Jump to content

Prince of Wales: Difference between revisions

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Links with English football: wlink and clarify
→Origins: re-added some unnecessary removals
Tags: nowiki added Visual edit
Line 44: Line 44:
=== Origins ===
=== Origins ===
{{See also|King of Wales}}
{{See also|King of Wales}}
[[File:Owain Gwynedd (PB02299).jpg|thumb|202x202px|Owain Gwynedd, first to use the title Prince of the Welsh]]

While many different Welsh rulers claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and some ruled a majority of the country, the modern-day territory was only fully united between 1055 and 1063, under the direct rule of [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]],<ref name="Maund19913">{{Cite book |last=K. L. Maund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nja0RSLWq-AC&pg=PA216 |title=Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-85115-533-3 |pages=64–67}}</ref><ref name=":3222">{{Citation |last=Turvey |first=Roger |title=The Governance of Native Wales: The Princes as Rulers |date=6 June 2014 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315840802-5 |work=The Welsh Princes |pages=101–124 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113213204/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315840802-5/governance-native-wales-princes-rulers-roger-turvey |url-status=live |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315840802-5 |isbn=978-1-315-84080-2 |archive-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> who was referred to as 'King of Wales' or {{lang|la|Rex Walensium}} by [[John of Worcester]].<ref name="Maund199122">{{Cite book |last=K. L. Maund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nja0RSLWq-AC&pg=PA216 |title=Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-85115-533-3 |pages=64–67}}</ref>
While many different Welsh rulers claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and some ruled a majority of the country, the modern-day territory was only fully united between 1055 and 1063, under the direct rule of [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]],<ref name="Maund19913">{{Cite book |last=K. L. Maund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nja0RSLWq-AC&pg=PA216 |title=Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-85115-533-3 |pages=64–67}}</ref><ref name=":3222">{{Citation |last=Turvey |first=Roger |title=The Governance of Native Wales: The Princes as Rulers |date=6 June 2014 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315840802-5 |work=The Welsh Princes |pages=101–124 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113213204/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315840802-5/governance-native-wales-princes-rulers-roger-turvey |url-status=live |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315840802-5 |isbn=978-1-315-84080-2 |archive-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> who was referred to as 'King of Wales' or {{lang|la|Rex Walensium}} by [[John of Worcester]].<ref name="Maund199122">{{Cite book |last=K. L. Maund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nja0RSLWq-AC&pg=PA216 |title=Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-85115-533-3 |pages=64–67}}</ref>


By the middle of the twelfth century the term King fell out of use with Welsh writers, and the term prince was adopted instead for their rulers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turvey |first1=Roger K. |title=The Welsh Princes, 1063-1283 |date=3 July 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-582-30811-4 |edition=1st |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|15}} The princes of the medieval period hailed mainly from [[Gwynedd]]. They had significant power which allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Kings and Princes of Wales |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Kings-Princes-of-Wales/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421091644/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Kings-Princes-of-Wales/ |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Historic UK |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason="History UK is a magazine of articles by amateur historians, and is a tertiary source"|date=May 2023}} The first attested use of the term prince of Wales was [[Owain Gwynedd]] who styled himself as "Prince of the Welsh" in his last letter to the King of France in 1165.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=D. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00davi |title=The struggle for mastery : Britain 1066-1284 |date=2004 |publisher=London : Penguin |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-14-014824-4 |pages=215}}</ref>
By the middle of the twelfth century the term King fell out of use with Welsh writers, and the term prince was adopted instead for their rulers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turvey |first1=Roger K. |title=The Welsh Princes, 1063-1283 |date=3 July 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-582-30811-4 |edition=1st |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|15}} The princes of the medieval period hailed mainly from [[Gwynedd]]. They had significant power which allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Kings and Princes of Wales |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Kings-Princes-of-Wales/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421091644/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Kings-Princes-of-Wales/ |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Historic UK |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason="History UK is a magazine of articles by amateur historians, and is a tertiary source"|date=May 2023}} In his first two letters to the King of France, [[Owain Gwynedd]] also referred to himself as "King of Wales" and "King of the Welsh" but in his last letter he became the first to style himself as "Prince of the Welsh".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=D. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00davi |title=The struggle for mastery : Britain 1066-1284 |date=2004 |publisher=London : Penguin |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-14-014824-4 |pages=215}}</ref> In response, Thomas Beckett wrote in a letter to Pope Alexander III of "the Welsh and Owain who calls himself prince" and that "the lord king was very moved and offended". Author Roger Turvey says that the move was one of defiance by Owain and that both he and [[Henry II of England]] would be well aware that in Roman law, "princeps" referred to the sovereign ruler of a country. Huw Price suggests the move was an implicit rejection of royal overlordship whilst J. Beverly Smith says that the change was made to reflect his position as the unquestioned leader of Wales. Sean Duffy suggest the title change was made to snub Henry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turvey |first=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRT8nAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Owain Gwynedd: Prince of the Welsh |date=2013 |publisher=Y Lolfa |isbn=978-1-84771-694-1 |pages=84-86 |language=en}}</ref>


