Discretionary judgments for "tazir" crimes have led to arbitrary rulings with often contentious outcomes.

(18.) Lesage S, Ibanez P, Lohmann E, Pollak P, Tison F, Tazir M, et al.

The Sharia principles of the Hudood ( literally limits' specifically those defined by the Quran and the Hadith)' Qisas ( basically the eye- for- an- eye) and Tazir ( the new laws like those against drugtrafficking)' all have provisions for capital punishment.

40) Fiskerstrand, T., H'mida-Ben Brahim, D., Johansson, S., M'zahem, A., Haukanes, B.I., Drouot, N., Zimmermann, J., Cole, A.J., Vedeler, C., Bredrup, C., Assoum, M., Tazir, M., Klockgether, T., Hamri, A., Steen, V.M., Boman, H., Bindoff, L.A., Koenig, M.

These punishments are substituted by the Tazir punishments prescribed in the Pakistan Penal Code.

Tazir et al., "Postnatal odorant exposure induces peripheral olfactory plasticity at the cellular level," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol.

Thus, if the evidence falls short of the stringent (and discriminatory) threshold required for imposing the draconian Hadd punishments, the accused may be sentenced to a lesser class of punishment known as Tazir, which is up to twenty-five years imprisonment and thirty lashes.

Between 1980 and 1988, 4,831 appealed in tazir cases were reported to have been made to the FSC'.

In Islam, there are three categories of crimes, namely Hadd (or plural, Hudud; meaning 'limit' set by God), Tazir and Qesas (Ali, 1985; Al-Thakeb and Scott, 1981).

If the higher standard of evidentiary requirements is not met, the tazir punishment is applied, defined as imprisonment for up to ten years, thirty lashes, and a fine.

Tazir. In case of Zina, Hadd is stoning to death for married persons and