^ ابپتIn Tunisia, east Syria, east Jordan and Hijaz area, the alveolar stop consonants /d, t/ and their emphatics /dˤ, tˤ/ are dental[d̪, t̪, d̪ˤ, t̪ˤ]. In western Asia (except Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Hijaz area), the alveolar stops are dental, however, their emphatics are velarized [d̪ˠ, t̪ˠ]. There is a common practice to ignore the dental diacritic.
^ ابپتThe pharyngealized consonants /dˤ, ðˤ, sˤ, tˤ/ are velarized[d̪ˠ, ðˠ, sˠ, t̪ˠ] by west Asians, in east Arabia, and in Iraq, but it is a common practice to use the pharyngealization diacritic instead, to distinguish the emphatic consonants.
^ ابThat phoneme is represented by the Arabic letter jīm (ج) and has various pronunciations: [d͡ʒ] in most of the Arabian Peninsula, north الجزائر, and some areas mostly at the east of the Levant; [ɡ] in most of Egypt and some regions in Yemen and Oman, as well as in Morocco and Algeria in a few colloquial words; [ʒ] in most of the سرزمین شام and most other places across North Africa. In the Arabian Peninsula it is sometimes softened to [ʒ]. Sudan and some parts of Yemen, have a [ɟ] or [ɡʲ].
^ ابپIn case of loanwords: /d͡ʒ/ or /ʒ/ are realized as [ʒ] in Egypt and can be transcribed by چ which is used to transcribe /ɡ/ in Israel. In case of transcribing Iraqi and gulf Arabic, چ represents: /t͡ʃ/. چ as used for /t͡ʃ/ is rare and mostly used only in Iraq (and less likely for other Gulf Arabics), but usually تش is used instead. Elsewhere it is usually realized as [t]+[ʃ] and a buffer vowel might be inserted in between, before or after the consonants. It might be approximated to [ʃ].
^ ابIn Egypt, Sudan and most of the سرزمین شام, /θ, ð/ are always approximated to [s, z] in loanwords in their regional dialects.
↑Ẓāʼ (ظ) represents [zˤ ~ z], in Egypt, Sudan and most of the Levant, for both of regional dialects and Modern Standard Arabic.
↑The palatal[ɟ] is the common pronunciation in Sudan and parts of Yemen. /ɡ/ can also be used in loanwords and spelled by many letters depending on the region: غ, ج, ق, ك, گ, ڨ (in Tunisia/Algeria only) or ݣ (in Morocco only).
^ ابIn many geographic regions, regional dialects replace /q/ with one of these: [ʔ], [ɡ] or [ɢ], with some exceptions.
^ ابIn Iraq and Persian Gulf pronunciation, it is epiglottal.
↑In Modern Standard Arabic, [ɫ] is only found in the name اللہ, but it normally occurs in other dialects, mostly in the Persian Gulf and Iraq. Most speakers of other regions lack the sound, even when pronouncing Modern Standard Arabic.
↑In the northern most of Egypt and in Lebanon, /r/ is in a free variation between [ɾ] and [r].
^ ابThe front vowel /a/, if not around emphatic consonants, it corresponds to: [æ] in Egypt and central Arabia, also the unstressed form in northwest Africa in dialects which have stress, also an allophonic pronunciation in Iraq and Persian Gulf, also in west Arabia, it is an allophone before /n, l/ and after /j, ɡ/; [ɛ] in northwest Africa in stressed syllables in dialects which have stress. In west Arabia, it's mainly [a]. [ɐ] is another allophone of unstressed /a/ in Iraq and Persian Gulf.
^ ابThe phonemes /a, aː/ are retracted to [ɑ] and [ɑː], respectively, around the emphatic consonants, /tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ, q/, also sometimes /r/. Some standards also include /ʁ, χ/. [ɑ] is the main stressed open vowel in Iraq and Persian Gulf pronunciation, otherwise in that case, it is [ɐ] or less likely [æ].
^ اب[[[|e]] ~ [[|ɪ]]] is an allophone of short /i/ in some pronunciations. Although in proper pronunciation of loanwords of non-Arabic origin, it can be [i].
^ اب[[[|o]] ~ [[|ʊ]]] is an allophone of short /u/ in some pronunciations. Although in proper pronunciation of loanwords of non-Arabic origin, it can be [u].
^ ابModern Standard Arabic diphthongs /aj, aw/ are especially monophthongized to [eː, oː] in names of Arabic origin. In Lebanese Arabic, medial /aː/ sometimes has [eː] as an allophone.
↑The central vowel exists as a weak vowel for Persian Gulf Arabics, Libyan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic and for some pronunciations of Levantine Arabics.
