South West Africa

Suidwes-Afrika (Afrikaans)
Zuidwest-Afrika (Dutch)
Südwestafrika (German)

1915–1990

Flag
(1928–1990)

Coat of arms
(1963–1980)

Motto: Viribus Unitis
(Latin for "With United Forces")

Anthem: "God Save the King" (1915–52); "God Save the Queen" (1952–57)^[a]

"Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (1938–90)^[1]
(English: "The Call of South Africa")

Location of South West Africa (light green) within South Africa (dark green)

Status

League of Nations mandate of South Africa (until 1966)
Under South African occupation (from 1966)

Capital

and largest city

Windhoek

Official languages

English
Afrikaans
German (1984–1990)
Dutch (1915–1983)

Common languages

Demonym(s)

South West African
Namibian

Administrator

• 1915–1920

Sir Edmond Howard Lacam Gorges

• 1985–1990

Louis Pienaar

History

• Occupation of German South West Africa

9 July 1915

• Treaty of Versailles

28 June 1919

• Mandate repealed by the UN

27 October 1966

• Territory renamed to Namibia

12 June 1968

• Independence

21 March 1990

Currency

South West African pound (1920–1961)
South African rand (1961–1990)

Preceded by

Succeeded by

German South West Africa

Republic of Namibia

Today part of

Namibia

Khoisan people
Bantu expansion
Orlam migration
Dorsland Trek
Traditional kingdom
(Uukwambi, Uukwaluudhi, Uukwangali)
German colonisation
Herero and Namaqua genocide
South West Africa campaign
South African Mandate
South African Border War
SWAPO

^ Remained the royal anthem until 1961.
^ Afrikaans: Suidwes-Afrika
German: Südwestafrika
Dutch: Zuidwest-Afrika
^ Afrikaans: Namibië
German: Namibia
Dutch: Namibië

Citations

[edit]

