Thutmose na I

Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Aakheperre who is given life. His Majesty commanded to dig this canal after he found it stopped up with stones [so that] no [ship sailed upon it]; Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22. His Majesty sailed this canal in victory and in the power of his return from overthrowing the wretched Kush.

Thutmose na I
Pharaoh 1518 "BCE" - 1493 "BCE" ← Amenhotep I (en) - Thutmose II (en) →
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	16 century "BCE"
ƙasa	Sabuwar Masarautar Masar
Mutuwa	1493 "BCE"
Makwanci	Valley of the Kings
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifiya	Senseneb
Abokiyar zama	Ahmose (en) Mutnofret (en)
Yara	view Thutmose II (en) Hatshepsut (en) Amenmose (en) Nefrubity (en) Wadjmose (en)
Yare	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	ruler (en)

Thutmose I (wani lokaci ana karantawa azaman Thutmosis ko Tuthmosis I, Thothmes a cikin tsofaffin tarihin yana aiki a cikin Latinized Greek; ma'ana "An haifi Thoth ") shine Fir'auna na uku na Daular 18th na Masar . Ya karbi kursiyin bayan mutuwar sarkin da ya gabata, Amenhotep I. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya yi yaƙi mai zurfi a cikin Levant da Nubia, yana tura iyakokin Masar fiye da kowane lokaci a kowane yanki. Ya kuma gina haikali da yawa a Masar, da kabarin kansa a kwarin sarakuna ; shi ne sarki na farko da aka tabbatar ya aikata haka (ko da yake Aminhotep na iya riga shi).

Mulkin Thutmose I gabaɗaya ya kasance a 1506-1493 BC, amma ƴan tsiraru na masana-waɗanda suke tunanin cewa binciken astrological da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige lokacin tarihin tarihin Masar, don haka mulkin Thutmose I, an ɗauke shi daga birnin Memphis maimakon. daga Thebes - zai kasance zamanin mulkinsa zuwa 1526-1513 BC. Ɗansa Thutmose II ne ya gaje shi, wanda kuma ’yar’uwar Thutmose II, Hatshepsut ta gaje shi.

Iyali

An yi hasashen cewa mahaifin Thutmose shine Amenhotep I. Mahaifiyarsa, Senseneb, ta kasance daga cikin wadanda ba na sarauta ba kuma mai yiwuwa ta kasance ƙaramar mace ko ƙwarƙwarar. Sarauniya Ahmose, wacce ke rike da lakabin Babbar Matar Sarauta ta Thutmose, mai yiwuwa ita ce 'yar Ahmose I da 'yar'uwar Amenhotep I; amma ba a taɓa kiranta da "'yar sarki," don haka akwai wasu shakku game da wannan, kuma wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin ita 'yar'uwar Thutmose ce. Ganin cewa tana da alaƙa da Amenhotep, wanda zai iya yin hasashen cewa ta auri Thutmose don tabbatar da maye gurbin. An san hakan ba haka yake ba saboda dalilai biyu. Na farko, haushin alabaster na Amenhotep da aka gina a Karnak yana danganta sunan Amenhotep tare da sunan Thutmose tun kafin mutuwar Amenhotep. Na biyu, ɗan fari Thutmose tare da Ahmose, Amenmose, an haife shi a fili tun kafin Thutmose ta nadin sarauta. Ana iya ganinsa a kan stela daga Thutmose na shekara ta huɗu na mulkin farauta a kusa da Memphis, kuma ya zama "babban kwamandan ubansa" wani lokaci kafin mutuwarsa, wanda bai wuce mutuwar Thutmose ba a cikin shekara ta 12 ta mulki. Thutmose ya haifi ɗa, Wadjmose, da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Hatshepsut da Nefrubity, ta Ahmose. Wadjmose ya mutu kafin mahaifinsa, kuma Nefrubity ya mutu yana jariri.

