meant in part that the Kleisthenic reforms had the indirect effect of transferring some cults of the phratries and their sub-groups to the demes; see also Kearns 1985, pp.

The sun and moon bore sky beings, who founded the various phratries on earth (ibid.: 107).

Women had personal names and were identified further by a father's or husband's name in the possessive case, but they did not have demotics and were not recorded on lists of phratries (hereditary kin groups for males) or on deme registers.

Pairs of clans linked by descent from a common male ancestor occur to the south, in western Keo (Forth 2001), but phratries of this sort are not found in central Nage.

The eponymous heroes of the ten tribes, the cults of the 140 or so local demes, the sixty-odd gene (clans) and the phratries (brotherhoods related to them) made up a bewildering number.

Enga sky people were thought to be the offspring of the sun and the moon (Meggitt 1974a: 10-11) and the founders of Enga phratries. According to Gibbs, Ipili speakers believed in sky people who originally lived on the earth but who then rose to the sky (1975:79, 1977:9).

However, by contrast with the centripetal type exchanges typically found in big-man type polities, competitive gift-giving was here most likely to be confined to direct exchanges within pre-defined limits, such as between linked lineages, village sections or localised phratries. The effect, of course, was to substantially reduce risk.