=== Treaties ===
In 1215, the Welsh and Scots joined English rebel Barons in forcing John to sign the Magna Carta, which thus included return of lands to the Welsh and the return of the hostage son of [[Llywelyn the Great]]. <ref name="Carpenter 2015">{{Cite web|last=Carpenter|first=David|date=2015|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/2015-historic-anniversaries/magna-carta/magna-carta---wales-scotland-and-ireland/|title=Magna Carta: Wales, Scotland and Ireland|publisher=Hansard}}</ref> Llywelyn went on to gain dominance over all Wales the following year and in 1218 Henry III formally recognised Llywelyn as Prince of Wales in the treaty of Worcester.<ref name="Pierce 1959d">{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-API-1173 |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959 |title=Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd) |ref={{harvid|Pierce, 1959d}}}}</ref>
In 1215, the Welsh and Scots joined English rebel Barons in forcing John to sign the Magna Carta, which thus included return of lands to the Welsh and the return of the hostage son of [[Llywelyn the Great]]. <ref name="Carpenter 2015">{{Cite web|last=Carpenter|first=David|date=2015|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/2015-historic-anniversaries/magna-carta/magna-carta---wales-scotland-and-ireland/|title=Magna Carta: Wales, Scotland and Ireland|publisher=Hansard}}</ref> Llywelyn went on to gain dominance over all Wales the following year and in 1218 Henry III formally recognised Llywelyn as Prince of Wales in the treaty of Worcester.<ref name="Pierce 1959d">{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-API-1173 |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959 |title=Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd) |ref={{harvid|Pierce, 1959d}}}}</ref>


Although Llywelyn's son, [[Dafydd ap Llywelyn|Dafydd]] was forced to give up his father's claims, his nephew, [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd|Llywelyn ap Gruffydd]], controlled almost all of "Welsh Wales" ({{lang|la|Pura Wallia}}) and began using the Prince of Wales title with Scottish backing.<ref name"Moore 2007">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=David |title=The Welsh Wars of Independence |date=10 January 2007 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-9648-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8U7AwAAQBAJ |access-date=22 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In 1258 much of Wales appeared united behind Llywelyn and against the English. Taking advantage of cvil war in England, [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] agreed the [[Treaty of Montgomery]] in 1267, recognising Llywelyn as Prince of Wales.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Gower |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhjzWWxL4JgC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Story of Wales |date=2013 |publisher=BBC Books |isbn=978-1-84990-373-8 |pages=109-120 |language=en}}</ref>
Although Llywelyn's son, [[Dafydd ap Llywelyn|Dafydd]] was forced to give up his father's claims, his nephew, [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd|Llywelyn ap Gruffydd]], controlled almost all of "Welsh Wales" ({{lang|la|Pura Wallia}}) and began using the Prince of Wales title with Scottish backing.<ref name"moore="" 2007"="">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=David |title=The Welsh Wars of Independence |date=10 January 2007 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-9648-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8U7AwAAQBAJ |access-date=22 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In 1258 much of Wales appeared united behind Llywelyn and against the English. Taking advantage of cvil war in England, [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] agreed the [[Treaty of Montgomery]] in 1267, recognising Llywelyn as Prince of Wales.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Gower |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhjzWWxL4JgC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Story of Wales |date=2013 |publisher=BBC Books |isbn=978-1-84990-373-8 |pages=109-120 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1277, the invasion of [[Edward I of England]] into Wales forced Llywelyn into the [[Treaty of Aberconwy]], meaning he would lose much of the ground previously gained, but would keep the Prince of Wales title.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Gower |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhjzWWxL4JgC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Story of Wales |date=2013 |publisher=BBC Books |isbn=978-1-84990-373-8 |pages=109-120 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:The monument to Llywelyn the Last at Cilmery in snow - geograph.org.uk - 2179424.jpg|thumb|Monument to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last), Cilmeri]]


=== End of native princes of Wales ===
=== End of native princes of Wales ===
Line 60: Line 64:


=== Owain Glyndŵr ===
=== Owain Glyndŵr ===
[[File:All or nothing - Owain Glyndwr statue, Corwen - geograph.org.uk - 1862001.jpg|thumb|Owain Gyndwr statue, Corwen]]
In 1301, Edward I invested his son, [[Edward of Caernarfon]], as "Prince of Wales".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dawson |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64wPIsUwIWUC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Medieval Realms 1066-1500 |last2=Watson |first2=Paul |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-917190-3 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> The event was intended to finalise the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I|English conquest of Wales]], and began the custom of granting the title of prince of Wales to the heir apparent to the English (and later British) throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbishley |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMl3P1v5GvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-910466-6 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> However, supporters of Owain Glyndŵr proclaimed him Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 in [[Glyndyfrdwy]], at the start of the [[Welsh Revolt]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gower |first=John |title=The Story of Wales |publisher=BBC Books |year=2012 |pages=137 |language=English}}</ref> The revolt briefly brought back the prospect of Welsh independence. Nevertheless it faltered in 1407, and by 1409 Wales was subdued. Glyndŵr eventually retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters, where he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics. The last documented sighting of him was in 1412 and he may have died in 1415.<ref name="Davies 2009">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HzrCQAAQBAJ |title=Owain Glyndwr: Prince of Wales |date=2009 |publisher=Y Lolfa |isbn=978-1-84771-127-4 |language=en |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112074051/https://books.google.com/books?id=8HzrCQAAQBAJ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1301, Edward I invested his son, [[Edward of Caernarfon]], as "Prince of Wales".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dawson |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64wPIsUwIWUC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Medieval Realms 1066-1500 |last2=Watson |first2=Paul |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-917190-3 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> The event was intended to finalise the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I|English conquest of Wales]], and began the custom of granting the title of prince of Wales to the heir apparent to the English (and later British) throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbishley |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMl3P1v5GvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-910466-6 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> However, supporters of Owain Glyndŵr proclaimed him Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 in [[Glyndyfrdwy]], at the start of the [[Welsh Revolt]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gower |first=John |title=The Story of Wales |publisher=BBC Books |year=2012 |pages=137 |language=English}}</ref> The revolt briefly brought back the prospect of Welsh independence. Nevertheless it faltered in 1407, and by 1409 Wales was subdued. Glyndŵr eventually retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters, where he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics. The last documented sighting of him was in 1412 and he may have died in 1415.<ref name="Davies 2009">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HzrCQAAQBAJ |title=Owain Glyndwr: Prince of Wales |date=2009 |publisher=Y Lolfa |isbn=978-1-84771-127-4 |language=en |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112074051/https://books.google.com/books?id=8HzrCQAAQBAJ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Arms ===
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Arms of Llywelyn.svg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Arms of Owain Glyndŵr.svg
| direction = horizontal
| caption1 = Arms of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], used by [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd|Llywelyn ap Gruffydd]]
| caption2 = Arms of [[Owain Lawgoch]] and [[Owain Glyndŵr]]
| total_width = 260
}}

