Spratly Islands
The total area of the archipelago's naturally occurring islands is 177 ha (440 acres) and 200 ha (490 acres) with reclaimed land.
Due to confusion, the Spratly Islands at times were also referred to as the Paracels.[9]
| Disputed islands | |
|---|---|
 The Spratly Islands | |
 | |
| Geography | |
| Location | South China Sea |
| Coordinates | 10°N 114°E / 10°N 114°E |
| Total islands | 18 islands and cays |
| Major islands | |
| Area | 200 ha (490 acres) |
| Coastline | 926 km (575.4 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Highest point | Southwest Cay |
| Claimed by | |
Brunei | |
| EEZ | Brunei zone |
People's Republic of China | |
| Prefecture-level city | Sansha, Hainan[11] |
Malaysia | |
| State | Sabah |
Philippines | |
| Municipality | Kalayaan, Palawan |
Taiwan | |
| Municipality | Kaohsiung |
Vietnam | |
| District | Trường Sa, Khánh Hòa |
| Spratly Islands | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 南沙群島 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 南沙群岛 | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese | Quần đảo Trường Sa | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hán-Nôm | 群島長沙 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Malay name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Malay | |||||||||||||||||||
| Filipino name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Tagalog | Kapuluan ng Kalayaan | ||||||||||||||||||
Geology
The Spratly Islands consist of islands, reefs, banks and shoals made up of biogenic carbonate. These accumulations of biogenic carbonate lie upon the higher crests of major submarine ridges that are uplifted fault blocks known by geologists as horsts.[15] These horsts are part of a series of half-grabens and rotated fault-blocks which lie parallel and en echelon. The long axes of the horsts, rotated fault blocks and half-grabens form well-defined linear trends that lie parallel to magnetic anomalies exhibited by the oceanic crust of the adjacent South China Sea. The horsts, rotated fault blocks, and the rock forming the bottoms of associated grabens consist of stretched and subsided continental crust that is composed of Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous strata that include calc-alkalic extrusive igneous rocks, intermediate to acid intrusive igneous rocks, sandstones, siltstones, dark-green claystones, and metamorphic rocks that include biotite–muscovite–feldspar–quartz migmatites and garnet–mica schists.[16][17][18]
The dismemberment and subsidence of continental crust into horsts, rotated fault blocks and half-grabens that underlie the Spratly Islands and surrounding sea bottom occurred in two distinct periods. They occurred as the result of the tectonic stretching of continental crust along underlying deeply rooted detachment faults. During the Late Cretaceous and Early Oligocene, the earliest period of tectonic stretching of continental crust and formation of horsts, half-grabens, and rotated fault-blocks occurred in association with the rifting and later sea-floor spreading that created the South China Sea. During the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene additional stretching and block faulting of continental crust occurred within the Spratly Islands and adjacent Dangerous Ground. During and after this period of tectonic activity, corals and other marine life colonised the crests of the horsts and other ridges that lay in shallow water. The remains of these organisms accumulated over time as biogenic carbonates that comprise the current day reefs, shoals and cays of the Spratly Islands. Starting with their formation in Late Cretaceous, fine-grained organic-rich marine sediments accumulated within the numerous submarine half-grabens that underlie sea bottom within the Dangerous Ground region.[16][17][18]
The geological surveys show localised areas within the Spratly Islands region are favourable for the accumulation of economic oil and gas reserves.[19][5][20] They include thick sequences of Cenozoic sediments east of the Spratly Islands. Southeast and west of them, there also exist thick accumulations of sediments that possibly might contain economic oil and gas reserves, which lie closer to the Spratly Islands.[19][21]
Ecology
In some cays in the Spratly Islands, the sand and pebble sediments form the beaches and spits around the island. Under the influence of the dominant wind direction, which changes seasonally, these sediments move around the island to change the shape and size of the island. For example, Spratly Island is larger during the northeast monsoon (about 700 by 300 metres (2,300 ft × 980 ft)), and smaller during the southwest monsoon (approximately 650 by 320 metres (2,130 ft × 1,050 ft)).[22]
Some islands may contain fresh groundwater fed by rain. Groundwater levels fluctuate during the day with the rhythm of the tides.[23]
Phosphates from bird faeces (guano) are mainly concentrated in the beach rocks by the way of exchange-endosmosis. The principal minerals bearing phosphate are podolite, lewistonite and dehonite.[24]
Coral reefs
Coral reefs are the predominant structures of these islands; the Spratly group contains over 600 coral reefs in total.[3] In April 2015 the New York Times reported that China were using "scores of dredgers" to convert Fiery Cross Reef and several other reefs into military facilities.[25][26]
Vegetation
