This study evaluated the efficacy of intravenous premedication with dexmedetomidine versus magnesium sulphate on attenuation of the cardiovascular effects due to pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia.

According to the results of univariate and multivariate analyses, age, gender, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and application of premedication had no effect on the preoperative development of inadvertent hypothermia (p>0.05).

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that used ibuprofen versus other premedication drugs in nonsurgical endodontic treatment were included.

Another limitation is that we did not use a standardized premedication protocol because PNBs were applied by different anesthesiologists.

TABLE 2: OUTCOME OF PREMEDICATION IN PATIENTS WITH IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS AMONG GROUPS

Our study shows that the presser response to intubation does occur after premedication with Gabapentin, but the severity is much less as compared to the patients receiving Lorazepam.

These techniques include deepening of anesthesia, newer techniques and instruments for laryngoscopy and intubation (lightwand, styletoscope, and flexible fiberoptic endoscope), [7-9] omitting cholinergic premedication, and pre-treatment with vasodilators such as nitroglycerine, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, clonidine, and opioids with variable results.

However, IV CPM might be beneficial as premedication to prevent delayed urticarial rash in those patients especially in female.

Premedication, usually oral or intranasal midazolam, is used routinely to treat anxiety in children with several studies supporting its benefits [4, 5].

Of these, the strongest risk factor identified is a prior allergic-like reaction to CM justifying a premedication prophylaxis before IV CM injection and raising the question: Should we use a prophylaxis for ERCP in patients known for a prior CM reaction?

Our results suggest that a premedication with a gabapentinoid (150 mg of pregabalin or 600 mg of gabapentin) can reduce the intensity of postoperative shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Data collected included date of visit, age, species, sex, type (pet, free ranging, or wild kept in captivity), body weight, body condition score, diagnosis, procedure, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, premedication used for anesthesia, drug for anesthetic induction, type of maintenance anesthesia, route and type of fluid administration, volumes of crystalloid and colloid fluids administered, intraoperative events, estimated blood loss, duration of anesthesia, surgery duration, recovery time, recovery notes, whether birds survived to hospital discharge, time of death, total cost of hospitalization, cost of anesthesia, and nadir and peak values for heart rate, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, concentration of inhaled anesthetic, and body temperature.

In clinical practice, morphine is usually administered as premedication, at doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0mg [kg.sup.-1], by intramuscular (IM) injection.

Owing to premedication with dexmedetomidine 1 [micro]g/kg, the LMA was successfully placed without adverse respiratory events although mild limb movement occurred.

Premedication, induction and continuation of anesthesia, and drugs for postoperative pain must not affect the dopamine senthesis.