==== Gwynedd: Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn the Last ====
The arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last or Llywelyn II) include "quarterly de Gut et Or en les quartiers leopard passands de contre coleur".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV6tAAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+wales+john+davies&hl=en |title=Hanes Cymru (A History of Wales in Welsh) |date=2014-01-02 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196172-9 |language=cy}}</ref> These are the arms of the [[Kingdom of Gwynedd]] ({{lang-cy|Teyrnas Gwynedd}}) and the personal Arms of Llywelyn the Great (Llywelyn ap Iorwerth) that include four lions on a red and golden background. The lions are described as ''<nowiki/>'passant gardant','' meaning that they walk with one paw above the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Cymru - Hanes - Themau - Baner Owain Glyndŵr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/hanes/safle/themau/diwylliant/baner_glyndwr.shtml |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

==== Owain Glyndŵr ====
Owain Glyndŵr adapted the [[House of Gwynedd]] arms by making the lions rampant, making clear his descent from the princes of Gwynedd and [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd|Llywelyn the Last]], and his defence of Wales. It is also suggested that this design was influenced by the arms of [[Powys Fadog]] and the coat of [[Deheubarth]]. Glyndŵr's father was a hereditary prince of Powys Fadog and his mother was noblewoman of Deheubarth.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh flag: Banner of Owain Glyndwr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_owainglyndwr.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905194125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_owainglyndwr.shtml |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

The Glyndŵr arms were also used as a banner, carried into battle against the English. This banner is a symbol of Welsh defiance, resilience and protest,<ref name=":12" /> and is associated with Welsh nationhood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WalesOnline |date=15 September 2004 |title=Flying the flag to remember Glyndwr |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/flying-flag-remember-glyndwr-2422875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812175623/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/flying-flag-remember-glyndwr-2422875 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Wales - History - Themes - Welsh flag: Banner of Owain Glyndwr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_owainglyndwr.shtml |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>


== English or British heirs apparent ==
== English or British heirs apparent ==

Revision as of 23:06, 31 May 2023

For the native Princes of Wales, see List of rulers of Wales. For other uses, see Prince of Wales (disambiguation).

Prince of Wales
Tywysog Cymru
Prince of Wales's feathers
Incumbent
William
since 9 September 2022
StyleHis Royal Highness
Member ofBritish royal family
AppointerMonarch of the United Kingdom (previously of England)
Term lengthLife tenure or until accession as sovereign
Formation
  • 1165 (Welsh title)
  • 1301 (English/British title)
First holder

Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru, pronounced [təu̯ˈəsoɡ ˈkəmrɨ]; Template:Lang-la) is a title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. Prior to the conquest of Wales by Edward I in the 13th century, it was used by the rulers of independent Wales.

In 1165, Owain Gwynedd became the first Welsh ruler to use the title. After the establishment of English rule over all of Wales, Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon as the first English prince of Wales in 1301. The title was later claimed by the leader of a Welsh rebellion, Owain Glyndŵr, from 1400 until 1415. Since then, it has only been held by the heir apparent of the English and subsequently British monarch. The title is a subject of controversy in Wales.

The current holder of the title is William, who was created Prince of Wales by his father, King Charles III, on 9 September 2022.

Native princes of Wales

Main article: List of rulers of Wales

Origins

See also: King of Wales
Owain Gwynedd, first to use the title Prince of the Welsh

While many different Welsh rulers claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and some ruled a majority of the country, the modern-day territory was only fully united between 1055 and 1063, under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn,[1][2] who was referred to as 'King of Wales' or Rex Walensium by John of Worcester.[3]

By the middle of the twelfth century the term King fell out of use with Welsh writers, and the term prince was adopted instead for their rulers.[4]: 15  The princes of the medieval period hailed mainly from Gwynedd. They had significant power which allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms.[5][better source needed] In his first two letters to the King of France, Owain Gwynedd also referred to himself as "King of Wales" and "King of the Welsh" but in his last letter he became the first to style himself as "Prince of the Welsh".[6] In response, Thomas Beckett wrote in a letter to Pope Alexander III of "the Welsh and Owain who calls himself prince" and that "the lord king was very moved and offended". Author Roger Turvey says that the move was one of defiance by Owain and that both he and Henry II of England would be well aware that in Roman law, "princeps" referred to the sovereign ruler of a country. Huw Price suggests the move was an implicit rejection of royal overlordship whilst J. Beverly Smith says that the change was made to reflect his position as the unquestioned leader of Wales. Sean Duffy suggest the title change was made to snub Henry.[7]

