Freedman, Ferrara, and van Nieuwenhuizen addressed this in 1976 with their theory of supergravity, in which the gravitons of general relativity acquire superpartners called gravitinos.

This approach to quantization takes place in 4-space of metric signature (-1,1,1,1) in which the quanta are excitations of the quantum vacuum called Nexus gravitons. Though the Nexus Paradigm has been introduced in the following papers [13-15], the aim of this study is to explicitly express the Hamiltonian formulation of the theory using the Bloch eigenstate functions of the quantum vacuum.

Slight patterns of polarization in the microwaves, they announced, seemed to be relics of the instant of Big Bang inflation itself--patterning the sky with fantastically magnified images of individual gravitons seen some 10-35 second after our Big Bang budded off from ...

This demands that gravitons be massless, with current experimental constraints providing an upper limit of 1.2 x [10.sup.-22] eV.

(26) The larger the object carried by gravitons in the environment, the heavier the dent and larger the span of the ripple.

They are linguistic gravitons that pull down to the territory, flashing searchlights that instantly highlight the pressing need to touch the ground of action.

In this approach gravity itself would be massive: Gravitons, the supposedly massless particles that transmit gravitational force, would possess a small mass, adding a new field to space.

There are only a few conceivable sources of graviton production, like black hole decay, spontaneous emission of gravitons from neutral hydrogen, bremsstrahlung from electron-electron collisions in stellar interiors, and conservations of photons to gravitons by interstellar magnetic fields.

Finally he turns to "pastels," or the most exotic particles scientists think exist that take us well beyond the pale of ordinary experience: higgs bosons, squarks, tachyons, gravitons, and more.

Cette mission commencee dans le Nord de l'Europe est destinee a servir l'Europe entiere, voire le monde, ou meme l'univers, sans restrictions, sans limites et pour les siecles a venir: "Nous gravitons vers l'ideal, et cette gravitation est infinie comme l'ideal lui-meme" (557).