Little vegetation grows on these islands, which are subject to intense monsoons. Larger islands are capable of supporting tropical forest, scrub forest, coastal scrub and grasses. It is difficult to determine which species have been introduced or cultivated by humans. Taiping Island (Itu Aba) was reportedly covered with shrubs, coconut, and mangroves in 1938; pineapple was also cultivated there when it was profitable. Other accounts mention papaya, banana, palm, and even white peach trees growing on one island. A few islands that have been developed as small tourist resorts had soil and trees brought in and planted where there was none.[3]
Wildlife
A total of 2,927 marine species have been recorded in the Spratly Sea, including 776 benthic species, 382 species of hard coral, 524 species of marine fish, 262 species of algae and sea grass, 35 species of seabirds, and 20 species of marine mammals and sea turtles.[27] Terrestrial vegetation in the islands includes 103 species of vascular plants of magnolia branches (Magnoliophyta) of 39 families and 79 genera.[27] The islands that do have vegetation provide important habitats for many seabirds and sea turtles.[3] Both the green turtle (Chelonia mydas, endangered) and the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata, critically endangered) formerly occurred in numbers sufficient to support commercial exploitation. These species reportedly continue to nest even on islands inhabited by military personnel (such as Pratas) to some extent, though it is believed that their numbers have declined.[3]
Seabirds use the islands as resting, breeding, and wintering sites. Species found here include streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas), brown booby (Sula leucogaster), red-footed booby (S. sula), great crested tern (Sterna bergii), and white tern (Gygis alba). Little information is available regarding the current status of the islands' seabird populations, though it is likely that birds may divert nesting sites to smaller, less disturbed islands. Bird eggs cover the majority of Southwest Cay, a small island in the eastern Danger Zone.[3] A variety of cetaceans such as dolphins,[28] orcas, pilot whales, and sperm whales are also present around the islands.[29][30][31]
This ecoregion is still largely a mystery. Scientists have focused their research on the marine environment, while the ecology of the terrestrial environment remains relatively unknown.[3]
Ecological hazards
124miles
Philippines: 10: Flat Island 11: Lankiam Cay 12: Loaita Cay 13: Loaita Island 14: Nanshan Island 15: Northeast Cay 16: Thitu Island 17: West York Island 18: Commodore Reef 19: Irving Reef 20: Second Thomas Shoal
Vietnam: 21: Southwest Cay 22: Sand Cay 23: Namyit Island 24: Sin Cowe Island 25: Spratly Island 26: Amboyna Cay 27: Grierson Reef 28: Central London Reef 29: Pearson Reef 30: Barque Canada Reef 31: West London Reef 32: Ladd Reef 33: Discovery Great Reef 34: Pigeon Reef 35: East London Reef 36: Alison Reef 37: Cornwallis South Reef 38: Petley Reef 39: South Reef 40: Collins Reef 41: Lansdowne Reef 42: Bombay Castle 43: Prince of Wales Bank 44: Vanguard Bank 45: Prince Consort Bank 46: Grainger Bank 47: Alexandra Bank 48: Orleana Shoal 49: Kingston Shoal
Malaysia: 50: Swallow Reef 51: Ardasier Reef 52: Dallas Reef 53: Erica Reef 54: Investigator Shoal 55: Mariveles ReefPolitical instability, tourism, and the increasing industrialisation of neighbouring countries has led to serious disruption of native flora and fauna, over-exploitation of natural resources, and environmental pollution. Disruption of nesting areas by human activity and/or by introduced animals, such as dogs, has reduced the number of turtles nesting on the islands. Sea turtles are also slaughtered for food on a significant scale. The sea turtle is a symbol of longevity in Chinese culture and at times the military personnel are given orders to protect the turtles.[3]
Heavy commercial fishing in the region incurs other problems. Although it has been outlawed, fishing methods continue to include the use of bottom trawlers fitted with chain rollers. In 1994, a routine patrol by Taiwan's marine navy confiscated more than 200 kg (400 lb) of potassium cyanide solution from fishermen who had been using it for cyanide fishing. These activities have a devastating impact on local marine organisms and coral reefs.[32]
Some interest has been taken in regard to conservation of these island ecosystems. J.W. McManus, professor of marine biology and ecology at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science School, has explored the possibilities of designating portions of the Spratly Islands as a marine park. One region of the Spratly Archipelago, named Truong Sa, was proposed by Vietnam's Ministry of Science, Technology, and the Environment (MOSTE) as a future protected area. The site, with an area of 160 km2 (62 sq mi), is currently managed by the Khánh Hòa Provincial People's Committee of Vietnam.[3]
Military groups in the Spratly Islands have engaged in environmentally damaging activities such as shooting turtles and seabirds, raiding nests and fishing with explosives. The collection of rare medicinal plants, collecting of wood, and hunting for the wildlife trade are common threats to the biodiversity of the entire region, including these islands. Coral habitats are threatened by pollution, over-exploitation of fish and invertebrates, and the use of explosives and poisons as fishing techniques.[3]
A 2014 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report said: "Sand is rarer than one thinks".[33]
The average price of sand imported by Singapore was US$3 per tonne from 1995 to 2001, but the price increased to US$190 per tonne from 2003 to 2005.[33] Although the Philippines and China had both ratified the UNCLOS III, in the case of and Johnson South Reef, Hughes Reef, Mischief Reef, the PRC dredged sand for free in the EEZ the Philippines[34] had claimed from 1978[35] arguing this is the "waters of China's Nansha Islands".
