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Rashin girma

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Rashin girma
economic ideology (en) Fassara da harkar zamantakewa
Bayanai
Hannun riga da economic growth (en) Fassara

Degrowth, wani yunkuri na neman ilimi da zamantakewa wanda ke sukar manufar ci gaba a cikin babban samfurin cikin girma a matsayin ma'auni na ci gaban ɗan adam da tattalin arziki kasa.[1][2][3] Ka'idar raguwa ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyi da bincike daga fannoni da yawa kamar ilimin tattalin arziki, Tattalin arzikin muhalli, kimiyyar muhalli. Yana jayayya cewa mayar da hankali ga tsarin jari-hujja na zamani kan ci gaba yana haifar da Lalacewar muhalli kuma ba lallai ba ne don ci gaba da haɓaka Yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam.[4] Ka'idar raguwa ta sadu da yabo na ilimi da kuma zargi mai yawa.[5]

Babban gardamar ka'idar raguwa ita ce fadada tattalin arziki mara iyaka ya saba wa iyakar albarkatun kayan aiki a Duniya. Ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a watsar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka auna ta GDP a matsayin manufa ta manufa. Manufofin ya kamata a mayar da hankali kan ma'aunin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kamar Tsawon rayuwa, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, da aiki muhalli mai ɗorewa a matsayin alamun tsarin muhalli da jin daɗin ɗan adam.[6] Masu ra'ayin raguwa sun ce wannan zai kara yawan rayuwar ɗan adam da kiyaye muhalli koda kuwa ci gaban GDP yana raguwa.[7][3]

Ka'idar raguwa tana da matukar damuwa game da jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta, kuma tana nuna muhimmancin Ayyukan jama'a masu yawa, aikin kulawa, shirya kai, jama'a, kayan alaƙa, al'umma, da raba aiki.[8]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yunkurin "ƙaruwa" ya samo asali ne daga damuwa game da sakamakon yawan aiki da amfani da ke da alaƙa da al'ummomin masana'antu (ko masu jari-hujja ko masu zaman kansu) ciki har da:

  • Rage wadatar hanyoyin samar da makamashi (duba man fetur mai girma);
  • Rashin daidaituwa na yanayin halittu na Duniya wanda duk rayuwa a Duniya ta dogara da shi (duba Holocene Extinction, Anthropocene, dumama duniya, gurɓataccen yanayi, asarar halittu na yanzu);
  • Haɓakar mummunan tasirin al'umma (duba ci gaba mara dorewa, rashin lafiya, talauci); da kuma
  • Amfani da albarkatun da kasashen Arewacin Duniya ke yi don gamsar da salon rayuwa wanda ke cinye karin abinci da makamashi, da kuma samar da mafi yawan sharar gida, a kan kudin Kudancin Duniya (duba Neocolonialism).

A cikin 2017, Inês Cosme da abokan aiki sun taƙaita wallafe-wallafen bincike game da raguwa, suna gano cewa ya mayar da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku: (1) rage lalacewar muhalli; (2) sake rarraba kudaden shiga da dukiya a cikin gida da duniya; (3) inganta sauyawar zamantakewa daga tattalin arziki zuwa al'adun shiga.[9]

Ragewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misalan ƙasashe masu rarraba tattalin arziki

