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[[File:Mesopotamia-Egypt trade routes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Possible Mesopotamia-Egypt trade routes from the 4th millennium BCE.<ref name="Redford 22">Redford, Donald B. ''Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.'' (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 22.</ref><ref name="MKH427">{{cite book |last1=Hartwig |first1=Melinda K. |title=A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art |date=2014 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781444333503 |page=427 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0NwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA427 |language=en}}</ref>]]
It might be added that an interpretation of the relations of this period as centre/periphery interaction, although often relevant in period, risks prejudicing researchers to see decisions in an asymmetric or diffusionist fashion, and this needs to be nuanced. Thus, it increasingly appears that the regions neighbouring Lower Mesopotamia did not wait for the Urukians in order to begin an advanced process of increasing social complexity or urbanisation, as the example of the large site of [[Tell Brak]] in Syria shows, which encourages us to imagine the phenomenon from a more 'symmetrical' angle.<ref name=buturb>{{harvsp|id=BUT|Butterlin|2003|pp=66–70}}</ref><ref name=brakurb>J. A. Ur, P. Karsgaard and J. Oates, "Early urban development in the Near East," ''Science'' 317/5842, (August 2007)</ref>
Indeed, at Tell Brak, we find that this city developed as an urban center slightly earlier than the better known cities of southern Mesopotamia, such as Uruk.<ref>{{cite book|title= A Companion to World History|editor1-first= Douglas|editor1-last=Northrop|first1= Norman|last1=Yoffee|chapter=Deep Pasts Interconnections and Comparative History in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=l4oyAArnc_AC&pg=PT159|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2015|orig-year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-30547-8}} p.159</ref>
==Egypt==
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