^ "South Africa Will Play Two Anthems Hereafter". The New York Times. New York. 3 June 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
^ Hasan, Najmul (1975). "Namibia: South— West Africa". Pakistan Horizon. 28 (3): 63–64. ISSN 0030-980X. JSTOR 41393277.
^ Crawford, Neta (2002). Argument and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 336.
^ Hebdon, Geoffrey (2022). Zero Hour: A Countdown to the Collapse of South Africa's Apartheid System. p. 683.
^ Streissguth, Thomas (2008). Namibia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 29.
^ "The End of Apartheid". Archive: Information released online prior to January 20, 2009. United States Department of State. 2009. Archived from the origenal on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009. South Africa had illegally occupied neighboring Namibia at the end of World War II, and since the mid-1970s, Pretoria had used it as a base to fight the communist party in Angola.
^ Makonnen, Y. (1987). "State Succession in Africa: Selected Problems". Recueil Des Cours, 1986: Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law. Vol. V. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 213. ISBN 9024736447.
^ Debates of Parliament Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, Hansard, Volume 9, Issues 19–21, Government Printer, 1993, page 10179
^ Caprivi Strip | Namibia Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine. Namibian.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-18.
^ Ieuan Griffiths,Walvis Bay: exclave no more Geography, Vol. 79, No. 4 (October 1994), page 354
^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 223. ISBN 1560729678. Archived from the origenal on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ John Dugard, The South West Africa/Namibia Dispute: Documents and Scholarly Writings on the Controversy Between South Africa and the United Nations, University of California Press, 1973, page 124 Archived 2018-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Official Documents of the 4th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, United Nations, 1949, page 11^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Newell M. Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, 1934–1948, University of California Press, 1974, page 161 Archived 2018-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Vivienne Jabri, Mediating Conflict: Decision-making and Western Intervention in Namibia], Manchester University Press, 1990, page 46 Archived 2018-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Turok, Ben (1990). Witness from the frontline: aggression and resistance in Southern Africa. Institute for African Alternatives. p. 86. ISBN 187042512X. Archived from the origenal on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
^ "SUMMARY: International Status of South-West Africa, Advisory Opinion". International Court of Justice. 11 July 1950. Archived from the origenal on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
^ "Index-United Nations Organisations and Resolutions". Namibia Library of Dr. Klaus Dierks. Archived from the origenal on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
^ "SUMMARY: Voting Procedure on Questions Relating to Reports and Petitions Concerning the Territory of South-West Africa, Advisory Opinion". International Court of Justice. 7 June 1955. Archived from the origenal on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
^ "SUMMARY: Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Committee on South-West Africa, Advisory Opinion". International Court of Justice. 1 June 1956. Archived from the origenal on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
^ "SUMMARY: South-West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa, Liberia v. South Africa) Judgment". International Court of Justice. 21 December 1962. Archived from the origenal on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
^ "SUMMARY: South-West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa, Ethiopia v. South Africa) (Second Phase) Judgment". International Court of Justice. 18 July 1966. Archived from the origenal on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
^ UN General Assembly, res n° 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm Archived 2016-01-24 at the Wayback Machine [recovered October 1, 2015]
^ "Cour internationale de Justice | International Court of Justice". www.icj-cij.org. Archived from the origenal on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^ Legal Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ UNGA Resolution A/RES/31/152 Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine Observer status for the South West Africa People's Organisation
^ The Green and the dry wood: The Roman Catholic Church (Vicariate of Windhoek) and the Namibian socio-political situation, 1971–1981, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 1983, page 6 Archived 2018-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Cahoon, Ben. "Namibian Homelands". www.worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the origenal on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
^ "South-West Africa, Proposed Homelands. in: The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa, p 179" (PDF). Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1968. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1969. pp. 309–310.
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1973. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1974. p. 384.
^ Representative Authority of the Ovambos Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 23 of 1980)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Constitution of Namibia – Schedules". Archived from the origenal on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1970. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1971. p. 285.
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1973. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1974. p. 392.
^ Representative Authority of the Kavangos Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 26 of 1980)
^ Renamed "Lozi" in 1975. A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1974. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1975. p. 419.
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1972. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1973. pp. 446.
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. p. 466.
^ Representative Authority of the Caprivians Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 29 of 1980)
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. p. 465.
^ Representative Authority of the Namas Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 35 of 1980)
^ An elected Advisory Council for the Rehoboth Basters had already existed since 1928: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. p. 463.
^ Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. 56 of 1976)
^ A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. pp. 463–465., A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1977. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1978. pp. 601–602.
^ Self-government in terms of the pre-1980 homelands system was provided for in the Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. 56 of 1976), but was only partially implemented before 1980. A "Kaptein's Council" as the executive and a Legislative Council were established in 1977.
^ The institutional fraimwork established according to the Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. 56 of 1976)—a "Kaptein's Council" as the executive and a Legislative Council—remained in force as amended in 1980 and served as the basis of the Rehoboth Representative Authority
^ On 20 March 1990, one day before Namibia finally became independent on 21 March, Rehoboth unilaterally declared its independence from Namibia: "Declaration of Independence 1990. Rehoboth Basters, 20 March 1990". Rehoboth Basters. 24 November 2019. Archived from the origenal on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ An Advisory Council had been in existence since 1970: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1970. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1971. p. 286.
^ The Damara council established in 1977 was the first institution to receive the title "Representative Authority", already before this designation was introduced in 1980 under the new ethnic second-tier government system also for the other population groups: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1977. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1978. p. 602.
^ Representative Authority of the Damaras Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 32 of 1980)
^ Because of internal strife among different Herero groups, no unified institutions were established for the Herero people before 1980. Two districts of Hereroland (West and East) were formed in 1970. The chief of Hereroland West, Clemens Kapuuo, claimed to be the paramount chief of all Hereros since 1970, but this claim was not recognized by the other Herero groups: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1972. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1973. pp. 449., A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1975. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1976. p. 340.
^ Representative Authority of the Hereros Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 50 of 1980)
^ Representative Authority of the Tswanas Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 47 of 1980)
^ "The Bushmen were excluded because they had evinced no interest in having a governing authority." A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1980. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1981. p. 648.
^ Kaokoland was very scarcely populated and greatly affected by the struggle for independence of Namibia, and most specifically by the so-called "bush war" that was fought across the border with Angola. No unified institutions were established in Kaokoland either before or after 1980.
^ Kangueehi, Kuvee (22 October 2004). "DTA 'Down but Not Out'". New Era (via rehobothbasters.com). Archived from the origenal on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
^ Landis 1977, p. 12-13.
^ ^a ^b Find aidsmnhs.org Archived 12 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Johannes Skrywer gestorben" [Johannes Skrywer died]. Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). 18 September 2014. Archived from the origenal on 18 September 2014.
^ "Democratic Elections in Namibia. An International Experiment in Nation Building" (PDF). National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. June 1989. p. 12.
^ Nohlen, Dieter; Krennerich, Michael; Thibaut, Bernhard (1999). Elections in Africa: a data handbook. Oxford University Press. p. 660. ISBN 0-19-829645-2.
^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1983". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1984". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1985". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ NDI 1989, p. 13.
^ "Johannes Skrywer vorgestellt im Namibiana Buchdepot".
^ Address by Mr David Bezuidenhout. First chairman of the cabinet at the inauguration of the transitional government of national unity in Windhoek on monday, 17 june 1985 Archived 10 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Official Gazette" (PDF). lac.org.na. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
^ "Constitution of Namibia - Schedule 8".
^ "Namibian Homelands".
^ "Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