Treaties

In 1215, the Welsh and Scots joined English rebel Barons in forcing John to sign the Magna Carta, which thus included return of lands to the Welsh and the return of the hostage son of Llywelyn the Great. [8] Llywelyn went on to gain dominance over all Wales the following year and in 1218 Henry III formally recognised Llywelyn as Prince of Wales in the treaty of Worcester.[9]

Although Llywelyn's son, Dafydd was forced to give up his father's claims, his nephew, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, controlled almost all of "Welsh Wales" (Pura Wallia) and began using the Prince of Wales title with Scottish backing.[10] In 1258 much of Wales appeared united behind Llywelyn and against the English. Taking advantage of cvil war in England, Henry III agreed the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267, recognising Llywelyn as Prince of Wales.[11]

In 1277, the invasion of Edward I of England into Wales forced Llywelyn into the Treaty of Aberconwy, meaning he would lose much of the ground previously gained, but would keep the Prince of Wales title.[12]

Monument to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last), Cilmeri

End of native princes of Wales

See also: Wales in the Late Middle Ages

Edward invaded Wales in 1277 over a series of disputes[13]: 409  but was not intent on conquest at that stage, and negotiated a settlement when Llywelyn surrendered. [14]: 151  War broke out again in 1282, as a result of a rebellion by Llywelyn's brother Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277. Edward I was sucked into war again and this time he turned to a war of conquest.[15]: 348  The war turned in Edward's favour when Llywelyn unexpectedly marched out of North Wales towards Builth in mid-Wales.[14]: 155  He was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge on 11 December 1282.[15]: 353 [14]: 155 

In 1284, Edward introduced the royal ordinance of the Statute of Rhuddlan, a constitutional change annexing the Principality of Wales to the Realm of England.[16]: 23–24 [17]

Owain Glyndŵr

Owain Gyndwr statue, Corwen

In 1301, Edward I invested his son, Edward of Caernarfon, as "Prince of Wales".[18] The event was intended to finalise the English conquest of Wales, and began the custom of granting the title of prince of Wales to the heir apparent to the English (and later British) throne.[19] However, supporters of Owain Glyndŵr proclaimed him Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 in Glyndyfrdwy, at the start of the Welsh Revolt.[20] The revolt briefly brought back the prospect of Welsh independence. Nevertheless it faltered in 1407, and by 1409 Wales was subdued. Glyndŵr eventually retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters, where he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics. The last documented sighting of him was in 1412 and he may have died in 1415.[21]

Arms

Arms of Gwynedd, used by Llywelyn ap Gruffydd
Arms of Owain Lawgoch and Owain Glyndŵr

Gwynedd: Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn the Last

The arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last or Llywelyn II) include "quarterly de Gut et Or en les quartiers leopard passands de contre coleur".[22] These are the arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd (Welsh: Teyrnas Gwynedd) and the personal Arms of Llywelyn the Great (Llywelyn ap Iorwerth) that include four lions on a red and golden background. The lions are described as 'passant gardant', meaning that they walk with one paw above the ground.[23]

Owain Glyndŵr

Owain Glyndŵr adapted the House of Gwynedd arms by making the lions rampant, making clear his descent from the princes of Gwynedd and Llywelyn the Last, and his defence of Wales. It is also suggested that this design was influenced by the arms of Powys Fadog and the coat of Deheubarth. Glyndŵr's father was a hereditary prince of Powys Fadog and his mother was noblewoman of Deheubarth.[24]

The Glyndŵr arms were also used as a banner, carried into battle against the English. This banner is a symbol of Welsh defiance, resilience and protest,[24] and is associated with Welsh nationhood.[25][26]

English or British heirs apparent

See also: Investiture of the Prince of Wales

First English Prince of Wales

Edward I of England creating his son as "Prince of Wales" at the Lincoln parliament, England (14th century depiction)

Writing in Britannia, William Camden describes the killing of Llywelyn and Edward's use of the title "Prince of Wales" for his son:[27]

As concerning the Princes of Wales of British bloud in ancient times, you may reade in the Historie of Wales published in print. For my part I thinke it requisite and pertinent to my intended purpose to set downe summarily those of latter daies, descended from the roiall line of England. King Edward the First, unto whom his father King Henrie the Third had granted the Principalitie of Wales, when hee had obtained the Crowne and Lhewellin Ap Gryffith, the last Prince of the British race, was slain, and therby the sinewes as it were of the principalitie were cut, in the twelft yeere of his reigne united the same unto the Kingdome of England. And the whole province sware fealty and alleageance unto Edward of Caernarvon his sonne, whom hee made Prince of Wales. But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.[28]

— William Camden, Britannia (1607)

Titles and roles

The title is neither automatic nor heritable; it merges with the Crown when its holder eventually accedes to the throne, or reverts to the Crown if its holder predeceases the current monarch, leaving the sovereign free to grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother).[29]

In 2011, along with the other Commonwealth realms, the United Kingdom committed to the Perth Agreement, which proposed changes to the laws governing succession, including altering the male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.[30] The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 was introduced to the British parliament on 12 December 2012, published the next day, and received royal assent on 25 April 2013.[31] It was brought into force on 26 March 2015,[32] at the same time as the other realms implemented the Perth Agreement in their own laws.[33]

Since 1301, the title 'Earl of Chester' has generally been granted to each heir apparent to the English throne, and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of 'Prince of Wales'. Both titles are bestowed to each individual by the sovereign and are not automatically acquired.[34]

The prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours, if the eldest son of the monarch; typically this means being duke of Cornwall, which, unlike being prince of Wales, inherently includes lands and constitutional and operational responsibilities. The duchy of Cornwall was created in 1337 by Edward III for his son and heir, Edward of Woodstock (also known as 'The Black Prince'). A charter was also created which ruled that the eldest son of the king would be the duke of Cornwall.[35]

No formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to the prince of Wales by law or custom. In that role, Charles often assisted Elizabeth II in the performance of her duties. He represented her when welcoming dignitaries to London and during state visits. He also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as funerals.[36] The prince of Wales has also been granted the authority to issue royal warrants.[37]

Insignia

Main article: Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales
Arms used by the English Edward the Black Prince
Prince of Wales's feathers, as used by English and British title holders

As heir apparent to the sovereign, the prince of Wales bears the royal arms differenced by a white label of three points. To represent Wales he bears the coat of arms of the Principality of Wales, crowned with the heir apparent's crown, on an inescutcheon-en-surtout. This was first used by the future Edward VIII in 1910, and followed by the most recent prince of Wales, now King Charles III.[38]

A badge of three feathers is the badge of the Duke of Cornwall and has been used to represent Princes of Wales.[39][better source needed] The ostrich feathers heraldic motif is generally traced back to Edward of Woodstock ('The Black Prince'). He bore (as an alternative to his differenced royal arms) a shield of Sable, three ostrich feathers argent, described as his "shield for peace", probably meaning the shield he used for jousting. These arms appear several times on his chest tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, alternating with his paternal royal arms (the royal arms of King Edward III differenced by a label of three points argent).[40] The Black Prince also used heraldic badges of one or more ostrich feathers in various other contexts.[41]

1969 investiture of Prince Charles

Two investiture protestors hold placards with "CARLO", and one protestor holds a poster with the word "BRAD" ("Betrayal"), Caernarfon Castle 1969
People at the investiture

Although the investiture of Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969 took place during a period of social change and a growing Welsh nationalist movement, it was largely welcomed by people in Wales.[42] The investiture was also attended, by invitation, by 3,500 people who lived and worked in Wales.[43] In the UK, the press focused on the pomp and regalia, with newspaper headlines such as "Welsh go wild for Their Royal Prince" and "Proud Wales takes Prince to her heart."[44] It was also supported by the Secretary of State for Wales at the time, George Thomas, although he remained a controversial figure in Wales.[45] Thomas later said to Prime Minister Harold Wilson that Charles's speech had "boosted Welsh nationalism."[44]

The 1960s movement surrounding the investiture has historically been described as the "anti-investiture movement"[46]: 207 [47][48] and "anti-investiture sentiment".[49] The investiture occurred during a period of revival of the Welsh national consciousness, with an outspoken section considering him as an English Prince being imposed upon Wales.[50] The investiture also led to significant protests in Wales. The group "Cofia 1282" ("Remember 1282") also held protests against the investiture.[51]

William as Prince of Wales

On 9 September 2022 (the day after his accession to the throne), during his first address as king, Charles III said of his son William, "Today I am proud to create him Prince of Wales, Tywysog Cymru. The country whose title I've been so greatly privileged to bear during so much of my life of duty."[52] Buckingham Palace stated that "The Prince and Princess [of Wales] look forward to celebrating Wales's proud history and traditions as well as a future that is full of promise".[53] The First Minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford, noted that "William will be absolutely aware of the sensitivities that surround the title..."[52] Though the title started to be used immediately afterward, it was only officially bestowed by letters patent on 13 February 2023.[54][55]

Contemporary debate

Title

Mark Drakeford,[56] Adam Price,[57] Jane Dodds,[58] Leanne Wood,[59] Heledd Fychan[60], YesCymru[61] and Plaid Cymru have called for a national conversation on the title. The Welsh government responded saying that the matter had already been decided.[62] Laura McAllister, Welsh academic, former international footballer and senior sports administrator said that the title merits a proper debate due to its historical and political controversy.[63]

Plaid Cymru MS, Cefin Campbell said the announcement of the title was divisive.[64] Welsh actor Michael Sheen and Plaid Cymru deputy leader Rhun ap Iorwerth have called for an end to the title.[65][66]

Conservative MS Laura Anne Jones supports the role whilst Conservative MPs, David Jones and MP Michael Fabricant said that the matter was up to the King rather than the First Minister of Wales.[67][68][69] Conservative MS Tom Giffard suggests the title would benefit tourism.[70]

Lord Elis-Thomas said in 2022 that in a previous discussion with the then Prince Charles, he expressed his desire never again to have an investiture in Caernarfon Castle. According to Elis-Thomas, Charles laughed and said, "Do you think I want to put William through what I went through?".[71]

An online petition begun in 2022 called for the end of the Prince of Wales title and received over 40,000 signatures by May 2023.[72][73]

On 6 October 2022, Gwynedd Council, the current local authority for Gwynedd, where Charles was invested, voted to declare opposition to the title and to holding another investiture in Wales.[74] On 30 October, Senedd Llywydd Elin Jones said to WalesOnline that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and that 21st century Wales does not need an investiture.[75]

In November 2022, Kensington Palace released a statement saying an investiture is "not on the table", with William visiting Cardiff with plans to tell the people of Wales that there are no formal plans for an investiture ceremony, aware of the controversy of the 1969 event.[76]

Opinion polls

A BBC Wales poll in 1999, showed 73% of Welsh speakers believing the title should continue after Charles.[77] A BBC poll in 2009, 40 years following the investiture, revealed 58% of Welsh people support the title "Prince of Wales" with 58% supporting a investiture of a new Prince of Wales when Charles becomes king. 26% opposed the title. However only 16% responded that Wales had benefited from having a prince.[78][79]

