Brackenridge, Pennsylvania: Difference between revisions
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{{other uses|Brackenridge (disambiguation)}} |
{{other uses|Brackenridge (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Brackenridge |
| name = Brackenridge, Pennsylvania |
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| official_name = Borough of Brackenridge |
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| native_name = |
| native_name = |
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| native_name_lang = |
| native_name_lang = |
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| imagesize = |
| imagesize = |
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| image_alt = |
| image_alt = |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = [[Brackenridge Works]] along Mile Lock Lane at Vermont Avenue in Brackenridge |
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| image_flag = |
| image_flag = |
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| image_seal = |
| image_seal = |
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| image_map = Allegheny County Pennsylvania incorporated and unincorporated areas Brackenridge highlighted.svg |
| image_map = Allegheny County Pennsylvania incorporated and unincorporated areas Brackenridge highlighted.svg |
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| mapsize = 260px |
| mapsize = 260px |
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| map_caption = Location in [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Allegheny County]] and the U.S. state of [[Pennsylvania]] |
| map_caption = Location in [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Allegheny County]] and the U.S. state of [[Pennsylvania]] |
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| image_map1 = Pennsylvania in United States (US48).svg |
| image_map1 = Pennsylvania in United States (US48).svg |
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| mapsize1 = |
| mapsize1 = |
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| map_alt1 = |
| map_alt1 = |
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| map_caption1 = Location of Pennsylvania in the United States |
| map_caption1 = Location of [[Pennsylvania]] in the United States |
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| pushpin_map = |
| pushpin_map = |
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| pushpin_label_position = |
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| leader_party = |
| leader_party = |
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| leader_title = Mayor |
| leader_title = Mayor |
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| leader_name = |
| leader_name = Lindsay Fraser |
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| leader_title1 = |
| leader_title1 = |
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| leader_name1 = |
| leader_name1 = |
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| total_type = |
| total_type = |
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| unit_pref = Imperial |
| unit_pref = Imperial |
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| area_footnotes = <ref name=" |
| area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='42'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 12, 2022}}</ref> |
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| area_total_km2 = 1. |
| area_total_km2 = 1.45 |
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| area_total_sq_mi = 0.56 |
| area_total_sq_mi = 0.56 |
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| area_land_km2 = 1. |
| area_land_km2 = 1.33 |
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| area_land_sq_mi = 0.51 |
| area_land_sq_mi = 0.51 |
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| area_water_km2 = 0.12 |
| area_water_km2 = 0.12 |
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| area_water_sq_mi = 0. |
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.05 |
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| area_water_percent = |
| area_water_percent = |
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| area_metro_footnotes = |
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| elevation_min_point = |
| elevation_min_point = |
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| elevation_min_rank = |
| elevation_min_rank = |
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| population_as_of = [[ |
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] |
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| population_footnotes = |
| population_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly"/> |
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| population_total = |
| population_total = 3240 |
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| pop_est_as_of = |
| pop_est_as_of = |
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| pop_est_footnotes = |
| pop_est_footnotes = |
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| population_est = |
| population_est = |
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| population_rank = |
| population_rank = |
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| population_density_km2 = |
| population_density_km2 = 2437.84 |
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| population_density_sq_mi = |
| population_density_sq_mi = 6315.79 |
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| population_metro_footnotes = |
| population_metro_footnotes = |
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| population_metro = |
| population_metro = |
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| timezone2_DST = |
| timezone2_DST = |
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| utc_offset2_DST = |
| utc_offset2_DST = |
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| postal_code_type = ZIP |
| postal_code_type = ZIP Code |
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| postal_code = 15014 |
| postal_code = 15014 |
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| postal2_code_type = |
| postal2_code_type = |
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| blank2_name_sec2 = Wikimedia Commons |
| blank2_name_sec2 = Wikimedia Commons |
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| blank2_info_sec2 = |
| blank2_info_sec2 = |
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| website = |
| website = {{URL|www.brackenridgeboro.com}} |
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| footnotes = |
| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Brackenridge''' is a [[Borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] in [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania |
'''Brackenridge''' is a [[Borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] in [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]], United States, located along the [[Allegheny River]]. It is part of the [[Greater Pittsburgh|Greater Pittsburgh metropolitan area]]. |
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The town is named for [[Henry Marie Brackenridge]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.brackenridgeboro.com/history.html|website=Brackenridge Borough| |
The town is named for [[Henry Marie Brackenridge]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.brackenridgeboro.com/history.html|website=Brackenridge Borough|access-date=6 June 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226125159/https://www.brackenridgeboro.com/history.html|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The borough once had glass factories. An [[Allegheny Technologies]] steel mill, Allegheny Ludlum [[Brackenridge Works]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alleghenyludlum.com/ludlum/pages/facilities/Brackenridge.asp?qdirections=|title=Process and Plant Capabilities—Brackenridge, PA|access-date=2009-03-29}}</ref> plays a prominent role in the community, although most of the facility is located in [[Harrison Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Harrison Township]]. |
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The borough's population stood at 3,421 in 1910 and at 6,400 in 1940. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], it was 3,240.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/all?q=Brackenridge+borough,+Pennsylvania | title=Explore Census Data }}</ref> |
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⚫ | Brackenridge is located at {{coord|40|36|30|N|79|44|32|W|type:city}}.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]| |
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According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of {{convert|0.6|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|0.5|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.04|sqmi|km2}}, or 7.27%, is water. |
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⚫ | Brackenridge is located at {{coord|40|36|30|N|79|44|32|W|type:city}}.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> The borough's average elevation is {{convert|827|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name="GNIS1">{{Cite gnis|id=1214772|name=Borough of Brackenridge|access-date=2009-12-02}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of {{convert|0.6|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|0.5|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.04|sqmi|km2}}, or 7.27%, is water. |
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===Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoods=== |
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Brackenridge |
Brackenridge has two land borders with [[Tarentum, Pennsylvania|Tarentum]] to the west and [[Harrison Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Harrison Township]] to the north and east. Across the [[Allegheny River]] in [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland County]] to the south, Brackenridge runs adjacent with [[Lower Burrell, Pennsylvania|Lower Burrell]]. |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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|2000= 3543 |
|2000= 3543 |
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|2010= 3260 |
|2010= 3260 |
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|2020= 3240 |
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|estyear=2019 |
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⚫ | |footnote=Sources:<ref name=Census1880>{{cite web|title=Population of Civil Divisions Less than Counties|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a_v1-12.pdf|work=1880 United States Census|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Census1910">{{cite web|title=Population-Pennsylvania|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/36894832v3ch4.pdf|work=U.S. Census 1910|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Census1930">{{cite web|title=Number and Distribution of Inhabitants:Pennsylvania-Tennessee|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03815512v1ch09.pdf|work=Fifteenth Census|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02.pdf|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-40.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref><ref name="CensusPopEst">{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012-3.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019235623/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012-3.html|archive-date=2013-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly">{{cite web|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108|title=Census Population API|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=Oct 12, 2022}}</ref> |
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|estimate=3135 |
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|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2019CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|date=May 24, 2020|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=May 27, 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |footnote=Sources:<ref name=Census1880>{{cite web|title=Population of Civil Divisions Less than Counties|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a_v1-12.pdf|work=1880 United States Census|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| |
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}} |
}} |
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As of the |
As of the 2000 census,<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 3,543 people, 1,507 households, and 931 families residing in the borough. The population density was {{convert|6,924.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 1,700 housing units at an average density of {{convert|3,322.4|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the borough was 95.03% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 3.44% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.11% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.23% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.37% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.79% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.54% of the population. |
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There were 1,507 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were [[marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.91. |
There were 1,507 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were [[marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.91. |
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In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.3 males. |
In the borough, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.3 males. |
