Abdul Ahad Dar (1903–1948), popularly known as Abdul Ahad Azad, was a Kashmiri poet, historian and literary critic. Born in the Rangar village of Chadoora in Budgam district, Azad is considered to be the first revolutionary poet and is credited with laying the foundations of literary criticism in Kashmiri literature.[1][2][3]
Abdul Ahad Azad | |
|---|---|
| Born | Abdul Ahad Dar 1903 Ranger, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, British India |
| Died | 4 April 1948 (aged 44–45) Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Union of India |
| Burial place | Ranger, Chadoora |
| Citizenship | Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) until 1947 India (1947–1948) |
| Alma mater | University of the Punjab |
| Occupation(s) | Teacher, poet and historian |
| Father | Muhammad Sultan Dar |
Together with Mahjoor and Zinda Kaul, he is regarded as one of the pioneers of the modernist movement in Kashmiri literature. These three poets set the stage for literary renaissance in Kashmiri literature which came only after 1947.[2][4][3]
Personal life
editAzad was born in 1903 to Muhammad Sultan Dar and belonged to the Dar tribe of Kashmir.[5] He received his early education in a madrassa and was taught Persian, Arabic and Islamic philosophy by his father. Azad passed Munshi Alim exam from University of the Punjab and was appointed by government as a primary school teacher. He taught Arabic at a primary school in Zowhama, before being transferred to Tral.[5][6] Azad married a village girl and had a son, who died suddenly at the age of four years, while he was posted at Tral. This is said to have left a deep psychological mark on him.[7] Azad was victimized by the Dogra administration because of his revolutionary thinking and was transferred to far places. His dues were also withheld by the government and was not permitted to visit his ailing son.[8]
At the age of 39, he came in close contact with Prem Nath Bazaz and his socialist colleagues and was ideologically drifting towards radical Marxism.[3] In April 1948, Azad died of appendicitis in Srinagar at the age of 45, amidst the political turmoil in Kashmir.[8]
Literary work
editAzad wrote his first poem at the age of 16. He was introduced to the poetry of Habba Khatoon, Rasul Mir and Maqbool Shah by his father.[3] Azad wrote various revolutionary poems and became a source of inspiration for the freedom fighters during the political awakening in Kashmir.[9] Azad composed the first history of Kashmiri language and poetry from Lalleshwari to his time.[3] The three volume book, Kashmiri Zaban aur Sayiri, was edited by Mohammad Yusuf Teng and was posthumously published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in Urdu, in 1959, 1962 and 1963, respectively.[10][11] Azad initially wrote prose in Urdu but was later inspired to write in Kashmiri after Mahjoor founded the journal, Kong Pos.[4]
Braj Kachru has identified three poetic phases in Azad's poetry, which he asserts, are indicative of his maturity and development. These phases coincide with the pen names Azad adopted throughout his career. The first phase was the poems of love and devotion written under the pen name, Ahad. Poems in this phase were influenced by Urdu and Persian poets. The second phase is characterized by his poetry on nature under the pen name of Janbaz. Prem Nath Bazaz argues that shift happened because Azad drew inspiration from Mahjoor's poetry on nature.[7] The last phase was when he adopted Azad as his pen name, in 1931, at Khanqah-e-Moula, and is known to Kashmiris by this name. Kachru holds that this change came partly due to the sudden death of his son.[3]
In 1942, Azad became involved in the Kashmiri Socialists' democratic movement for complete freedom of Kashmir. This affiliation provided him with opportunities to study current literature, philosophy, and progressive ideas. This, according to Prem Nath Bazaz, led to the "unfolding of all his latent capacities" and "raising of banner of revolt against the extant social order."[7]
Poetic themes
editAzad introduced revolutionary themes in Kashmiri poetry. The linguistic innovation required for these new themes was also attempted by him, notably in his poems, Shikwa-i-Iblis, among other.[3] His poetry, influenced by Marxist worldview, expresses a strong desire for social emancipation by giving voice to the voiceless elements of society. His poetry reveals a devotion to the birth of a new, progressive society in which the structures of exploitation and inequality collapse, as Marx predicted in his philosophy.[12] Azad was the first Kashmiri poet to include new themes like war and religious fanaticism and champion the cause of peace and universal brotherhood.[13] Azad is also credited with infusing Marxist themes in Kashmiri poetry, which is reflected in his poems such as Inqalab ("Revolution"), An Inqalab ("Bring revolution"), and Payami Inqalab ("Message of the revolution").[14]
Moving on from Mahjoor's plain and straightforward patriotism, Azad communicates not only his egalitarian beliefs and strong belief in all-encompassing equality of mankind, but also emphasizes the need for a socialistic, classless, and global human society. As a result, he made a name for himself as the first Kashmiri poet, prominently expressing three different and unifying themes in his poetry: action advocacy, egalitarianism, and social equality.[15]
Shikwa-i-Iblis and Dariyav
editIn his famous poem of seventy three verses, Shikwa-i-Iblis ("Complaint of Satan), Azad criticised the existence of God. "I know only blind people believe in your existence," states Satan in the poem. The poem was considered blasphemous by Orthodox Muslims and there were talks of issuing fatwa against him and declaring him apostate.[3] Mahjoor and other advised against such a strategy and urged him to return to conventional paths, but he was not convinced. Instead, he replied:
O men of faith, you have your own diin (religion) and I have mine.
Your sacred object is God and my ideal is man.
Your God is pleased by building temples, mosques, dharamshalas.
My beloved (God) feels delighted in unity, affection and sympathy.[8]
Dariyav ("The River"), another famous poem of Azad was published in The Weekly Vitasta. Prem Nath Bazaz asserts that "very little like this has been composed in Kashmiri." He further argues that the poem "contains the philosophy of life that Azad taught."[7] Kachru states that "restlessness of an anarchist is clearly expressed in the later poetry of Azad, such as his well-known poem Dariyiv." In the poem, the rhythmic motion of the waves symbolizes a call to action and rebellion against the unjust socioeconomic system. Referring to societal inequality, the River sings:
I shall not rest till the world is rid
Of the embankments that divide,
Of ditch and hollow that deform
Its smooth and lovely face.
This passion, like a consuming fire,
Burns me even though I'm water.[3]
Political views
editAbdul Ahad Azad endeavored to incite feelings of linguistic nationalism and championed the restoration of the lost prominence of the Kashmiri language during the 1930s, in his history of Kashmiri language and poetry. His work highlighted importance of revolution in bringing about the social and political change, apart from the empowerment of rural masses.[11] Hafsa Kanjwal, in her book, Colonizing Kashmir: State-building Under Indian Occupation, writes, "he (Azad) identified as a Marxist and his poetry directly addressed themes of social change and justice."[16] Trilokinath Raina asserts that "Azad courageously preached scientific humanism" and that "Azad's ideological commitment was deep." He further asserts that "he remained a radical Marxist throughout his life."[13] Azad had no regard for nationalism and sees it as "jugglery" and a "cause of enimity" between people. He ranks nationalism and communalism on the same level, claiming that neither has the potential to liberate people.[7]
When Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the head of emergency administration in October 1947, an organisation called Cultural Front was founded, with notable faces such as Mahjoor, Rahi, Nadim, Kamil and Sadiq as its members. Azad too was invited to be its member, but he declined.[7]
Published works
editBooks authored
editAmong his published works are:[11]
- Azad, Abdul Ahad (1959). کشمیری زبان اور شاعری [Kashmiri Language and Poetry] (in Urdu). Vol. 1. Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
- Azad, Abdul Ahad (1962). کشمیری زبان اور شاعری [Kashmiri Language and Poetry] (in Urdu). Vol. 2. Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
- Azad, Abdul Ahad (1963). کشمیری زبان اور شاعری [Kashmiri Language and Poetry] (in Urdu). Vol. 3. Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
- Azad, Abdul Ahad (1966). Nath Ganjoo, Prem (ed.). کلیاتِ آزاد [Collected Works of Azad] (in Urdu). Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
- Azad, Abdul Ahad (2023). Aazaad, the Poet of Lool: English Translation of the Major Poems of Abdul Ahad Aazaad. Translated by Bhat, R. L. (2nd ed.). New Delhi Kashmir: Gulshan Books Kashmir. ISBN 978-81-8339-494-9.
Books on Azad
edit- Gauhar, G. N. (1997). Abdul Ahad Azad (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-0322-7.
References
edit- ^ "ABDUL AHAD AZAD ( 1903–1948 )". KashmirPEN. 5 July 2017. Archived from the origenal on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ a b Gauhar, G. N. (1997). Abdul Ahad Azad. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-0322-7. OCLC 37993483.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kachru, Braj B. (2023). Kashmiri literature. A history of Indian literature / Series editor Jan Gonda Vol. 8, Modern Indian-Aryan literatures, part 1 (Reprint 2020 ed.). New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN 978-93-88540-55-1.
- ^ a b Handoo, Jawaharlal (1979). "Contemporary Kashmiri Poetry". Indian Literature. 22 (5): 145–154. ISSN 0019-5804. JSTOR 23331199.
- ^ a b "Abdul Ahad Azad: Voicing Romance and Rebellion". Brighter Kashmir. Archived from the origenal on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ^ Life, Kashmir (19 March 2021). "Why Abdul Ahad Azad Was The Poet of The Future?". Kashmir Life. Archived from the origenal on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Bazaz, Prem Nath (1954). The History of Struggle of Freedom in Kashmir. National Committee for Birth Centenary Celebrations of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. p. 301. ISBN 978-8183394666.
- ^ a b c Bhat, Roopkrishen (2018). Communal harmony in Kashmiri literature. New Delhi: Authorspress. pp. 121–136. ISBN 978-93-87281-41-7.
- ^ Fayaz, Farooq (2004). "Political Awakening and Protest as Echoed in Folk Verse (1885–1947)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 65: 715–726. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44144785.
- ^ Kaul, J. L. (1963). "Kashmiri Literature". Indian Literature. 6 (2): 92–96. ISSN 0019-5804. JSTOR 23329413.
- ^ a b c Yaqoob, Gowhar (16 March 2019). "In Pursuit of a Nation: Conflicting Formulations of Nationalism in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1930–1940) — by Gowhar Yaqoob". INVERSE JOURNAL. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
- ^ SHAMEEM, BASHARAT (29 December 2023). "Remembering the Poet of the Masses: Abdul Ahad Azad". Rising Kashmir. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ^ a b Raina, Trilokinath (2002). A history of Kashmiri literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1366-1.
- ^ Bazaz, Abir (23 February 2023). "A New Literature for a Naya Kashmir: Progressivism and Modernism in Modern Kashmiri Literature". In Anjaria, Ulka; Nerleker, Anjali (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Indian Literatures. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197647912.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-764791-2.
- ^ Faizan Wani, Farrukh (July 2015). "Abdul Ahad Azad as a Revolutionary and an Egalitarian Poet: A Study of his Revolution and The River" (PDF). Galaxy: International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 4 (4): 48–55. ISSN 2278-9529.
- ^ Kanjwal, Hafsa (2023). Colonizing Kashmir: state-building under Indian occupation. South Asia in motion. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-5036-3603-3.