In July 2018, an ITV poll stated 57% of Welsh people in support the title passing to William, with 22% for abolition or vacating the title. Support for another investiture was lower, with 31% supporting a ceremony similar to the 1969 one, 18% supporting a ceremony different to 1969 and 27% opposing an investiture.[80]

A BBC Wales 2019 poll showed 50% supporting the continuation of the title and 22% opposing the continuation of the title. On the investiture, 41% supported a similar ceremony to 1969, 20% a different-style investiture ceremony, and 30% opposing any future investiture.[81][82] A 2021 poll by Beaufort Research for Western Mail showed 61% of respondents in Wales supported another investiture, including 60% of Welsh-speakers polled.[83]

A June 2022, ITV/YouGov poll showed 46% of adults in Wales wanted the Prince of Wales title to continue, 31% said it should be abolished, with 23% don't knows.[84] In September 2022, a YouGov poll showed 66% support for Prince William to be given the title compared to 22% opposed, with 19% supporting a 1969-style investiture, 30% a different style of investiture and 34% opposing any investiture of Prince William as Prince of Wales.[85]

William's continued presidency of the English football association, despite receiving the title of Prince of Wales, has been questioned in media, particularly as Wales played England in the FIFA World Cup 2022 and will "remain a regular fixture cheering on England".[86] In November, William was criticised for holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with England football, particularly after he presented England jerseys to the squad in advance of the World Cup in which both Wales and England would be playing. Those who criticised him included Welsh football followers and the Welsh actor Michael Sheen.[87] William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age, but happily supported Welsh rugby union, of which he is patron,[88] over England.[76]

List of princes of Wales (English or British heirs apparent)

For a list of the native Princes of Wales, see List of rulers of Wales § Native title of "Prince of Wales".
Person Name Heir of Birth Became heir apparent Created Prince of Wales Ceased to be Prince of Wales Death
Edward of Caernarfon Edward I 25 April 1284 19 August 1284 7 February 1301[34] 7 July 1307
acceded to throne as Edward II		 21 September 1327
Edward of Woodstock Edward III 15 June 1330 12 May 1343[34] 8 June 1376
deceased
Richard of Bordeaux 6 January 1367 8 June 1376 20 November 1376[34] 22 June 1377
acceded to throne as Richard II		 14 February 1400
Henry of Monmouth Henry IV 16 September 1386 30 September 1399 15 October 1399[34] 21 March 1413
acceded to throne as Henry V		 31 August 1422
Edward of Westminster Henry VI 13 October 1453 15 March 1454[34] 11 April 1471
father deposed		 4 May 1471
deceased
Edward of York Edward IV 4 November 1470 11 April 1471 26 June 1471[34] 9 April 1483
acceded to throne as Edward V		 1483
Edward of Middleham Richard III 1473 26 June 1483 24 August 1483[34] 31 March or
9 April 1484
deceased
Arthur Tudor Henry VII 20 September 1486 29 November 1489[34] 2 April 1502
deceased
Henry Tudor 28 June 1491 2 April 1502 18 February 1504[34] 21 April 1509
acceded to throne as Henry VIII		 28 January 1547
Edward Tudor Henry VIII 12 October 1537 c. 18 October 1537[89][90] 28 January 1547
acceded to throne as Edward VI		 6 July 1553
Henry Frederick Stuart James I 19 February 1594 24 March 1603 4 June 1610[34] 6 November 1612
deceased
Charles Stuart 19 November 1600 6 November 1612 4 November 1616[34] 27 March 1625
acceded to throne as Charles I		 30 January 1649
Charles Stuart Charles I 29 May 1630 c. 1638–1641[34] 30 January 1649
title abolished;
later (1660) acceded to throne as Charles II		 6 February 1685
James Francis Edward Stuart James II 10 June 1688 c. 4 July 1688[34] 11 December 1688[91]
father deposed		 1 January 1766
George Augustus George I 10 November 1683 1 August 1714 27 September 1714[34][92] 11 June 1727
acceded to throne as George II		 25 October 1760
Frederick Louis George II 1 February 1707 11 June 1727 7 January 1728[34][93] 31 March 1751
deceased
George William Frederick 4 June 1738 31 March 1751 20 April 1751[34][94] 25 October 1760
acceded to throne as George III		 29 January 1820
George Augustus Frederick George III 12 August 1762 17 August 1762[34][95] 29 January 1820
acceded to throne as George IV		 26 June 1830
Albert Edward Victoria 9 November 1841 8 December 1841[34][96] 22 January 1901
acceded to throne as Edward VII		 6 May 1910
George Frederick Ernest Albert Edward VII 3 June 1865 22 January 1901 9 November 1901[34][97] 6 May 1910
acceded to throne as George V		 20 January 1936
Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David George V 23 June 1894 6 May 1910 23 June 1910[34][98]
Investiture: 13 July 1911		 20 January 1936
acceded to throne as Edward VIII;
later (1937) Duke of Windsor		 28 May 1972
Charles Philip Arthur George Elizabeth II 14 November 1948 6 February 1952 26 July 1958[34][99]
Investiture: 1 July 1969		 8 September 2022
acceded to throne as Charles III		 living
William Arthur Philip Louis Charles III 21 June 1982 8 September 2022 9 September 2022[54][100] Incumbent living

The current sovereign Charles III was the longest serving prince of Wales for 64 years and 44 days between 1958 and 2022, and the oldest person to hold the position. He was also heir apparent for longer than any other in British history.[101] Upon the death of his mother on 8 September 2022, Charles became king and the title merged with the Crown.[102] The following day, King Charles III bestowed the title upon his elder son, Prince William, Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge.[103][54] Prince William is the oldest person to be created Prince of Wales.