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The median income for a household in the borough was $30,050, and the median income for a family was $41,803. Males had a median income of $30,661 versus $21,821 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $19,040. About 6.8% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over. |
The median income for a household in the borough was $30,050, and the median income for a family was $41,803. Males had a median income of $30,661 versus $21,821 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $19,040. About 6.8% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over. |
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==Government and politics== |
==Government and politics== |
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{| |
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:95%;" |
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|+ |
|+ Presidential Elections Results<ref>{{cite web|last1=EL|title=2012 Allegheny County election|url=http://triblive.com/politics/2907065-74/pittsburgh-ward-hills-west-borough-braddock-east-elizabeth-north-park|website=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=EL|title=2016 Pennsylvania general election...|url=http://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/electionresultsgen2016/|website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/PA/Allegheny/106267/web.264614/#/detail/0004 | title=Election Night Reporting }}</ref> |
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|- bgcolor=lightgrey |
|- bgcolor=lightgrey |
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! Year |
! Year |
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! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
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! [[Third Party (United States)|Third Parties]] |
! [[Third Party (United States)|Third Parties]] |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|2020]]''' |
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| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|''54%'' ''776'' |
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| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|''43%'' ''629'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|''2%'' ''30'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 2016|2016]]''' |
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 2016|2016]]''' |
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==Education== |
==Education== |
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Brackenridge is within the [[Highlands School District (Pennsylvania)|Highlands School District]], which operates Highlands Early Childhood Center, formerly Fairmount Primary School (grades K–2), on the hill section in the borough.<ref name="GNIS2">{{Cite gnis|id=1210583|name=Fairmount Elementary School| |
Brackenridge is within the [[Highlands School District (Pennsylvania)|Highlands School District]], which operates Highlands Early Childhood Center, formerly Fairmount Primary School (grades K–2), on the hill section in the borough.<ref name="GNIS2">{{Cite gnis|id=1210583|name=Fairmount Elementary School|access-date=2010-10-16}}</ref> |
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==Taxes== |
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School tax millage rate- The Highlands School District (shared with Brackenridge, Fawn Township, Harrison Township and Tarentum) in 2017 was 23.80. This ranked 14th highest/most expensive out of Allegheny County's 45 school districts [between Mt. Lebanon SD (13th highest) and Cornel SD (15th highest)].<ref>{{cite web|last1=EL|title=Allegheny County Treasurer|url=http://apps.alleghenycounty.us/website/millsd.asp|accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref> |
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==Notable people== |
==Notable people== |
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* [[Bud Carson]] |
* [[Bud Carson]], professional football defensive coordinator, [[Cleveland Browns]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] |
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* [[Adam Earnheardt]], academic and author |
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* [[Cookie Gilchrist]] |
* [[Cookie Gilchrist]], African-American civil rights activist and former [[American Football League]] and [[Canadian Football League]] professional football player |
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* [[Ronald Robertson (figure skater)|Ronald Robertson]] |
* [[Ronald Robertson (figure skater)|Ronald Robertson]], Olympic silver medalist, figure skating<ref>{{cite web | last = Goldstein | first = Richard | title = Ronnie Robertson, 62, a Skater Who Entertained With His Spins | work = New York Times | date = February 17, 2000 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/17/sports/ronnie-robertson-62-a-skater-who-entertained-with-his-spins.html?pagewanted=1}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.brackenridgeboro.com/ Borough of Brackenridge official website] |
*[http://www.brackenridgeboro.com/ Borough of Brackenridge official website] |
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{{Pittsburgh Metro Area}} |
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{{Allegheny County, Pennsylvania}} |
{{Allegheny County, Pennsylvania}} |
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{{authority control}} |
{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1901]] |
[[Category:Populated places established in 1901]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:57, 30 August 2024
Brackenridge, Pennsylvania | |
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Borough | |
Etymology: Henry Marie Brackenridge | |
Coordinates: 40°36′30″N 79°44′32″W / 40.60833°N 79.74222°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Pennsylvania |
County | Allegheny |
Incorporated | September 21, 1901 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Lindsay Fraser |
Area | |
• Total | 0.56 sq mi (1.45 km2) |
• Land | 0.51 sq mi (1.33 km2) |
• Water | 0.05 sq mi (0.12 km2) |
Elevation | 827 ft (252 m) |
Population | |
• Total | 3,240 |
• Density | 6,315.79/sq mi (2,437.84/km2) |
Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
ZIP Code | 15014 |
Area code | 724 |
FIPS code | 42-07976 |
School district | Highlands |
Website | www |
Brackenridge is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, located along the Allegheny River. It is part of the Greater Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
The town is named for Henry Marie Brackenridge.[3] The borough once had glass factories. An Allegheny Technologies steel mill, Allegheny Ludlum Brackenridge Works,[4] plays a prominent role in the community, although most of the facility is located in Harrison Township.
