Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaizaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (heṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑi̯.zɑz/

Noun

*gaizaz m

1. spear, pike, javelin

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *gaizaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gaizaz	*gaizōz, *gaizōs
vocative	*gaiz	*gaizōz, *gaizōs
accusative	*gaizą	*gaizanz
genitive	*gaizas, *gaizis	*gaizǫ̂
dative	*gaizai	*gaizamaz
instrumental	*gaizō	*gaizamiz

Derived terms

• *atgaizaz
• *nabōgaizaz
• *Gaizaharduz
• *Gaizawaldą
• *Gaizawulfaz
• *Hrōþigaizaz

Related terms

• *gaisilaz
• *gaizô

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *gaiʀ
  • Old English: gār
    • Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
      • ⇒ Middle English: garfysche
        • English: garfish
        • Scots: gairfish
  • Old Frisian: *gār, gēr
    • Saterland Frisian: Goare
    • West Frisian: gear
  • Old Saxon: gēr
    • Middle Low German: gêr
      • Westphalian:

        Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer

  • Old Dutch: *gēr
    • Middle Dutch: gêer
      • Dutch: geer
  • Old High German: gēr, giri
    • Lombardic: ger
      • →⇒ Italian: gherone
    • Middle High German: gēr
      • German: Ger
• Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*gaiʀaʀ)
  • Old Norse: geirr, ᚴᛅᛁᛦ (kaiʀ) — runic
    • Icelandic: geir
    • Norwegian Bokmål: geir
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: geir
    • Danish: ger
    • Swedish: gere, gir
  • → Finnish: kaira (< Late Proto-Norse *gaiRaR)
• Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 (*gais) (preserved in given names)
• Vandalic: *gais/*geis
• → Proto-Finnic: *kaihas (see there for further descendants)
• → Proto-Celtic: *gaisos (see there for further descendants)