Family tree

See also

References

  1. ^ K. L. Maund (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3.
  2. ^ Turvey, Roger (6 June 2014), "The Governance of Native Wales: The Princes as Rulers", The Welsh Princes, Routledge, pp. 101–124, doi:10.4324/9781315840802-5, ISBN 978-1-315-84080-2, archived from the original on 13 January 2023, retrieved 26 July 2022
  3. ^ K. L. Maund (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3.
  4. ^ Turvey, Roger K. (3 July 2002). The Welsh Princes, 1063-1283 (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-30811-4.
  5. ^ "Kings and Princes of Wales". Historic UK. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  6. ^ Carpenter, D. A. (2004). The struggle for mastery : Britain 1066-1284. Internet Archive. London : Penguin. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4.
  7. ^ Turvey, Roger (2013). Owain Gwynedd: Prince of the Welsh. Y Lolfa. pp. 84–86. ISBN 978-1-84771-694-1.
  8. ^ Carpenter, David (2015). "Magna Carta: Wales, Scotland and Ireland". Hansard.
  9. ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  10. ^ Moore, David (10 January 2007). The Welsh Wars of Independence. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9648-1. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  11. ^ Gower, Jon (2013). The Story of Wales. BBC Books. pp. 109–120. ISBN 978-1-84990-373-8.
  12. ^ Gower, Jon (2013). The Story of Wales. BBC Books. pp. 109–120. ISBN 978-1-84990-373-8.
  13. ^ Powicke, F. M. (1962). The Thirteenth Century: 1216–1307 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-82-1708-4.
  14. ^ a b c Prestwich, Michael (2007). Plantagenet England: 1225–1360 (new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822844-8.
  15. ^ a b Davies, R. R. (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-19-820198-2.
  16. ^ Pilkington, Colin (2002). Devolution in Britain today. Manchester University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-7190-6075-5.
  17. ^ Walker, David (28 June 1990). Medieval Wales. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-521-31153-3. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  18. ^ Dawson, Ian; Watson, Paul (1991). Medieval Realms 1066-1500. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-19-917190-3.
  19. ^ Corbishley, Mike (1998). The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-19-910466-6.
  20. ^ Gower, John (2012). The Story of Wales. BBC Books. p. 137.
  21. ^ Davies, R. R. (2009). Owain Glyndwr: Prince of Wales. Y Lolfa. ISBN 978-1-84771-127-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  22. ^ Davies, John (2 January 2014). Hanes Cymru (A History of Wales in Welsh) (in Welsh). Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-196172-9.
  23. ^ "BBC - Cymru - Hanes - Themau - Baner Owain Glyndŵr". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  24. ^ a b "BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh flag: Banner of Owain Glyndwr". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  25. ^ WalesOnline (15 September 2004). "Flying the flag to remember Glyndwr". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  26. ^ "BBC Wales - History - Themes - Welsh flag: Banner of Owain Glyndwr". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  27. ^ Camden, William (1607). Britannia. pp. Glamorganshire. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  28. ^ Glamorganshire Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Philological.bham.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-07-15.
  29. ^ Titles and Heraldry Archived 19 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine - website of the Prince of Wales
  30. ^ Laura Smith-Spark (28 October 2011). "Girls given equal rights to British throne under law changes". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  31. ^ Succession to the Crown Act. Archived 12 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  32. ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2015 Archived 29 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine at legislation.org.uk (retrieved 30 March 2015)
  33. ^ Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website Archived 5 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v l Previous Princes Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Prince of Wales official website. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  35. ^ "History of the Duchy | The Duchy of Cornwall". duchyofcornwall.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  36. ^ "The Prince of Wales - Royal Duties". Clarence House. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  37. ^ Emma.Goodey (4 April 2016). "Royal warrants". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  38. ^ Prince of Wales Archived 11 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. britishflags.net. Retrieved on 15 July 2012.
  39. ^ Williams, Nino (25 November 2018). "The uncomfortable truth about the three feathers symbol embraced by Wales". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  40. ^ Scott Giles 1929, pp. 89–91.
  41. ^ Siddons 2009, pp. 178–9.
  42. ^ Archives, The National (24 May 2022). "The National Archives - The Investiture of the Prince of Wales". The National Archives blog. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  43. ^ Davies, Christopher (2 October 2022). "Remembering the 1969 Prince of Wales investiture at Caernarfon Castle". North Wales Live. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  44. ^ a b "When a young Charles was crowned Prince of Wales — and spoke in Welsh". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  45. ^ Shipton, Martin (22 September 2017). "George Thomas was a 'sanctiminous hypocrite' - Shipton". WalesOnline. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  46. ^ Ellis, John Stephen (2008). Investiture: Royal Ceremony and National Identity in Wales, 1911-1969. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-2000-6.
  47. ^ King, Richard (22 February 2022). Brittle with Relics: A History of Wales, 1962–97 ('Oral history at its revelatory best' DAVID KYNASTON). Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29566-1.
  48. ^ Morra, Irene; Gossedge, Rob (30 September 2016). The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-834-0.
  49. ^ Deacon, Thomas (24 February 2019). "Prince Charles, the investiture and bombs: How nationalists tried to stop it". WalesOnline. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  50. ^ "Should there be a Prince of Wales investiture in 21st century Wales?". ITV News. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  51. ^ "50 years since the Investiture". National Library of Wales Blog. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  52. ^ a b "Drakeford: 'There's no rush' for an investiture for new Prince of Wales". ITV News. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  53. ^ "Prince of Wales: William speaks of honour after getting title". BBC News. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  54. ^ a b c "William named the new Prince of Wales by King Charles III". BBC. 9 September 2022. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  55. ^ "No. 63979". The London Gazette. 27 February 2023. p. 3638.