The borough's population stood at 3,421 in 1910 and at 6,400 in 1940. As of the 2020 census, it was 3,240.[5]
Geography
[edit]Brackenridge is located at 40°36′30″N 79°44′32″W / 40.60833°N 79.74222°W.[6] The borough's average elevation is 827 feet (252 m) above sea level.[7] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), of which 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 7.27%, is water.
Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoods
[edit]Brackenridge has two land borders with Tarentum to the west and Harrison Township to the north and east. Across the Allegheny River in Westmoreland County to the south, Brackenridge runs adjacent with Lower Burrell.
Demographics
[edit]Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1910 | 3,134 | — | |
1920 | 4,987 | 59.1% | |
1930 | 6,256 | 25.4% | |
1940 | 6,400 | 2.3% | |
1950 | 6,178 | −3.5% | |
1960 | 5,697 | −7.8% | |
1970 | 4,796 | −15.8% | |
1980 | 4,297 | −10.4% | |
1990 | 3,784 | −11.9% | |
2000 | 3,543 | −6.4% | |
2010 | 3,260 | −8.0% | |
2020 | 3,240 | −0.6% | |
Sources:[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][2] |
As of the 2000 census,[13] of 2000, there were 3,543 people, 1,507 households, and 931 families residing in the borough. The population density was 6,924.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,673.4/km2). There were 1,700 housing units at an average density of 3,322.4 per square mile (1,282.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.03% White, 3.44% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population.
There were 1,507 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the borough, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.3 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $30,050, and the median income for a family was $41,803. Males had a median income of $30,661 versus $21,821 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,040. About 6.8% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.
Government and politics
[edit]Year | Republican | Democratic | Third Parties |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 54% 776 | 43% 629 | 2% 30 |
2016 | 52% 648 | 44% 545 | 4% 54 |
2012 | 46% 526 | 53% 609 | 1% 20 |
Education
[edit]Brackenridge is within the Highlands School District, which operates Highlands Early Childhood Center, formerly Fairmount Primary School (grades K–2), on the hill section in the borough.[18]
Notable people
[edit]- Bud Carson, professional football defensive coordinator, Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers
- Adam Earnheardt, academic and author
- Cookie Gilchrist, African-American civil rights activist and former American Football League and Canadian Football League professional football player
- Ronald Robertson, Olympic silver medalist, figure skating[19]
References
[edit]- ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022.
- ^ "History". Brackenridge Borough. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
- ^ "Process and Plant Capabilities—Brackenridge, PA". Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Explore Census Data".
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ "Borough of Brackenridge". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ^ "Population of Civil Divisions Less than Counties" (PDF). 1880 United States Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ "Population-Pennsylvania" (PDF). U.S. Census 1910. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ "Number and Distribution of Inhabitants:Pennsylvania-Tennessee" (PDF). Fifteenth Census. U.S. Census Bureau.
- ^ "Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ "Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
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