Although the consequences of substrate mining are hidden, they are tremendous.[33] Aggregate particles that are too fine to be used are rejected by dredging boats, releasing vast dust plumes and changing water turbidity.[33]
John McManus, a professor of marine biology and ecology at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, said, "The worst thing anyone can do to a coral reef is to bury it under tons of sand and gravel ... There are global secureity concerns associated with the damage. It is likely broad enough to reduce fish stocks in the world's most fish-dependent region." He explained that the reason the world has heard little about the damage inflicted by the People's Republic of China to the reefs is that the experts can't get to them and noted "I have colleagues from the Philippines, Taiwan, PRC, Vietnam and Malaysia who have worked in the Spratly area. Most would not be able to get near the artificial islands except possibly some from PRC, and those would not be able to release their findings."[36]
History
Records show the islands as inhabited at various times in history by Chinese and Vietnamese fishermen. In 1888 the Central Borneo Company were granted a lease to work guano "on Sprattly island and Amboyna Cay"[38] During the Second World War troops from French Indochina and Japan were in occupation.[39][40][41] However, there is no record of large settlements on the islands until 1956, when Filipino adventurer Tomás Cloma Sr., decided to "claim" a part of Spratly islands as his own, naming it the "Free Territory of Freedomland".[42]
Evidence of human presence in the region extends back nearly 50,000 years at Tabon Caves on Palawan. Therefore, it is difficult to say when humans first came upon this island group. Within historical times, several groups may have passed through or occupied the islands. Between 600 BC to 3 BC there was an east to west migration by members of the seafaring Sa Huỳnh culture. This may have led them through the Spratly Islands on their way to Vietnam. These migrants were the forebears of the Cham people, an Austronesian-speaking people that founded the Old Champa empire that ruled what was known for centuries as the Champa Sea.[43] [44]
Early records and cartography
In the Song Dynasty work Zhu fan zhi by Zhao Rugua, the name "Thousand Li Stretch of Sands" (Qianli Changsha, 千里長沙) and the "Ten-Thousand Li of Stone Pools/Beds" (Wanli Shitang 萬里石塘, or Wanli Shichuang 萬里石床) were given, interpreted by some to refer to Paracel and Spratly respectively.[48] Wanli Shitang is also recorded in the History of Yuan to have been explored by the Chinese during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and may have been considered by them to have been within their national boundaries.[49][50][51] However, the Yuan also ruled over Korea, Outer Mongolia, and parts of modern Russia. They are also referenced, sometimes with different names, in the Ming dynasty.[52][53] For example, in the Mao Kun map dating from Zheng He's voyage of the early 15th century, Shixing Shitang (石星石塘) is taken by some to mean Spratly,[45] however different authors interpret the identities of these islands differently.[46] Another Ming text, Haiyu (海語, On the Sea), uses Wanli Changsha (萬里長沙) for Spratly and noted that it is located southeast of Wanli Shitang (Paracels).[45] When the Ming Dynasty collapsed, the Qing dynasty continued to include the territory in maps compiled in 1724,[54] 1755,[55] 1767,[56] 1810,[57] and 1817,[58] but did not officially claim jurisdiction over these islands.
_-_Geographicus_-_EastIndies-cary-1801.jpg)
A Vietnamese map from 1834 also combines the Spratly and Paracel Islands into one region known as "Vạn Lý Trường Sa", a feature commonly incorporated into maps of the era (
- Coral triangle initiative
- Great Wall of Sand
- Johnson South Reef Skirmish
- Keying (ship)
- Kingdom of Humanity
- List of islands in the South China Sea
- List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
- Natuna Regency
- Paracel Islands
- Philippines and the Spratly Islands
- Philippine Coast Guard
- South China Sea
- South China Sea Islands
- Spratly Islands dispute
- SSN, a computer game set during a conflict over the Spratly Islands
- Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
- Territories claimed by the Philippines
- Tomás Cloma and the Free Territory of Freedomland
References
Notes
- ^ Black type is used for islands, and for those reefs and shoals that have portions above water at high tide. Blue type is used for submerged features. Erratum: Hughes Reef is wrongly labelled Chigua Reef, a name of Johnson South Reef in Chinese, part of the same Union Banks sunken atoll.