  56. ^ Hayward, Will (16 September 2022). "Mark Drakeford says 'We need to have a debate about the Prince of Wales'". WalesOnline. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  57. ^ Owen, Cathy (13 September 2022). "Plaid leader wants vote on William's investiture as Prince of Wales". WalesOnline. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  58. ^ "Prince William will be the last Prince of Wales, historian predicts". ITV News. 22 September 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  59. ^ "William and Kate named Prince and Princess of Wales by the King". BBC News. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  60. ^ "As a democratic nation we should make our own history and decide whether we want a Prince of Wales". Nation.Cymru. 25 September 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  61. ^ "YesCymru statement - Prince of Wales". YesCymru EN. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  62. ^ "Prince of Wales decision 'has been taken' say Welsh Government as Plaid call for Senedd vote". Nation.Cymru. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  63. ^ McAllister, Laura (1 October 2022). "The future of the monarchy merits proper debate | Laura McAllister". WalesOnline. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  64. ^ "Prince of Wales announcement was divisive, says senior Plaid politician". BBC News. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  65. ^ "Title of the Prince of Wales should be ditched when Charles becomes king, says Michael Sheen". Nation.Cymru. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  66. ^ "Prince of Wales addresses backlash for 'entirely inappropriate' supporting of England football team". Yahoo News. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  67. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  68. ^ "Michael Fabricant says it's not up to Mark Drakeford how Prince of Wales investiture goes ahead". Nation.Cymru. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  69. ^ "Tory MP tells Mark Drakeford to keep his 'nose out of the King's business' over Prince of Wales title". Nation.Cymru. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  70. ^ "Welsh Tories cite poll in call for investiture for Prince of Wales". Nation.Cymru. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  71. ^ "King Charles hopes William won't go through repeat of 1969 Wales investiture". ITV News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  72. ^ Sproule, Lauren (2 May 2023). "Why some Welsh people think Charles should have been the last Prince of Wales". CBC News.
  73. ^ "Prince of Wales: William's decision not have an investiture signals his 'break in tradition as heir'". itv.com.
  74. ^ "Gwynedd says no to new Prince of Wales - authority votes against another investiture, says title should be abolished". Nation.Cymru. 6 October 2022. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  75. ^ WalesOnline (30 October 2022). "'Westminster could learn something from the Royals about how to treat Wales'". WalesOnline. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  76. ^ a b "Prince of Wales has no plans for investiture, Kensington Palace confirms". BBC News. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  77. ^ "Wales backs Charles for king". BBC News Online. 25 June 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  78. ^ "Poll shows support for monarchy". BBC News Online. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  79. ^ "Monarchy backed by 59% in Wales". 30 June 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  80. ^ "ITV News Poll: Should Charles be the last Prince of Wales?". ITV News. ITV. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  81. ^ "Buckingham Palace event marks Prince of Wales' 50 years". BBC News. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  82. ^ Jackson, Gregor (7 March 2019). "BBC Wales - St. David's Day Poll 2019 (2)". icmunlimited. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  83. ^ "Are we right to want another Prince of Wales?". The National Wales. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  84. ^ "Only 46% want another Prince of Wales after Charles, poll suggests". Nation.Cymru. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  85. ^ "YouGov / Barn Cymru Survey Results" (PDF). YouGov. 22 September 2022.
  86. ^ "New Prince of Wales to remain president of the English FA as they play Wales at the World Cup". Nation.Cymru. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  87. ^ Low, Valentine. "Prince of Wales criticised by Michael Sheen over England support". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  88. ^ "Prince William WRU's vice patron". The BBC. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
  89. ^ "Henry VIII: October 1537, 16-20, in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 12 Part 2, June-December 1537, ed. James Gairdner (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1891), 324-335". British History Online. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  90. ^ McIntosh, J. L. (2008). "From Heads of Household to Heads of State: APPENDIX C: Creating and Investing a Prince of Wales". Gutenberg-e Home (Columbia University Press). Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  91. ^ Continued claiming title until 1701
  92. ^ "No. 5264". The London Gazette. 28 September 1714. p. 1.
  93. ^ "No. 6741". The London Gazette. 4 January 1728. p. 2.
  94. ^ "No. 9050". The London Gazette. 16 April 1751. p. 1.
  95. ^ "No. 10235". The London Gazette. 14 August 1762. p. 2.
  96. ^ "No. 20049". The London Gazette. 7 December 1841. p. 3163.
  97. ^ "No. 27375". The London Gazette. 9 November 1901. p. 7289.
  98. ^ "No. 28387". The London Gazette. 23 June 1910. p. 4473.
  99. ^ "No. 41460". The London Gazette. 29 July 1958. p. 4733.
  100. ^ "No. 63979". The London Gazette. 27 February 2023. p. 3638. Letters patent were issued by the King dated 13 February 2023 for creating William Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.
  101. ^ Bryan, Nicola (9 September 2017). "Prince Charles is longest-serving Prince of Wales". BBC.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  102. ^ "Royal Family tree and line of succession". BBC News. 9 September 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  103. ^ Furness, Hannah (9 September 2022). "Royal title changes: William to become Prince of Wales". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princes of Wales.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales&oldid=1157939309"
pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy