaishnavas) : edited and published by Sri Villivalam Krishnamacharya (1990), Reviewed by THE HINDU on – Tuesday 29 May 1990
  23. ^ Pg.544, 545, 568 & 569 – Sri Vaishnava Sadacharanirnaya(for Vadakalai Vaishnavas) : edited and published by Sri Villivalam Krishnamacharya (1990), Reviewed by THE HINDU on – Tuesday 29 May 1990
  24. ^ Pg.199 Philosophy of Nārāyaṇīyam, Dharma, Nārāyaṇabhaṭṭapāda, Study of Nārāyaṇīya of Nārāyaṇabhaṭṭapāda, verse work on Krishna, Hindu deity; Nag Publishers. Google Books. 1 February 1996. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  25. ^ a b "www.munitrayam.org(An exclusive vadakalai website) – ''Srimad Rahasya Traya Sara'' by Shri Vedanta Desika – under the subtopic ''Upaya Vibhaga Adhikara''". munitrayam.org. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  26. ^ Pg.150 Dimensions of national integration: the experiences and lessons of Indian history – by Nisith Ranjan Ray, Punthi-Pustak & Institute of Historical Studies, 1993. Books.google.co.in. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  27. ^ Pg.65 The Indian historical review, Volume 17 – Indian Council of Historical Research, Vikas Pub. House.,1990. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  28. ^ Thurston, p 349
  29. ^ History of Sri Vaishnavism in the Tamil country post Ramanuja – by N.Jagadeesan, Koodal Publishers. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  30. ^ "Invitation document from Poudarikapuram Ashramam – It is a Vadakalai Ashram – the invitation bears the Vadakalai Caste Mark with salutes to Ramanuja and Desika". Google. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  31. ^ "Projects". Parakala Matham. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  32. ^ a b "HoparoundIndia, Andhra Pradesh, Ahobilam Attractions". Hoparoundindia.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  33. ^ "Ahobila Mutt". Chembur.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  34. ^ "Sri Balaji Mandir, Pune". Sri Balaji Mandir, Pune. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  35. ^ "ssapsribalajimandir". ssapsribalajimandir. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  36. ^ Pg.30 Vaiṣṇavism: its philosophy, theology, and religious discipline – By S. M. Srinivasa Chari, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 81-208-1098-8. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  37. ^ "Biography of Poundarikapuram Ashramam". Munitrayam.org. 20 October 1934. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  38. ^ PG.14 Studies in history, Volume 1, Issue 1; Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Historical Studies, Sage, 1979. Books.google.co.in. 1 June 2002. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  39. ^ Pg.561 Gazetteer of South India, Volume 2 – By W. Francis, Mittal Publications. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  40. ^ Pg.33 Indian philosophy & culture, Volumes 3–4; Vrindāvan (India) Institute of Oriental Philosophy, Vaishnava Research Institute, Vrindāban, India. Books.google.co.in. 1 January 1984. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  41. ^ Pg.240 Ontological and morphological concepts of Lord Sri Chaitanya and his mission, Volume 1; Bhakti Vilās Tīrtha Goswāmi Maharāj, Navadwīpa Dhām Prachārini Sabha; Pub' – Sree Gaudiya Math, 1994. Books.google.co.in. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  42. ^ Pg.129 Studies in social history: modern India; O. P. Bhatnagar, India. University Grants Commission, University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History; St. Paul's Press Training School, 1964. Books.google.co.in. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  43. ^ a b c "The Life of Srila Gopala Bhatta Goswami; His Vadakalai origin is mentioned in the article, where Vadakalai is spelled as "Badagalai"(Some in Northern India often substitute the alphabet V with B)". Prabhupadanugas.eu. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  44. ^ "Radha Ramana Temple". Propertyinvrindavan.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  45. ^ Pg.70 Social change in village India: an Andhra case study – by Y. Subhashini Subrahmanyam, Prithvi Raj Publishers, 1975. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  46. ^ "Coolie(1983): Cast & Crew". BollywoodHungama. 2 December 1983. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  47. ^ "Hey Ram". Movies Sulekha. 12 August 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  48. ^ "Hey Ram – An anaysis; Part 1320". Theseventhart.info. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  49. ^ "Video:Part1 – Acharya Ramanuja(Animated Movie)". Veoh.com. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  50. ^ ramaswamy43. "Mediaclip from the animated movie Acharya Ramanuja". Youtube. Retrieved 20 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ "Mediateck to release animated film Acharya Ramanuja". Usanx02.indiantelevision.co.in. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  52. ^ "TimesContent – Photo of Rajagopalachari – He wears the Vadakalai Tilak on his forehead". Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  53. ^ Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition on the Origins of Hindu caste system. Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 78.
  54. ^ Jawaharlal Memorial Fund (1972). Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru. Orient Longman. p. 440.
  55. ^ "Andhra Pradesh;A fitting tribute to son of the soil". The Hindu. India. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  56. ^ "SoundYoga Tradition – Krishnamacharya seen sporting a Vadakalai Tilaka". Soundyoga.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  57. ^ "Influences, Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – Krishnamacharya wearing the Vadakalai Tilak in a photo". Sixsenses.ca. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  58. ^ "The source says that Desikachar is the son of prominent Yogi "Tirumalai Krishnamacharya"(a Vadakalai Iyengar). For Krishnamacharya's Vadakalai origin, see "citations 53 & 54"". Kym.org. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  59. ^ "A Vedic scholar enters his 100th year". The Hindu. India. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  60. ^ "Homage to an august centenarian". NewsTodayNet. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  61. ^ Name * (23 April 2011). "FlashnewsToday, T.V. Sundaram Iyengar bearing a Vadakalai Urdhva Pundra in the photo". Flashnewstoday.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  62. ^ "Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple Petitioner T P Sundararajan Dies ; The source has a photo of the "late Sundara Rajan bearing the Vadakalai Tilaka prominently"". Law is Greek. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  63. ^ 15/06/2010 (15 June 2010). "ReelshowInt MAG". Mag.reelshowint.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  64. ^ "Vasundhara Das Biography". Cinebasti.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  65. ^ "Narthaki.com – Photo of "T.N.Seshagopalan bearing the Vadakalai Tilaka prominently"". Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  66. ^ "Indian Classical Music Society of Chicago – T.M. Krishna". Icmschicago.org. 22 January 1976. Retrieved 20 November 2011.

References

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