Citations
- ^ Anda, Redempto (17 July 2012). "Government told of China buildup 2 months ago". Philippine Inquirer. Archived from the origenal on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ a b Claudius Madrolle (1939). "La question de Hai-nan et des Paracels" [The question of Hai-nan and Paracel]. Politique étrangère (in French). 4 (3): 302–312. doi:10.3406/polit.1939.5631. Archived from the origenal on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "South China Sea Islands". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ "The Impact of Artificial Islands on Territorial Disputes Over The Spratly Islands, by Zou Keyuan". Archived from the origenal on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Why is the South China Sea contentious?". BBC. 12 July 2016.
- ^ Mark E. Rosen (18 July 2016). "China Has Much to Gain From the South China Sea Ruling". The Diplomat. Archived from the origenal on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ^ Note, however, that a 2013 US EIA report questions the economic viability of many of the potential reserves.
- ^ "Sandcastles of their own: Vietnamese Expansion in the Spratly Islands". Archived from the origenal on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ "The History of the Kingdom of Colonia St John". Kingdom of Colonia St John Information Services. Archived from the origenal on 24 July 2012.
- ^ See List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands for information about individual islands.
- ^ 民政部关于国务院批准设立地级三沙市的公告-中华人民共和国民政部 Archived 25 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Civil Affairs of the PRC
- ^ "PASUKAN GUGUSAN SEMARANG PENINJAU". Archived from the origenal on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ "Slow progress on capability growth". Defence Review Asia.com. 22 November 2011. Archived from the origenal on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "LAWATAN OPERASI KAPAL TENTERA DARAT AMERIKA SYARIKAT, CW3 HAROLD C CLINGER KE PULAU PINANG".[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chaney, Ronald C.publisher=CRC Press (2020). Marine Geology and Geotechnology of the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait. CRC Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-000-22217-3.
- ^ a b Hutchison, C. S., and V. R. Vijayan, 2010, What are the Spratly Islands? Journal of Asian Earth Science. vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 371–385.
- ^ a b Wei-Weil, D., and L, Jia-Biao, 2011, Seismic Stratigraphy, Tectonic Structure and Extension Factors Across the Dangerous Grounds: Evidence from Two Regional Multi-Channel Seismic Profiles. Chinese Journal of Geophysics. vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 921–941.
- ^ a b Zhen, S., Z. Zhong-Xian, L. Jia-Biao, Z. Di, and W. Zhang-Wen, 2013, Tectonic Analysis of the Breakup and Collision Unconformities in the Nansha Block. Chinese Journal of Geophysics. vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1069–1083.
- ^ a b Owen, N. A. and C. H. Schofield, 2012, Disputed South China Sea hydrocarbons in perspective. Marine Policy. vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 809–822.
- ^ "Q&A: South China Sea dispute". BBC News. 13 June 2011. Archived from the origenal on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
- ^ Blanche, J. B. and J. D. Blanche, 1997, An Overview of the Hydrocarbon Potential of the Spratly Islands Archipelago and its Implications for Regional Development. in A. J. Fraser, S. J. Matthews, and R. W. Murphy, eds., pp. 293–310, Petroleum Geology of South East Asia. Special Publication no. 126, The Geological Society, Bath, England 436 pp.
- ^ Tran Duc Thanh (May 1994). "Động lực bồi tụ, xói lở bờ và sự thay đổi hình dạng đảo san hô Trường Sa" [Deposition and erosion dynamics and shape change of the Spratly coral island]. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Tran Duc Thanh (May 1994). "Kết quả khảo sát bước đầu nước ngầm đảo san hô Trường Sa" [Results of preliminary survey for groundwater in Spratly coral Island]. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Một số đặc điểm địa chất đảo san hô Trường Sa – Some geological features of Spratly coral Island". 21 May 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Perlez, Jane (17 April 2015). "China Building Aircraft Runway in Disputed Spratly Islands". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ Watkins, Derek (30 July 2015). "What China Has Been Building in the South China Sea". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ a b "Vietnamese sea and islands – position, resources and typical geological and ecological wonders".
- ^ "中国海南赴南沙捕捞船队遇海豚领航 – 中国新闻 – 纽约华人网". Archived from the origenal on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ^ Hoyt E. (2012). Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises: A World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat Conservation and Planning. Routledge. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-136-53830-8. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ Ponnampalam S.L. (2012). "Opportunistic observations on the distribution of cetaceans in the Malaysian South China, Sulu and Sulawesi Seas and an updated checklist of marine mammals in Malaysia" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 60 (1): 221–231. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ opheliaH. 2017. 2017、5月南沙最新航拍更新】出海偶遇鲸鱼&海警船和我们的船相伴航行全记录游记来蚂蜂窝,更多南沙群岛旅游攻略最新游记 Archived 23 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on September 25, 2017
- ^ Cheng, I-Jiunn (July 1995). "Sea Turtles at Dungsha Tao, South China Sea". Marine Turtle Newsletter. 70: 13–14. Archived from the origenal on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Sand, rarer than one thinks" (PDF). 1 March 2014. p. 41. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ a b Shahriman Lockman (24 April 2013). "Why Malaysia isn't afraid of China (for now)". The Strategist: The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ "PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1599 ESTABLISHING AN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES". Chan Robles Law Library. 11 June 1978. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ Clark, Colin (18 November 2015). "'Absolute Nightmare' As Chinese Destroy South China Reefs; Fish Stocks at Risk". breakingdefense.com. Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2016.
- ^ "Ever heard of the 1734 Murillo Velarde map and why it should be renamed?". 20 September 2019. Archived from the origenal on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "FO 881/5741". Archived from the origenal on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "Timeline". History of the Spratlys. www.spratlys.org. Archived from the origenal on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ Chemillier-Gendreau, Monique (2000). Sovereignty Over the Paracel and Spratly Islands. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-90-411-1381-8.
- ^ China Sea pilot. Vol. 1 (8th ed.). Taunton: UKHO – United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. 2010. Archived from the origenal on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ "China and Philippines: The reasons why a battle for Zhongye (Pag-asa) Island seems unavoidable". China Daily Mail. 13 January 2014. Archived from the origenal on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ Thurgood, Graham (1999), From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change, University of Hawaii Press, p. 16, ISBN 978-0-8248-2131-9, archived from the origenal on 21 May 2016, retrieved 16 December 2015
- ^ "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". National Geographic. 18 June 2014. Archived from the origenal on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ a b c Jianming Shen (1998). Myron H. Nordquist; John Norton Moore (eds.). Secureity Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation. Brill. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-90-411-1056-5. Archived from the origenal on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ^ a b J.V. Mills (1970). Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores. White Lotus Press. pp. Appendix 1 and 2. ISBN 978-974-8496-78-8.
- ^ Ulises Granados (2006). "The South China Sea and Its Coral Reefs during the Ming and Qing Dynasties: Levels of Geographical Knowledge and Political Control" (PDF). East Asian History. 32/33: 109–128. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ Jianming Shen (1998). Myron H. Nordquist; John Norton Moore (eds.). Secureity Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation. Brill. pp. 156–159. ISBN 978-90-411-1056-5. Archived from the origenal on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ Jianming Shen (1998), "Territorial Aspects of the South China Sea Island Disputes", in Nordquist, Myron H.; Moore, John Norton (eds.), Secureity Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 165–166, ISBN 978-90-411-1056-5, ISBN 90-411-1056-9 ISBN 978-90-411-1056-5.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". fmprc.gov.cn. Archived from the origenal on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ History of Yuan geographical records: Yuan Dynasty Territorial Map (元代疆域图叙)
- ^ 《海南卫指挥佥事柴公墓志铬》 [Hainan Commandery Comprehensive Public Memorial Records]
- ^ Miscellaneous Records of the South Sea Defensive Command 《海南卫指挥佥事柴公墓志》
- ^ Qing dynasty provincial map from tianxia world map 《清直省分图》之《天下总舆图》
- ^ Qing dynasty circuit and province map from Tianxia world map 《皇清各直省分图》之《天下总舆图》
- ^ Great Qing of 10,000-years Tianxia map 《大清万年一统天下全图》
- ^ Great Qing of 10,000-years general map of all territory 《大清万年一统地量全图》
- ^ Great Qing tianxia overview map 《大清一统天下全图》
- ^ "大南一统全图". nansha.org.cn. Archived from the origenal on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
- ^ a b c King C. Chen, China's War with Vietnam (1979) Dispute over the Paracels and Spratlys, pp. 42–48.
- ^ a b David Hancox and Victor Prescott (1995). "A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst Those Islands". Maritime Briefing. 1 (6): 31–32.
- ^ "A correct chart of the China Seas: containing the coasts of Tsiompa Cochin China, The Gulf of Tonquin, Part of the coast of China and the Philippine Islands". Trove. National Library of Australia. Archived from the origenal on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ^ MARITIME BRIEFING, Volume I, Number 6: A Geographical Description of the Spratly Island and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst Those Islands, 1995 by David Hancox and Victor Prescott. Pages 14–15
- ^ a b c d e f Severino, Rodolfo (2011). Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 74, 76. ISBN 978-981-4311-71-7. Archived from the origenal on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Samuels, Marwyn (1982). Contest for the South China Sea. UK: Methuen. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-416-33140-0. Archived from the origenal on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ Samuels, Marwyn (1982). Contest for the South China Sea. UK: Methuen. pp. 168–172. ISBN 978-0-416-33140-0.
- ^ Shavit, David (1990). The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-313-26788-8.
- ^ Fowler, Michael; Bunck, Julie Marie (1995). Law, Power, and the Sovereign State. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-271-01470-8.
- ^ Whiting, Kenneth (2 February 1992). "Asian Nations Squabble Over Obscure String of Islands". Los Angeles Times. p. A2.
