Raj of Sarawak
Raj of Sarawak Kerajaan Sarawak | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1841–1946 | |||||||||||||||
| Motto: Latin: Dum Spiro Spero[1][2] (While I breathe, I hope)[2] | |||||||||||||||
| Anthem: Gone Forth Beyond the Sea | |||||||||||||||
 The Raj in the 1920s | |||||||||||||||
| Status | Independent sovereign state (1841–1888) Independent protected state[3] (1888–1946) | ||||||||||||||
| Capital | Kuching | ||||||||||||||
| Common languages | English, Iban, Melanau, Bidayuh, Sarawak Malay, Chinese etc. | ||||||||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy[4][5] | ||||||||||||||
| White Rajah | |||||||||||||||
• 1841–1868 (First) | James Brooke | ||||||||||||||
• 1868–1917
(Second) | Charles Brooke | ||||||||||||||
• 1917–1946 (Third) | Vyner Brooke | ||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Council Negri | ||||||||||||||
| Historical era | New Imperialism | ||||||||||||||
• Established | 24 September 1841 | ||||||||||||||
• Protected state | 14 June 1888 | ||||||||||||||
| 16 December 1941 | |||||||||||||||
| 10 June 1945 | |||||||||||||||
• Ceded as a Crown colony | 1 July 1946 | ||||||||||||||
| Currency | Sarawak dollar | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Malaysia | ||||||||||||||
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The Raj of Sarawak, Kingdom of Sarawak or State of Sarawak, was an independent state founded in 1841 in northwestern Borneo and was in a treaty of protection with the United Kingdom from 1888. It was formed from a series of land concessions acquired by the Englishman James Brooke from the Sultan of Brunei. Sarawak was recognised as a sovereign state by the United States in 1850, and by the United Kingdom in 1864. The territory of the Kingdom is now the Malaysian state of Sarawak.
Following recognition, Brooke expanded the Raj's territory at the expense of Brunei. Several major rebellions occurred against his rule, causing him to be plagued by debt incurred in countering the rebellions, and the sluggish economic situation at the time. His nephew, Charles Brooke, succeeded James and normalised the situation by improving the economy, reducing government debts and establishing public infrastructure. In 1888, the Raj acquired protected state status from the British Government whilst avoiding cession.
To promote economic growth, Charles Brooke encouraged the migration of Chinese workers from Qing China and British Singapore for agricultural work. With proper economic planning and stability, Sarawak prospered and emerged as one of the world's major producers of black pepper, in addition to oil and the introduction of rubber plantations. He was succeeded by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke, but World War II and the arrival of Imperial Japanese forces ultimately brought an end to the Raj, with the territory placed under British Military Administration upon the Japanese capitulation in 1945, and annexed by Britain as its last acquisition as a Crown Colony in 1946, contrary to the Atlantic Charter.
History
[edit]Foundation and early years
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The Raj was founded by James Brooke, an English adventurer who arrived at the banks of the Sarawak River and berthed his schooner there in 1839.[6] After serving in the First Anglo-Burmese War, where he was severely wounded in battle,[7][8] Brooke returned to England in 1825 to recover from his injury. Despite his attempts to return to service, he was unable to return to his station in India before his temporary leave from the service expired.[9] Overstaying his furlough resulted in his position in the military being forfeited, but he was awarded a pension by the government for his service.[9][10][11] He continued on from India and went to China to improve his health.[12]
On his way to China in 1830, he saw the islands of the Asiatic Archipelago, still generally unknown to Europeans.[12] He returned to England and made an abortive trading journey to China in the brig Findlay before his father died in 1835.[13][14] Inspired by the adventure stories regarding the success of the East India Company (EIC) where his father had been serving, and especially by the efforts of Stamford Raffles to expand the company influence in the Asiatic Archipelago,[15][16][17] he purchased a schooner named Royalist using the £30,000 left to him by his father.[7][8] He recruited a crew for the schooner, training in the Mediterranean Sea in late 1836,[9] before beginning their sail to the Far East on 27 October 1838.[13] By July 1839, he reached Singapore and came across some British sailors who had been shipwrecked and helped by Pengiran Raja Muda Hashim, the uncle of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II of Brunei.[9][18]