Thutmose yana da ɗa ɗaya ta wata matarsa, Mutnofret, wanda wataƙila ɗiyar Ahmose I ce kuma ’yar’uwar Amenhotep I. Wannan ɗan ya gaje shi a matsayin Thutmose II, wanda Thutmose na aura da 'yarsa, Hatshepsut. Daga baya Hatshepsut ya rubuta cewa Thutmose ya yarda da sarauta ga Thutmose II da Hatshepsut, amma magoya bayan Hatshepsut suna daukar wannan farfaganda don halasta da'awarta a kan karagar mulki lokacin da ta karbi mulki.

Mulki

An rubuta wani tashin hankali na Sothis a cikin mulkin magajin Thutmose, Amenhotep I, wanda aka yi kwanan watan zuwa 1517 BC, yana zaton an lura da shi a Thebes . Shekarar mutuwar Amenhotep da nadin sarautar Thutmose na gaba za a iya samo su, kuma yawancin malaman zamani sun yi kwanan watan zuwa 1506 BC. Amma da a ce an yi abin lura a Heliopolis ko Memphis, kamar yadda ƴan tsirarun malamai ke jayayya, da Thutmose ya sami kambi a 1526 BC. Manetho ya rubuta cewa mulkin Thutmose I ya ɗauki shekaru 12 da watanni 9 (ko shekaru 13) a matsayin Mephres a cikin Epitome. Wannan bayanan yana da goyan bayan rubuce-rubucen kwanan wata guda biyu daga shekaru 8 da 9 na mulkinsa ɗauke da zane-zanensa da aka samu a rubuce a kan wani shingen dutse a Karnak. Saboda haka, Thutmose yawanci ana ba da sarauta daga 1506 BC zuwa 1493 BC (ƙananan tarihin tarihi), amma tsirarun malamai sun ƙididdige shi daga 1526 BC zuwa 1513 BC (High Chronology).

Nasarorin soja

Taswirar Masar (ƙarni na 15 BC)

Bayan nadin sarautar Thutmose, Nubia ya yi tawaye ga mulkin Masar. Bisa ga tarihin kabari na Ahmose, ɗan Ebana, Thutmose ya haura Kogin Nilu ya yi yaƙi, ya kashe sarkin Nubian da kansa. Bayan nasara, ya sa gawar sarkin Nubian ya rataye daga jirgin ruwansa, kafin ya koma Thebes . Bayan wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya jagoranci balaguro na biyu akan Nubia a cikin shekara ta uku a cikinsa wanda ya ba da umarnin magudanar ruwa a farkon cataract - wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin Sesostris III na daular 12th - don a rushe shi don sauƙaƙe tafiya. daga Masar zuwa Nubia. Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɗa Nubia cikin daular Masar. An ambaci wannan balaguro a cikin rubuce-rubuce daban-daban guda biyu na ɗan sarki Thure:

...long live the Female Horus...The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, the son of Re, Hatshepsut-Khnemet-Amun! May she live forever! She made it as her monument to her father whom she loved, the Good God, Lord of the Two Lands, Aakheperkare, the son of Re, Thutmosis the justified.

A cikin shekara ta biyu ta sarautar Thutmose, sarki ya yanke wani stele a Tombos, wanda ya rubuta cewa ya gina sansanin soja a Tombos, kusa da cataract na uku, don haka ya tsawaita zaman sojojin Masar, wanda a baya ya tsaya a Buhen, a karo na biyu na cataract. .

Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin Levant da Siriya

Thutmose's Tombos stele ya nuna cewa ya riga ya yi yaƙi a Siriya; don haka, ana iya sanya yakin neman zabensa na Siriya a farkon shekarar mulkinsa ta biyu. Wannan kamfen na biyu shi ne mafi nisa a arewa da duk wani mai mulkin Masar ya taba yin kamfen.