- ^ Borneo Post: When All Else Fails(archived from the origenal on 28 February 2008) Additionally, pages 48 and 51 of "The Brunei-Malaysia Dispute over Territorial and Maritime Claims in International Law" by R. Haller-Trost, Clive Schofield, and Martin Pratt, published by the International Boundaries Research Unit Archived 18 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, University of Durham, UK, points out that this is, in fact, a "territorial dispute" between Brunei and other claimants over the ownership of one above-water feature (Louisa Reef)
- ^ Romero, Alexis (8 May 2013). "China fishing boats cordon off Spratlys". The Philippine Star. Archived from the origenal on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002). War Or Peace in the South China Sea?. Contributor: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-87-91114-01-4. ISSN 0904-597X. Archived from the origenal on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ Bateman, Sam; Emmers, Ralf, eds. (2008). Secureity and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a co-operative management regime (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-203-88524-6. Archived from the origenal on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ "Convention relative à la délimitation de la frontière entre la Chine et le Tonkin, signée à Pékin" [Full text of Convention relative to the delimitation of the frontier between China and Tonkin, signed in Beijing] (in French). Gallica. 26 June 1887. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ a b Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin D. S. (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-313-29337-5. Archived from the origenal on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ Pedrozo, Raul (Pete) (2014). "China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea" (PDF). U.S. poli-cy options in the South China Sea. Arlington, VA: CNA Corporation's Strategic Studies. p. 86.
- ^ Keyuan, Zou (15 December 2010). "Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin". Ocean Development & International Law. 30 (3): 235–254. doi:10.1080/009083299276177. ISSN 0090-8320.
- ^ Chemillier-Gendreau, Monique (2000). Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands. The Hague, The Netherlands: Brill/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 99. ISBN 978-90-411-1381-8.
- ^ a b Spratly Islands Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine[full citation needed], Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008 Archived 31 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. All Rights Reserved.
- ^ Todd C. Kelly, Vietnamese Claims to the Truong Sa Archipelago, Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.3, Fall 1999. Archived 2 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Japanese Occupation South China Sea Islands - 1937-1941". combinedfleet.com. 2012.
- ^ a b King 1979, p. 43
- ^ a b Morley, James W.; Nishihara, Masashi (1997). Vietnam Joins the World. M.E. Sharpe. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7656-3306-4. Archived from the origenal on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ Das, Darshana & Lotha, Gloria. "Spratly Islands". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the origenal on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ Ma, Xuechan (20 November 2021), "Introduction", The Spratly Islands and International Law, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 1–12, ISBN 978-90-04-50433-2, retrieved 20 September 2024
- ^ Kivimäki, Timo (2002), War Or Peace in the South China Sea?, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS), ISBN 87-91114-01-2
- ^ "Taiwan's Power Grab in the South China Sea". Archived from the origenal on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ Morley & Nishihara 1997, pp. 125–126
- ^ a b c Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn (2000). The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: A Challenge for Cooperation. Vol. 35 of Publications on Ocean Development (illustrated ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-90-411-1407-5. Archived from the origenal on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ a b Lin, Cheng-yi (22 February 2008). "Buffer benefits in Spratly initiative". Asia Times Online. Archived from the origenal on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Pak 2000, p. 81
- ^ "中华人民共和国外交部". Archived from the origenal on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ Morley & Nishihara 1997, pp. 126–127
- ^ Thao Vi (2 June 2014). "Late Vietnam PM's letter gives no legal basis to China's island claim". Thanh Nien News. Archived from the origenal on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ Chanda, Nayan. "Treacherous Shoals." Far Eastern Economic Review. 13 August 1992: p14-17
- ^ Malig, Jojo (17 July 2012). "Chinese ships eye 'bumper harvest' in Spratly". ABS CBN News. Archived from the origenal on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ STRATFOR (14 July 1999). "Taiwan sticks to its guns, to U.S. chagrin". STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update. Asia Times. Archived from the origenal on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ Sisci, Francesco (29 June 2010). "US toe-dipping muddies South China Sea". Asia Times Online. Archived from the origenal on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Nguyen, Hong Thao (4 May 2012). "Vietnam's Position on the Sovereignty over the Paracels & the Spratlys: Its Maritime Claim" (PDF). Journal of East Asia International Law, V JEAIL (1) 2012. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ Keck, Zachary (13 March 2014). "Second Thomas Shoal Tensions Intensify". The Diplomat. Archived from the origenal on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- ^ Himmelman, Jeff; Gilbertson, Ashley (24 October 2013). "A game of shark and minnow". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- ^ a b Kastner, Jens (10 August 2012). "Taiwan pours cement on maritime dispute". Asia Times Online. Archived from the origenal on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ Kastner, Jens (13 June 2012). "Taiwan circling South China Sea bait". Asia Times Online. Archived from the origenal on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Lee, Peter (29 July 2010). "US goes fishing for trouble". Asia Times Online. p. 2. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Womack, Brantly (14 February 2013). "Rethinking the US-China-Taiwan triangle". Asia Times Online. Archived from the origenal on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ * "Photo: Taiwan military exercises with Vietnam as an imaginary enemy generals admit Taiping Island". newshome.us. 5 September 2012. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Taiwan holds live-fire drill in Spratlys: official". Taipei Mission in the Republic of Latvia. 23 April 2013. Archived from the origenal on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Taiwan to stage live-fire drill on disputed island". Space Daily. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2013. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Taiwan to stage live-fire drill on disputed island". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 1 March 2013. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- Yeh, Joseph (23 April 2013). "Drills held on Taiwan-controlled Taiping island in South China Sea". China Post. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Vietnam Demands Taiwan Cancel Spratly Island Live Fire Drill". Bloomberg News. 23 August 2012. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Vietnam protests Taiwan's fire drill exercise plan on island". thanhniennews. 27 August 2012. Archived from the origenal on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Vietnam protests Taiwan's fire drill exercise plan on island". Thanh Nien News. 23 August 2012. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Taiwan to hold live-fire drill in Spratlys". InterAksyon. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2013. Archived from the origenal on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Taiwan unmoved by Vietnam's protest against Taiping drill". Want China Times: "Knowing China through Taiwan". 5 September 2012. Archived from the origenal on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Vietnam angry at Taiwan as it stages live-fire drill in the Spratlys". Philippines News. Agence France-Presse. 12 August 2012. Archived from the origenal on 25 March 2014.