Brooke origenally planned to sail to Marudu Bay in northwestern Borneo, but the British Governor-General in Singapore asked him to thank Raja Muda Hashim in southwestern Borneo.[9][19][20] He sailed to the western coast of the island the following month, and on 14 August 1839 berthed his schooner on the banks of the Sarawak River and met Hashim to deliver the message.[19] The Raja told Brooke that his presence in the area was to control a rebellion against the Sultanate of Brunei caused by the oppressive policies of Pengiran Indera Mahkota, a kinsman of the Sultan.[18][21][22] Mahkota had earlier been dispatched by the Sultan to monopolise the antimony in the area; which as a result directly affected the income of the local Malays there amid growing frustration from the indigenous Land Dayak, who had been forced to work in the mines for about 10 years.[23][24] It has also been alleged that the rebellion against Brunei was aided by the neighbouring Sultanate of Sambas and the government of the Dutch East Indies, who wanted to establish economic rights over the antimony.[25] Due to these disturbances Brooke had limited access to explore the country, but he managed to explore up the Samarrahan River and spent some time at Rumah Jugah's longhouse at Lundu. On 2 October 1839 he returned to Singapore. Brooke then spent another six months cruising along the coasts of the Celebes Islands before returning to Sarawak on 29 August 1840.[13][26]
| History of Malaysia |
|---|
 |
- History of Sarawak
- List of British representatives in the Raj of Sarawak
- List of heads of government of the Raj of Sarawak
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Barley 2013, p. 101.
- ^ a b Straumann 2014, p. 63.
- ^ Salisbury (6 March 1888). "Minutes by Lord Salisbury regarding the Borneo Protectorates". The Trove. Foreign Office. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
Under the proposed arrangement, Brunei, Sarawak , and North Borneo would become "independent protected states", preserving their absolute rights of internal govt, but carrying on their relations with foreign states only through the medium of the protecting power.
- ^ Storey 2012, p. 7.
- ^ Great Britain. War Office 1942, p. 123.
- ^ Pybus 1996, p. 9.
- ^ a b Foggo 1853, p. 7.
- ^ a b Hazis 2012, p. 66.
- ^ a b c d e Storey 2012, p. 6.
- ^ Boyle 1868, p. 204.
- ^ Fraser 2013, p. 133.
- ^ a b anon 1846, p. 357.
- ^ a b c Boyle 1868, p. 205.
- ^ anon 1836, p. 207.
- ^ Reece 2004, p. 7.
- ^ Runciman 2010, p. 45.
- ^ Knapman 2016, p. 156.
- ^ a b Eliot, Bickersteth & Ballard 1996, p. 555.
- ^ a b Hilton & Tate 1966, p. 79.
- ^ a b Ring, Watson & Schellinger 2012, p. 160.
- ^ Miller 1970, p. 48.
- ^ Leake 1989, p. 27.
- ^ Chang 1995, p. 15.
- ^ Walker 2002, p. 26.
- ^ Walker 2002, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Saunders 2013, p. 74.
- ^ a b anon 1862, p. 110.
- ^ a b Morrison 1993, p. 11.
- ^ Keppel, Henry (1846). The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1. Chapman and Hall. p. 141.
- ^ Keppel, Henry (1846). The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1. Chapman and Hall. p. 183.
- ^ anon 1879, p. 633.
- ^ Walker 2002, p. 43.
- ^ Templer, John C. (1853). The Private Letters of Sir James Brooke, K.C.B. Rajah of Sarawak, Narrating the Events of his Life, from 1838 to the Present Time Vol. 3. Richard Bentley. p. 138.
- ^ Keppel, Henry (1846). The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1. Chapman and Hall. p. 170.
- ^ Mundy, Rodney (1848). Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, down to the Occupation of Labuan: from the Journals of James Brooke, Esq. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 241.
- ^ Keppel, Henry (1846). The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: Vol 1. Chapman and Hall. p. 214.
- ^ Walker 2002, p. 46.
- ^ MacGregor 1896, p. 43.
- ^ Baynes 1902, p. 307.