Ko da yake ba a same shi a zamaninmu ba, amma da alama ya kafa takalmi lokacin da ya ketare Kogin Furat . A lokacin wannan yakin, sarakunan Siriya sun bayyana mubaya'a ga Thutmose. Amma bayan ya dawo, sai suka daina bayar da haraji kuma suka fara ƙarfafa yaƙi da kutse a nan gaba. Thutmose ya yi bikin nasararsa tare da farautar giwa a yankin Niy, kusa da Apamea a Siriya, kuma ya koma Masar tare da tatsuniyoyi masu ban mamaki na Furat, "wanda ya karkatar da ruwa wanda ke gudana a sama lokacin da ya kamata ya gudana daga kogin." Kogin Yufiretis shi ne babban kogin farko da Masarawa suka taɓa cin karo da su wanda ke gudana daga arewa, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kogin Nilu, zuwa kudu, a kan kogin Nilu. Ta haka kogin ya zama sananne a Masar a matsayin "ruwa mai juyewa."

Tushen rubutu daga lokacin Thutmose Na haɗa da nassoshi ga Retenu, Naharin, da 'ƙasar Mitanni '. An yi imani na ƙarshe shine magana ta farko ta tarihi game da wannan mulkin.

Yawancin wuraren Levantine an lalata su a tsakiyar karni na 16 BC, kuma ana danganta waɗannan lalata ga yakin yaƙin Thutmose I, ko na magabacinsa Amenhotep I. Da farko waɗannan kamfen ɗin ƙila sun yi niyya don kayar da ikon Hyksos, waɗanda a da suke da ƙarfi a wannan yanki.

Shafuka kusan 20 a cikin Levant sun fuskanci lalacewa a wannan lokacin. Alal misali, an sanya halakar da wuta ta Stratum XVIII a Gezer zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 16 KZ, lokacin Amenhotep I da Thutmose I, bisa tukwane da scarabs da aka gano a cikin tarkace.

Da alama Masarawan burinsu a wannan mataki shi ne su mallaki yankin na dindindin, domin ba su kafa na dindindin a yankin ba. Wannan ya faru daga baya, a lokacin daular 18th.

Tawaye a kudu

Thutmose ya fuskanci karin barazanar soji, wani tawaye daga Nubia a cikin shekara ta hudu. Tasirinsa ya fadada har zuwa kudu, kamar yadda aka samu rubutun da aka rubuta akan mulkinsa har zuwa kudu zuwa Kurgus, kudu da cataract na hudu. Ya rubuta babban tebura a kan Hagar el-Merwa, wani yanki na ma'adini c. Tsawon mita 40 da fadin mita 50 daga kogin Nilu, a saman rubutun gida da dama. Wannan shi ne mafi nisa kudu da aka tabbatar da kasancewar Masarawa. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya ƙaddamar da ayyuka da yawa waɗanda suka kawo ƙarshen 'yancin kai na Nubian tsawon shekaru 500. Ya faɗaɗa haikali zuwa Sesostris III da Khnum, gaban kogin Nilu daga Semna . Hakanan akwai bayanan takamaiman abubuwan ibada da mataimakin El-Kab zai yi a cikin haikalin Nubia a matsayin wakilin sarki. Ya kuma nada wani mutum mai suna Turi a matsayin mataimakin Kush, wanda aka fi sani da "Dan Kush na Sarki." Tare da wakilin farar hula na sarki da aka kafa a cikin Nubia, Nubia bai kuskura ya yi tawaye ba kamar yadda ya kasance kuma sarakunan Masar na gaba suna sarrafa su cikin sauƙi.

