Muhammad Shah
| Muhammad Shah | |||||||||
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| Padishah Al-Sultan Al-Azam | |||||||||
 Emperor Muhammad Shah holding an emerald and a mouthpiece of a huqqa, by Nidha Mal, c. 1730 | |||||||||
| Emperor of Hindustan | |||||||||
| Reign | 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 | ||||||||
| Coronation | 29 September 1719 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Shah Jahan II Jahangir II (titular) | ||||||||
| Successor | Ahmad Shah Bahadur | ||||||||
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| Born | Roshan Akhtar[1] 7 August 1702 Ghazni, Kabul Subah, Mughal Empire | ||||||||
| Died | 26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, Mughal Empire | ||||||||
| Burial | Mausoleum of Muhammad Shah, Nizamuddin Dargah, Delhi, India | ||||||||
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| House | House of Babur | ||||||||
| Dynasty | Timurid dynasty | ||||||||
| Father | Jahan Shah | ||||||||
| Mother | Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum[2] | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam (Hanafi) | ||||||||
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Surridge, Victor (1909). Romance of Empire: India.
 The occupation of Delhi was initially cordial, however, rumours spread throughout the city that Nader Shah was assassinated. The masses attacked the Persian force and killed some soldiers. Nader Shah, furious, ordered to massacre the populace, and leaving at least 30,000 dead. Muhammad Shah and Asaf Jah I had to beg Nader Shah for mercy and thus he stopped the massacre and turned to looting the Mughal treasury.[45] The famous Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor and Koh-i-Noor diamonds and unimaginable wealth was looted. In addition, elephants, horses and everything that was liked was taken. Muhammad Shah also had to hand over his daughter Jahan Afruz Banu Begum as a bride for Nader Shah's youngest son. Asaf Jah I retired to Deccan after installing his eldest son Intizam-ud-Daula as a major commander in the Mughal Army.[46] Later Maratha wars[edit]In the year 1740, Dost Ali Khan to Nawab of the Carnatic and Chanda Sahib faced the task of expelling the Marathas under Raghoji I Bhonsle, authorised by Chhatrapati Shahu I. Dost Ali Khan was killed on 20 May 1740 at the Battle of Damalcherry in defence of Arcot, which was eventually looted and plundered. Chanda Sahib along with his garrison was captured and imprisoned in Satara. Chanda Sahib and his forces ferociously defended their rightful reams during the Siege of Trichinopoly and almost all the territories of the Nawab of the Carnatic despite being outnumbered substantially by the Marathas, their daunting efforts soon attracted the attention of the French East India Company official Joseph François Dupleix.[47] Dissatisfied by the Maratha occupation of the territories of the Nawab of the Carnatic, Asaf Jah I led an expedition to liberate the region. He was joined by Sadatullah Khan II and Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan together they recaptured Arcot and initiated the Siege of Trichinopoly (1743), which lasted five months and forced the Marathas led by Murari Rao Ghorpade to evacuate the Carnatic.[47] In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji I Bhonsle, began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan. During the Maratha invasion of Orissa, its subahdar Mir Jafar completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of Alivardi Khan and the Mughal Army at the Battle of Burdwan where Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar. However, four years later, emperor Muhammad Shah ceded Orissa was ceded over to the Marathas.[37] Foreign relations[edit]Following Nader Shah's invasion, the Ottoman Empire exploited the void that was created at their eastern borders as almost all Persian forces were deployed to India. During that period, emperor Muhammad Shah tried to recover all territory until being attacked by the Durrani Empire at Battle of Manupur.[48] Marriages[edit] Emperor Muhammad Shah had four wives. His first wife and chief consort was his first-cousin, Princess Badshah Begum, the daughter of Emperor Farrukhsiyar and his first wife, Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum.[49] They married after his accession, on 8 December 1721, at Delhi,[50] and he gave her the title Malika-uz-Zamani (Queen of the Age)[2] by which she was popularly known. They had a son, Shahriyar Shah Bahadur, who died young in 1726.[2] She died on 14 December 1789. Muhammad Shah took a second wife, Sahiba Mahal, and had a daughter Hazrat Begum, who was married to Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1757.[51] His third wife was a dancing girl, Udham Bai, who bore him his successor, Ahmad Shah Bahadur on 23 December 1725. Upon his birth, he was taken from her and was lovingly brought up by Badshah Begum, who considered him her own son. It was through Badshah Begum's efforts that Ahmad Shah was able to ascend the throne upon Muhammad Shah's death in 1748.[52] Death[edit] The victory of the Mughal Army during the Battle of Manupur (1748) came with a heavy price as many fell in battle. Initially this was kept a secret. However, when the news reached the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, he could not speak, suddenly became sick, and did not come out of his apartments for three days. During this period he fasted. His guards could hear him crying out loud and saying: "How could I bring about anyone as faithful as he? (Qamaruddin Khan)". He died due to grief on 26 April 1748, his funeral was attended by visiting Imams from Mecca.[53][54] Muhammad Shah's tomb is located in an enclosure within the Nizamuddin Dargah complex.[55] In popular culture[edit]
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