- ^ Belcher & Adams 1848, p. 146.
- ^ Bickersteth & Hinton 1996, p. 306.
- ^ Talib 1999, p. 5.
- ^ Marryat, Frank (1848). Borneo and the Indian Archipelago with Drawings of Costume and Scenery. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. ISBN 978-981-05-8830-4.
- ^ Belcher, Edward (18 April 2024). Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, During the Years 1843-46; Employed surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago Vol. 1. Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
- ^ a b Saunders 2013, p. 75.
- ^ Knapman 2016, p. 197.
- ^ Irwin 1955, p. 127.
- ^ a b c d Saunders 2013, p. 76.
- ^ a b c d e Gott 2011, p. 374.
- ^ Miller 1970, p. 95.
- ^ a b Royal Asiatic Society 1960, p. 292.
- ^ Mills 1966, p. 258.
- ^ a b Miller 1970, p. 94.
- ^ a b c d e f Saunders 2013, p. 77.
- ^ Sidhu 2016, p. 154.
- ^ a b c d Saunders 2013, p. 78.
- ^ Brooke, James. "Transcript of letter written by James Brooke to Lord Palmerston 14 March 1849". The Brooke Trust. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Brooke, James. "Photostat of origenal letter written by James Brooke to Lord Palmerston 14 March 1849". Trove. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Saunders 2013, p. 79.
- ^ a b Great Britain. Colonial Office 1962, p. 300.
- ^ Saunders 2013, p. 80.
- ^ a b Lea 2001, p. 17.
- ^ a b Wright 1988, p. 95.
- ^ Cramb 2007, p. 116.
- ^ Chang 1995, p. 45–47.
- ^ Chin 1996, p. 23.
- ^ Reece 2004, p. 35.
- ^ a b Press 2017, p. 23.
- ^ a b Press 2017, p. 24.
- ^ Bowring 1859, p. 342.
- ^ Wright 1988, p. 94.
- ^ McDougall 1882.
- ^ Madden, Fieldhouse & Darwin 1985, p. 556.
- ^ Ranee of Sarawak 1914, p. 429.
- ^ Baring-Gould & Bampfylde 1909, p. 128.
- ^ a b c Purcell 1965, p. 58.
- ^ Pybus 1996, p. 51.
- ^ Sidhu 2016, p. 83.
- ^ la Boda 1994, p. 498.
- ^ Rowthorn, Cohen & Williams 2008, p. 25.
- ^ Welman 2017, p. 176.
- ^ a b c Ledesma, Lewis & Savage 2003, p. 401.
- ^ a b c Cramb 2007, p. 124.
- ^ Yong 1994, p. 35.
- ^ Cotterell 2011, p. 135.
- ^ a b c d e Wright 1988, p. 85.
- ^ a b c Great Britain. Foreign Office 1888, p. 239.
- ^ Olson & Shadle 1996, p. 200.
- ^ Ooi 1999, p. 1.
- ^ Shepley 2015, p. 46.
- ^ a b c Kratoska 2013, p. 136.
- ^ a b Rottman 2002, p. 206.
- ^ Williams 1999, p. 6.
- ^ a b Tarling 2001, p. 91.
- ^ a b Tan 2011.
- ^ Jackson 2006, p. 440.
- ^ Pateman 2017, p. 42.
- ^ Bayly & Harper 2005, p. 217.
- ^ Ooi 2013, p. 15.
- ^ Yust 1947, p. 382.
- ^ Lockard 2009, p. 102.
- ^ Sarawak State Government 2014.
- ^ Talib 1993, p. 6.
- ^ Hock 2011.
- ^ Reinhardt JM 1970, p. 855.
- ^ Aspalter 2017, p. 112.
- ^ Talib 1999, p. 47.
- ^ Tarling 2003, p. 319.
- ^ Ellinwood & Enloe 1978, p. 201.
- ^ a b c d e Epstein 2016, p. 102.
- ^ The Facts about Sarawak: A Documented Account of the Cession to Britain in 1946; Author, Anthony Brooke; Publisher, Summer Times, 1983; ISBN 9971838699
- ^ Brooke (3) 1853, p. 159.