Ayyukan gine-gine

Kotun na 4th pylon: obelisk na Thutmose I a Karnak

Thutmose na shirya manyan ayyukan gine-gine a lokacin mulkinsa, ciki har da haikali da kaburbura da yawa, amma manyan ayyukansa sun kasance a Haikali na Karnak a ƙarƙashin kulawar maginin Ineni . Kafin Thutmose, Karnak mai yiwuwa ya ƙunshi hanya mai tsayi kawai zuwa dandalin tsakiya, tare da wuraren ibada da yawa don haushin hasken rana a gefen hanya. Thutmose shine sarki na farko da ya fadada haikalin sosai. Ya sa a gina kufai na biyar a kan babbar hanyar Haikali, tare da bango kewaye da Wuri Mai Tsarki, da tutoci biyu a gefen ƙofar. Bayan wannan, ya gina pylon na huɗu da wani katangar shinge. Tsakanin pylons huɗu zuwa biyar, an gina wani ɗakin daki mai banƙyama, tare da ginshiƙan da aka yi da itacen al'ul . Irin wannan tsarin ya kasance ruwan dare a cikin tsoffin haikalin Masar, kuma ana zaton yana wakiltar dutsen papyrus, alamar halitta ta Masarawa. A gefen wannan ɗakin ya gina manyan mutum-mutumi, kowannensu yana sanye da kambin Dutsen Masarawa da kambin Ƙasar Masar. A ƙarshe, a wajen pylon na huɗu, ya kafa ƙarin tutoci guda huɗu da katula biyu, ko da yake ɗaya daga cikinsu, wanda yanzu ya faɗi, ba a rubuta shi ba har sai Thutmose III ya rubuta shi kimanin shekaru 50 bayan haka. An maye gurbin ginshiƙan itacen al'ul a cikin gidan hypostyle na Thutmose I da ginshiƙan dutse ta Thutmose III, amma aƙalla na biyu na arewa ya maye gurbin Thutmose I da kansa. Hatshepsut kuma ta gina biyu daga cikin nata obeliks a cikin Thutmose I's hypostyle hall.

Stela na Thutmose I a cikin Gidan kayan tarihi na Alkahira

Bugu da ƙari, Karnak, Thutmose na kuma gina mutum-mutumi na Ennead a Abydos, gine-gine a Armant, Ombos, el-Hiba, Memphis, da Edfu, da ƙananan fadada gine-gine a Nubia, a Semna, Buhen, Aniba, da Quban. .</link>

Thutmose Ni ne sarki na farko da aka binne shi a kwarin Sarakuna . An umurci Ineni ya tona wannan kabari, kuma ana tsammanin ya gina haikalin gawawwakinsa. Ba a sami haikalin gawawwakinsa ba, mai yiyuwa saboda an haɗa shi a ciki ko kuma aka rushe shi ta hanyar gina haikalin gawawwaki na Hatshepsut a Deir el-Bahri . Kabarinsa, duk da haka, an gano shi da KV38 . A ciki an samo sarcophagus mai launin rawaya mai suna Thutmose I, amma Thutmose III na iya motsa jikinsa zuwa cikin kabarin Hatshepsut, KV20, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sarcophagus tare da sunan Thutmose I a kai.

The king was already advanced in age at the time of his death, being over fifty years old, to judge by the incisor teeth, which are worn and corroded by the impurities of which the Egyptian bread was full. The body, though small and emaciated, shows evidence of unusual muscular strength; the head is bald, the features are refined, and the mouth still bears an expression characteristic of shrewdness and cunning.

Thutmose na Farko ya fenti

Mutuwa

Binne

Tun asali an binne Thutmose na sannan aka sake binne ni a KV20 a binne sau biyu tare da 'yarsa Hatshepsut maimakon KV38, wanda kawai za a iya gina shi don Thutmose I a lokacin mulkin jikansa Thutmose III bisa "sake gwada gine-ginen kwanan nan. da abubuwan da ke cikin KV38." Wurin KV20, idan ba mai shi na asali ba, an san shi tun lokacin balaguron Napoleon na 1799 kuma, a cikin 1844, masanin Prussian Karl Richard Lepsius ya ɗan bincika nassi na sama, amma duk hanyoyinsa "ya kasance. ya toshe shi da ƙaƙƙarfan tarkacen tarkace, ƙananan duwatsu da tarkace waɗanda ruwan ambaliya ya ɗauke su zuwa cikin kabarin" kuma a lokacin aikin haƙa na 1903-1904 ne Howard Carter ya yi, bayan yanayi biyu na aiki mai tsanani da suka gabata, ya share hanyoyinsa kuma ya shiga cikinsa. dakin binnewa biyu. A nan, daga cikin tarkacen fashe-fashe na tukwane da tarkacen tasoshin dutse daga ɗakin binnewa da ƙananan wurare, akwai ragowar vases guda biyu da aka yi wa Sarauniya Ahmose Nefertari, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na kayan aikin jana'izar Thutmose I na asali; daya daga cikin kwalabe na dauke da wani rubutu na biyu wanda ya ce Thutmose II ya sanya shi "a matsayin abin tunawa ga mahaifinsa." Sauran tasoshin da ke ɗauke da sunayen Thutmose I da laƙabin da ɗansa kuma magajinsa, Thutmose II ya rubuta, tare da gutsuttsuran tasoshin da aka yi wa Hatshepsut kafin ita kanta ta zama sarki da sauran tasoshin da ke ɗauke da sunanta na sarauta. 'Maatkare', wanda da an yi shi ne bayan ta hau gadon sarauta.