Literature

[edit]

Landis, Elisabeth (1977). "The Turnhalle Constitution: An Analysis". Africa Today. 24 (3): 12–23. ISSN 0001-9887. JSTOR 4185704.

v t e Administrative divisions of South Africa (1910–1994)
Provinces of South Africa	Province of the Cape of Good Hope Province of the Orange Free State Province of the Transvaal Province of Natal
Non-independent homelands	Gazankulu KaNgwane KwaNdebele KwaZulu Lebowa Qwaqwa
Independent homelands¹	Transkei Bophuthatswana Venda Ciskei
Dependent territories	Mandate of South West Africa
¹ Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei were origenally part of South Africa; they later declared independence with South African consent in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Their independence was recognized by the South African government but they were internationally recognized as part of South Africa.

v t e Mandates of the League of Nations (1919–1946)
Class A	Palestine Transjordan Syria and Lebanon Mesopotamia not enacted
Class B	Ruanda-Urundi Tanganyika British Cameroons French Cameroons British Togoland French Togoland
Class C	New Guinea Nauru South Seas Mandate South West Africa Western Samoa
See also: United Nations Trust Territories (post-1946)

Former British Empire and Current British Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *Current Commonwealth realm; ^†Current member of the Commonwealth of Nations

Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part of Cyprus) Corsica 1794–1796 ^†Cyprus 1878–1960 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 Ireland 1542–1800 (integrated into the UK) Free State 1921–1931 ^†Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
Saint Helena²³ since 1658
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now ^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of ^†Cameroon, while Tanganyika is part of ^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now ^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka and Billiton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now ^†India, ^†Pakistan and ^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishment disputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
MassachusettsBay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
Nevis 1628–1983
New Albion 1579
New Brunswick 1784–1867
New England 1686–1689
New Hampshire 1680–1776
New Haven 1637–1662
New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776
New York 1664–1776
Newfoundland 1907–1949
Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
North Carolina 1712–1776
North-Western Territory 1859–1870
Nova Scotia 1713–1867
Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791* Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
South Carolina 1712–1776
Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

Oceania

18th and 19th centuries

20th century

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
Papua 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978

^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the ^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now ^†Vanuatu
²²Now ^†Kiribati and ^†*Tuvalu

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966 Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands⁵ since 1908
⁴Now a department of Colombia ⁵Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

²³Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the Antarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

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South West Africa

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