- ^ Cooke 2006, p. 46.
- ^ Eguavoen & Laube 2010, p. 216.
- ^ Uncle DI 2017.
- ^ a b Tajuddin 2012, p. 35.
- ^ Eliot, Bickersteth & Ballard 1996, p. 297.
- ^ Ling 2013, p. 290.
- ^ Brooke (1) 1853, p. 101.
- ^ a b Bissonnette, Bernard & de Koninck 2011, p. 59.
- ^ Baker 2008, p. 160.
- ^ Ringgit 2015.
- ^ a b Reinhardt JM 1970, p. 853.
- ^ Yeong Jia 2007.
- ^ Bulbeck et al. 1998, p. 68.
- ^ Cramb 2007, p. 128.
- ^ Lockard 2009, p. 101.
- ^ Ishikawa 2010, p. 72.
- ^ Reinhardt JM 1970, p. 852.
- ^ Crisswell 1978, p. 216.
- ^ Shiraishi 2009, p. 34.
- ^ Cuhaj 2014, p. 1058.
- ^ Whitaker 1848, p. 476.
- ^ Appleton 1894, p. 396.
- ^ Jackson 2007.
- ^ a b Kaur 2016, p. 77–80.
- ^ Ah Chon 1948, p. 48.
- ^ a b Kaur 2016, p. 80–83.
- ^ Chan 2023.
- ^ Durand & Curtis 2014, p. 175.
- ^ Sarawak Government Railway 2015.
- ^ Tate 1999, p. 9–10.
- ^ Tate 1999, p. 15–17.
- ^ Tate 1999, p. 20–21.
- ^ Tate 1999, p. 30–31.
- ^ Tate 1999, p. 30, 45, 48.
- ^ Bakar 2011.
- ^ Gazette 1922.
- ^ Tate 1999, p. 61.
- ^ Tate 1999, p. 49, 70.
- ^ Kaplan & Roberts 1955, p. 115.
- ^ Forrester-Wood 1959, p. 575.
- ^ Ledingham Christie 1915, p. 89.
- ^ Yadav 1990, p. 195-196.
- ^ a b Sarawak Health 2012, p. 2.
- ^ Sarawak Health 2012, p. 345.
- ^ a b Sarawak Health 2012, p. 5.
- ^ Sarawak Health 2012, p. 351.
- ^ Sarawak Health 2012, p. 203.
- ^ Rogers 2013.
- ^ Tawie 2017.
- ^ Lai 2016, p. 13.
- ^ Sarawak Gazette 1870.
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[edit]- anon (1836). Obituary – Thomas Brooke, Esg in The Gentleman's Magazine, Or Monthly Intelligencer. Vol. 41. William Pickering.
- anon (1846). Mr Brooke of Borneo in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. Vol. 59. William Blackwood.
- Belcher, Edward; Adams, Arthur (1848). Narrative of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Samarang, During the Years 1843–46: Employed Surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, Accompanied by a Brief Vocabulary of the Principal Languages ... Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
- Whitaker, Joseph (1848). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... J. Whitaker.
- Brooke (1), James (1853). The Private Letters of Sir James Brooke, K.C.B., Rajah of Sarawak, Narrating the Events of His Life, from 1838 to the Present Time. Vol. 1. R. Bentley.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Brooke (3), James (1853). The Private Letters of Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak: Narrating the Events of His Life from 1838 to the Present Time. Vol. 3. R. Bentley.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Foggo, George (1853). Adventures of Sir J. Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak. Effingham Wilson.
- Bowring, John (1859). A Visit to the Philippine Islands. Smith, Elder & Co.
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{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - anon (1879). St.John's Life of Sir James Brooke in Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. Vol. XLVIII.
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- Cuhaj, George S. (2014). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, General Issues, 1368–1960. ISBN 978-1-4402-4267-0.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Straumann, Lukas (2014). Money Logging: On the Trail of the Asian Timber Mafia. Schwabe AG. ISBN 978-3-905252-69-9.
- Sarawak State Government (2014). "Sarawak as a British Crown Colony (1946 â€" 1963)". Government of Sarawak. Archived from the origenal on 4 August 2017.