Hatshepsut ta ba da gudummawar wannan sarcophagus na quartzite wanda aka yi a zamaninta don sake binne mahaifinta, Thutmose I, a cikin KV20 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)

Amma Carter ya kuma gano akwatunan gawa guda biyu daban-daban a cikin dakin binnewa. Hatshepsut na sarcophagus da aka sassaka da kyau "an gano shi a buɗe ba tare da alamar jiki ba, kuma tare da murfi yana kwance a ƙasa"; Yanzu yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Alkahira tare da madaidaicin kirjin quartzite rawaya. An sami sarcophagus na biyu a kwance a gefensa tare da murfinsa kusan bai lalace ba a jikin bangon da ke kusa; A ƙarshe an gabatar da shi ga Theodore M. Davis, mai ba da tallafin kuɗi na tono, don nuna godiya ga goyon bayansa. Davis bi da bi ya gabatar da shi ga Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . Sarcophagus na quartzite na biyu an rubuta shi da sunan "Sarkin Sama da Ƙasar Masar, Maatkare Hatshepsut", amma lokacin da ya cika, Hatshepsut ta yanke shawarar ƙaddamar da sabon sarcophagus ga kanta kuma ta ba da gudummawar sarcophagus da aka gama. zuwa ga mahaifinta, Thutmose I. Sa'an nan kuma masu aikin dutse sun yi ƙoƙari su shafe ainihin zane-zane ta hanyar maido da saman quartzite don a iya sake sassaƙa shi da suna da lakabi na Tuthmose I maimakon. Wannan sarcophagus quartzite yana auna ƙafa 7 tsayi da faɗin ƙafa 3 tare da bango 5 inci kauri kuma yana ɗauke da rubutun sadaukarwa wanda ke rubuta karimcin Hatshepsut ga mahaifinta:

Thutmose ba a kaddara ni in kwanta tare da 'yarsa bayan mutuwar Hatshepsut. Thutmose III, magajin Hatshepsut, ya yanke shawarar sake dawo da kakansa a cikin wani maɗaukakiyar kabari, KV38, wanda ke nuna wani sarcophagus mai launin rawaya da aka keɓe ga Thutmose I kuma an rubuta da rubutun da ke shelar wannan ƙaunar Fir'auna ga kakansa da ya rasu. Abin takaici, gawarwar Thutmose I ta kasance cikin damuwa a ƙarshen daular 20th lokacin da aka sace KV38 ; An karye murfi na sarcophagus, aka sace duka kayan adon sarki masu daraja da kayan kabari .

Hoton wani mutum-mutumi na Thutmose I, an nuna shi a cikin alamar baƙar fata na ƙazantar, launin baƙar fata kuma yana wakiltar sake haifuwa da sabuntawa; MET Museum, NYC. Ana jan mutum-mutumin, yana nuna wani kwatanci na sarki a cikin alamar baƙar launi na ƙasƙanci, ca. 1294-1279 BC, fiye da ƙarni biyu bayan mutuwarsa, tare da sadaukarwa da bukukuwan girmama shi.

Mu

Ana zargin mummy na Thutmose I

An gano Thutmose I's mummy a cikin Deir el-Bahri Cache a sama da Haikali na Gawawwaki na Hatshepsut, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1881. An shiga tare da na 18th- da 19th shugabannin daular Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, da Ramesses IX, da kuma 21st-daular pharaohs Pinedjemjem I, Pinedjem II, da Siamun .