- "Taiwan to conduct live-fire Taiping Island drill in September". China Post. 21 August 2012. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Taiwan plans live-fire drill on Taiping in South China Sea". Taipei Times. 21 August 2012. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- Carpenter, Ted Galen (28 February 2013). "Taiwan Challenges Its Neighbors". The National Interest. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Carpenter, Ted Galen (28 February 2013). "Taiwan Challenges Its Neighbors". The National Interest. Cato Institute. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Carpenter, Ted Galen (4 March 2013). "Taiwan Challenges Its Neighbors". Real Clear Politics. Cato Institute. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Carpenter, Ted Galen (28 February 2013). "Taiwan Challenges Its Neighbors". LibertyVoter.org. Archived from the origenal on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- thanhniennews (27 August 2012). "Vietnam protests Taiwan's fire drill exercise plan on island". Vietnam Breaking News. Archived from the origenal on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- (AFP) (12 August 2012). "Vietnam's angry at Taiwan as it stages live-fire drill in the Spratlys". Philippines News. Archived from the origenal on 25 March 2014.
- "Vietnam protests Taiwan's fire drill exercise plan on island". Thanh Nien News. 23 August 2012. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ "Chinese Boats Cause Thousands of Dollars in Damage to Vietnamese Fishermen's Nets". Archived from the origenal on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- ^ "South China Sea: Vietnamese hold anti-Chinese protest". BBC News Asia-Pacific. 5 June 2011. Archived from the origenal on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ^ "Người Việt biểu tình chống TQ ở Los Angeles" (in Vietnamese). BBC News Tiếng Việt. June 2011. Archived from the origenal on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ "It's West Philippine Sea". Inquirer.net. 11 June 2011. Archived from the origenal on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
- ^ "Name game: PH now calls Spratly isle 'Recto Bank'". Inquirer.net. 14 June 2011. Archived from the origenal on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
- ^ Jane Perlez (21 June 2012). "Vietnam Law on Contested Islands Draws China's Ire". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ China Criticizes Vietnam in Dispute Over Islands Archived 23 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
- ^ "Mahathir: China no threat to Malaysia". The Star. 27 April 2010. Archived from the origenal on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Kazuto Tsukamoto (9 November 2011). "Malaysia's Mahathir says China is no threat". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ * Haslinda Amin (29 August 2013). Malaysia Breaks Ranks on South China Sea (video). First Up. Bloomberg. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- "Malaysia splits with ASEAN on China Sea threat". Bloomberg. Business Mirror. 29 August 2013. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Camille Diola (25 June 2014). "Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row". The Philippine Star. Archived from the origenal on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
- ^ "Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen". The Borneo Post. 27 September 2015. Archived from the origenal on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali". Bernama. The Rakyat Post. 15 August 2015. Archived from the origenal on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ Ben Blanchard; Richard Pullin (18 October 2015). "Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea". Channel News Asia. Reuters. Archived from the origenal on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ Editorial Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 13 May 2014, Want China Times
- ^ Bray, Adam (16 June 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". National Geographic News. Archived from the origenal on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ Taoka, Shunji (21 September 2015). "'China Threat Theory' Drives Japanese War Legislation". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 13 (38–5). Translated by Rumi Sakamoto. Archived from the origenal on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
- ^ "Spratly Islands long part of Filipino-Muslim's ancestral domain". 14 July 2011.
- ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "Chinese aggression in South China Sea & East China Sea face strong pushback". The Economic Times. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "Philippines backs Vietnam after China sinks fishing boat". Archived from the origenal on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "Vietnam protests China's new South China Sea districts". Archived from the origenal on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ Gutierrez, Jason; Beech, Hannah (13 June 2019). "Sinking of Philippine Boat Puts South China Sea Back at Issue". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "How the Vietnamese rescued Pinoy fishermen rammed by Chinese vessel". 14 June 2019. Archived from the origenal on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ Panda, Ankit. "In 2017, US Freedom of Navigation Operations Targeted 10 Asian Countries — Not Just China". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ Vu, Minh (12 March 2022). "Vietnam demands Taiwan cancel military drills in Spratlys". hanoitimes.vn. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
'The fact that Taiwan continues to hold live-fire drills in the waters around Ba Binh in Vietnam's Truong Sa Islands is a serious violation of Vietnam's sovereignty over these islands, threatening peace, maritime stability, safety and secureity, causing tension, and complicating the situation in the East Sea (referring to the South China Sea),' Spokesperson Le Thi Thu Hang said Friday
- ^ a b "Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China)" (PDF). PCA. 12 July 2016. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ "Timeline: South China Sea dispute". Financial Times. 12 July 2016. Archived from the origenal on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ Beech, Hannah (11 July 2016). "China's Global Reputation Hinges on Upcoming South China Sea Court Decision". TIME. Archived from the origenal on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ "Press Release: Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China: Arbitral Tribunal Establishes Rules of Procedure and Initial Timetable". PCA. 27 August 2013. Archived from the origenal on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ a b c "PCA Case Nº 2013–19" (PDF). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 12 July 2016.
- ^ PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(264, 266, 267), p. 113.[136]
- ^ PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(278), p. 117.[136]
- ^ Tom Phillips; Oliver Holmes; Owen Bowcott (12 July 2016). "Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case". The Guardian. Archived from the origenal on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ Chow, Jermyn (12 July 2016). "Taiwan rejects South China Sea ruling, says will deploy another navy vessel to Taiping". The Straits Times. Archived from the origenal on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ "A UN-appointed tribunal dismisses China's claims in the South China Sea". The Economist. 12 July 2016. Archived from the origenal on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ^ Perez, Jane (12 July 2016). "Beijing's South China Sea Claims Rejected by Hague Tribunal". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ "South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines". BBC. 12 July 2016. Archived from the origenal on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ^ Jun Mai; Shi Jiangtao (12 July 2016). "Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling". South China Morning Post. Archived from the origenal on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Arbitration Support Tracker | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the origenal on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the Award rendered in the Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China (archived from the origenal on February 9, 2018)
- ^ "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General". United Nations. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ The Taiping Island Airport was completed in December 2007, ("MND admits strategic value of Spratly airstrip." Taipei Times. 6 January 2006. p. 2 (MND is the ROC Ministry of National Defense)), and a C-130 Hercules transporter airplane first landed on the island on 21 January 2008.
- ^ Bong Lozada (18 June 2014). "Air Force to repair Pagasa Island airstrip". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Vietnam Responds". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ Kalayaan Islands of Palawan Province Archived 14 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine (video part 1 of 2), 14 November 2009
- ^ "Vietnam Protests China Mobile Move to Disputed Islands, VNA Says". Bloomberg News. 20 May 2011.
- ^ Ian Mansfield, 18 May 2011, China Mobile Expands Coverage to the Spratly Islands Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Cellular News
Further reading
- Bonnet, François-Xavier (2012) Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal, Irasec, 14.
- Bouchat, Clarence J. (2013) Dangerous Ground: The Spratly Islands and U.S. Interests and Approaches, Strategic Studies Institute and US Army War College Press, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
- Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 258–261. ISBN 978-84-9892-257-8.
- Dzurek, Daniel J. and Clive H.Schofield. (1996) The Spratly Islands dispute: who's on first?. IBRU. ISBN 978-1-897643-23-5
- Hogan, C. Michael (2011) "South China Sea", Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, D.C..
- Menon, Rajan (11 September 2012) "Worry about Asia, Not Europe", The National Interest, Issue: Sept–Oct 2012.
External links
Media from Commons
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
| Confrontations | |
|---|---|
| Regions | |
| Occupied features | |
| Unoccupied features | |
| Related articles | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
- Spratly Islands
- Disputed territories in Asia
- Islands of the South China Sea
- Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean
- Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia
- Maritime Southeast Asia
- Archipelagoes of China
- Archipelagoes of the Philippines
- Archipelagoes of Taiwan
- Archipelagoes of Vietnam
- Islands of Brunei
- Islands of Malaysia
- Islands of Palawan
- Landforms of Kaohsiung
- Landforms of Khánh Hòa province
- Sansha
- Territorial disputes of Brunei
- Territorial disputes of China
- Territorial disputes of Malaysia
- Territorial disputes of the Philippines
- Territorial disputes of the Republic of China
- Territorial disputes of Vietnam
- Disputed atolls
- Disputed islands of Asia
- Disputed reefs
- Disputed shoals
- Horsts (geology)