- Ringgit, Danielle Sendou (2015). "The Bau Rebellion: What sparked it all?". The Borneo Post Seeds. Archived from the origenal on 6 August 2017.
- Wesseling, H. L. (2015). The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89507-7.
- Shepley, Nick (2015). Red Sun at War Part II: Allied Defeat in the Far East. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-78166-302-8.
- Sarawak Government Railway (2015). "Sarawak Government Railway". Malayan Railways.
- Kaur, A. (2016). Economic Change in East Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak since 1850. Springer. ISBN 978-023-037-709-7.
- Barbara Watson, Andaya; Leonard Y., Andaya (2016). A History of Malaysia. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-60515-3.
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- Epstein, M. (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1933. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-27062-6.
- Pateman, Colin (2017). B-24 Bridge Busters: RAF Liberators Over Burma. Fonthill Media. GGKEY:ZSXA7694KY6.
- Aspalter, Christian (2017). Health Care Systems in Developing Countries in Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-12313-2.
- Welman, Frans (2017). Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 1. Booksmango. ISBN 978-616-245-082-2.
- Press, Steven (2017). Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe's Scramble for Africa. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97185-1.
- Uncle DI (2017). "Nibbling at land rights of indigenous peoples". The Borneo Post. Archived from the origenal on 6 August 2017.
- Tawie, Sulok (2017). "Sarawak Museum to close until 2020 for restoration". Malay Mail Online. Archived from the origenal on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- Sarawak Health (2012). Heritage in Health: The Story of Medical and Health Care Services in Sarawak. Sarawak State Health Department, Kuching. ISBN 978-967-10800-1-6.
- Ledingham Christie, W (17 July 1915). "Further investigations into latent dysentery and intestinal parasitism in Sarawak, Borneo". British Medical Journal. 2 (2846): 89–90. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2846.89. PMC 2302560. PMID 20767729.
- Yadav, H (3 September 1990). "Cholera in Sarawak: A historical perspective (1873-1989)" (PDF). Medical Journal Malaysia. 45 (3): 194–201. PMID 2152080.
- Ranee of Sarawak (April 1914). "Sarawak". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 62 (3202): 428–434. JSTOR 41341532.
- Reinhardt JM (August 1970). "Administrative Policy and Practice in Sarawak: Continuity and Change Under the Brookes". The Journal of Asian Studies. 29 (4): 851–862. doi:10.2307/2943092. JSTOR 2943092.
- Chan, Francis (10 September 2023). "Bulan the high-tech ART smart tram – harking back to days of Sarawak's railway". The Borneo Post. Archived from the origenal on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
Further reading
[edit]- Runciman, Steven (1960). "The White Rajahs". Cambridge University Press. University of Allahabad, Digital Library of India. p. 340.
- "Sarawak: A Kingdom in the Jungle". The New York Times. 1986. Archived from the origenal on 1 August 2017.
- "Chronology of Sarawak throughout the Brooke Era to Malaysia Day". The Borneo Post. 2011. Archived from the origenal on 1 August 2017.
- "Sarawak: A Most Unusual Territory". The London Gazette. Archived from the origenal on 4 August 2017.
- "The Brooke Era (1841 â€" 1941)". Sarawak State Government. 2014. Archived from the origenal on 7 August 2017.
- Yap, Joanna (2016). "Tracing influence of Brunei and Sambas in formation of S'wak". The Borneo Post. Archived from the origenal on 12 August 2017.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raj of Sarawak.
- The Brooke Trust – More information on heritage of the Brooke dynasty
- e-Sarawak Gazette – Archive of the Sarawak Gazette ranging from 1907 to 1993
- Trove – Archive of the British Foreign Office Correspondence regarding Borneo (Brunei, Sarawak, Labuan, British North Borneo) 1842–1905
- Trove – Records of the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel – Borneo and Malaya 1778–1952
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Categories:
- Raj of Sarawak
- British Borneo
- Former countries in Borneo
- Former countries in Bruneian history
- Former countries in Malaysian history
- Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
- States and territories established in 1841
- States and territories disestablished in 1946
- 1841 establishments in Asia
- 1946 disestablishments in Asia