An karbe akwatin gawar Thutmose I na asali kuma wani Fir'auna daga baya na daular 21 ya sake amfani da shi. An yi tunanin mummy na Thutmose na rasa, amma Masanin ilimin Masar Gaston Maspero, yawanci akan ƙarfin kamannin iyali ga mummies na Thutmose II da Thutmose III, ya yi imanin cewa ya sami mahaifiyarsa a cikin in ba haka ba mummy #5283. An goyi bayan wannan ganewar ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na gaba, yana nuna cewa fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su sun fito ne daga lokacin da ya dace, kusan bayan na Ahmose I da aka yi a lokacin daular 18th.

Gaston Maspero ya bayyana mummy kamar haka:   FJames Harris da Fawzia Hussien (1991) sun gudanar da binciken X-ray akan sabbin mummies na Masarautar Masarautar kuma sun yi nazarin gawar Thutmose I. Binciken ya gano cewa Thutmose I's mummy tana da dukkan halaye na craniofacial gama gari a tsakanin al'ummar Nubian da kuma "halin halittar halittar Nubian".

Wani binciken kwayoyin halitta na shekarar 2020 da wata kungiya karkashin Zahi Hawass ta yi a kan mummies na Amarna kuma ya nuna mummyn masarautar da ba a bayyana ba a baya wanda ake zaton Thutmose I ce a cikin samfuran sarrafawa. Binciken ya nuna cewa mummy na cikin haplogroup L, wanda aka fi sani da shi a kudancin, yamma da tsakiyar Asiya (mafi girma a cikin yankin Indiya ).

Ana iya kallon abin da ake zaton mahaifiyarsa ce a gidan tarihin Masar a Alkahira . Amma a cikin 2007, Hawass ya sanar da cewa a baya mummy da ake zaton Thutmose I ce ta wani mutum mai shekaru 30 wanda ya mutu sakamakon kibiya da aka samu a kirji. Saboda karancin shekarun mummy da sanadin mutuwar, an tabbatar da cewa mummy ba tabbas ba na Thutmose I. Mummy tana da lambar kaya CG 61065. A cikin Afrilu 2021 an tura mummy zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na wayewar Masar tare da na sarakuna 17 da sarauniya hudu a wani taron da ake kira Farantin Zinare na Fir'auna .

Littafi Mai Tsarki

• Lokacin da Masar ta Mulki Est George Steindorff da Keith C. Seele, 1942, Jami'ar Chicago Press (Scanned version, Jami'ar Chicago website)

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Thutmose I
Thutmosis, Tuthmosis, Thothmes in Latinized Greek
A stone head, most likely depicting Thutmose I, at the British Museum
Pharaoh
Reign	12 regnal yrs 1506–1493 BC (low chronology) 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology)
Predecessor	Amenhotep I
Successor	Thutmose II
Royal titulary Horus name Kanakht Meryma'at K3-nḫt-mrj-m3ˁt Strong bull, beloved of Maat Nebty name Kha·em·neseret Aa·pehty Ḫˁ-m-nsrt-ˁ3-pḥtj He who appears with the uraeus, great of strength Golden Horus Nefer·renput S'ankh·ib·u Nfr-rnpwt-s-ˁnḫ-jb.w He whose years are perfect/beautiful, he who causes hearts to live Prenomen <span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>(Praenomen) Aa·kheperkare ˁ3-ḫpr-k3-Rˁ Great is the manifestation of the Ka of Ra Nomen Djehutymes Ḏḥwtj-msj(w) Born of Thoth Djehutymes Khamyre Ḏḥwty-ms(jw)-ḫˁ-mj-rˁ Born of Thoth, appearing like Ra
Consort	Ahmose Mutnofret
Children	Thutmose II Hatshepsut Amenmose Wadjmose Nefrubity
Father	Unknown (possibly Amenhotep I or Ahmose Sapair)
Mother	Senseneb
Died	1493 BC
Burial	KV20, later KV38; Mummy found in the Deir el-Bahri royal cache (Theban Necropolis)
Monuments	Pylons IV and V, two obelisks, and a hypostyle hall at Karnak
Dynasty	18th<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>Dynasty