Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þweraną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twérH-e-ti, from *(s)twerH- (“to stir; to propel”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈθwe.rɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þweraną

1. to swirl, turn, stir

Inflection

Conjugation of *þweraną (strong class 4)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þwerō	*þweraų	—	*þwerai	?
2nd singular	*þwirizi	*þweraiz	*þwer	*þwerazai	*þweraizau
3rd singular	*þwiridi	*þwerai	*þweradau	*þweradai	*þweraidau
1st dual	*þwerōz	*þweraiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þweradiz	*þweraidiz	*þweradiz	—	—
1st plural	*þweramaz	*þweraim	—	*þwerandai	*þweraindau
2nd plural	*þwirid	*þweraid	*þwirid	*þwerandai	*þweraindau
3rd plural	*þwerandi	*þwerain	*þwerandau	*þwerandai	*þweraindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þwar	*þwērį̄
2nd singular	*þwart	*þwērīz
3rd singular	*þwar	*þwērī
1st dual	*þwērū	*þwērīw
2nd dual	*þwērudiz	*þwērīdiz
1st plural	*þwērum	*þwērīm
2nd plural	*þwērud	*þwērīd
3rd plural	*þwērun	*þwērīn
	present	past
participles	*þwerandz	*þuranaz

Derived terms

• *þurjaną
• *þwarǭ
• *þwēriz
• *þwirilaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *þweran
  • Old English: þweran
  • Old Saxon: *thweran
    • Middle Low German: dwēren
  • Old High German: *dweran, *tweran
    • Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn
      • German: zweren (obsolete)
      • Bavarian: zweren
• Old Norse: *þwera
  • Norwegian: tvære
  • Swedish: tvära (dialectal)
  • Danish: tvære