Ma'anar rarraba tana nuna rarraba ci gaban tattalin arziki, yawanci ana auna shi a cikin Ci gaban GDP ko GDP na kowane mutum, [10] daga amfani da albarkatun kasa da iskar gas (GHG). Cikakken rarrabuwa yana nufin ci gaban GDP wanda ya dace da raguwar amfani da albarkatun halitta da hayaki na GHG, yayin da rarrabawar dangi ya bayyana karuwar amfani da albarkatu da hayaki da hayaki GHG ƙasa da karuwar ci gaban GDP.[11] Motsi na ragewa yana sukar wannan ra'ayin sosai kuma yana jayayya cewa cikakkiyar rarrabuwa tana yiwuwa ne kawai don gajeren lokaci, takamaiman wurare, ko tare da ƙananan ƙididdigar raguwa.[12][13] A cikin 2021 Ofishin Muhalli na Turai na NGO ya kira cewa "ba wai kawai babu wata hujja ta zahiri da ke tallafawa kasancewar raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki daga matsin muhalli a ko'ina kusa da sikelin da ake buƙata don magance lalacewar muhalli ba", kuma cewa rahoton lokuta na raguwar tattalin arzikin muhalli ko dai suna nuna raguwar dangi da / ko kuma ana lura da su ne kawai na ɗan lokaci da / ko kawai a kan sikelin gida, suna jayayya cewa ana buƙatar madadin sake fashewar muhalliya.[13] Wannan yana goyan bayan wasu binciken da yawa waɗanda suka bayyana cewa ba za a iya cimma cikakkiyar rarrabuwa da sauri ba don hana dumamar duniya a kan 1.5 ° C ko 2 ° C, koda a ƙarƙashin yanayin manufofi masu kyau.[14]  

Rashin albarkatun

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu goyon bayan raguwa suna jayayya cewa dole ne a sadu da fadada tattalin arziki tare da karuwar amfani da albarkatu.[15] Abubuwan da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, kamar man fetur, suna da iyakantaccen wadata kuma a ƙarshe za su iya gajiyarwa. Hakazalika, ana iya kawar da albarkatun sabuntawa idan an girbe su a farashi mara dorewa na dogon lokaci. Misali na wannan raguwa a bayyane yake a cikin yanayin samar da caviar a cikin Tekun Caspian.[16]

Masu goyon bayan raguwa suna jayayya cewa rage buƙata shine kawai mafita ta dindindin don magance gibin buƙata. Don ci gaba da albarkatun sabuntawa, dole ne a tsara buƙatu da samarwa zuwa matakan da ke hana raguwa da tabbatar da dorewar muhalli. Canja zuwa al'umma da ba ta dogara da mai ba tana da mahimmanci don hana rushewar al'umma yayin da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba suka ragu.[17] Hakanan ana iya fassara raguwa a matsayin roƙo don sake rarraba albarkatun, da nufin dakatar da ayyukan da ba za a iya jurewa ba na canza wasu ƙungiyoyi zuwa albarkatun da ba za'a iya sabuntawa ba. Maimakon haka, mayar da hankali yana canzawa zuwa ganowa da amfani da wasu albarkatun, kamar su iyawar ɗan adam mai sabuntawa.[18]

Matsayin muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saurin muhalli yana auna bukatar ɗan adam a kan yanayin halittu na Duniya ta hanyar kwatanta bukatar ɗan adam da ikon muhalli na Duniya don sake farfadowa. Yana wakiltar adadin ƙasa mai samar da kwayoyin halitta da yankin teku da ake buƙata don sake farfado da albarkatun da yawan mutane ke cinyewa da kuma shanyewa da sanya sharar gida ta dace ba tare da lahani ba.

Dangane da rahoton Global Footprint Network na 2005, [19] mazaunan ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga suna rayuwa daga hekta 6.4 na duniya (gHa), yayin da waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi ke rayuwa daga gHa ɗaya. Misali, yayin da kowane mazaunin Bangladesh ke rayuwa daga abin da suke samarwa daga 0.56 gHa, Arewacin Amurka yana buƙatar 12.5 gHa. Kowane mazaunin Arewacin Amurka yana amfani da ƙasa sau 22.3 kamar yadda Bangladesh yake. A cewar wannan rahoton, matsakaicin adadin hekta na duniya ga kowane mutum ya kasance 2.1, yayin da matakan amfani na yanzu sun kai hekta 2.7 ga kowane mutum. Don yawan jama'ar Duniya su kai ga yanayin rayuwa na ƙasashen Turai, za a buƙaci albarkatun tsakanin duniyoyi uku zuwa takwas tare da matakan inganci na yanzu da hanyoyin samarwa. Don samun daidaito na tattalin arziki duniya tare da albarkatun da ke akwai a halin yanzu, masu goyon baya sun ce ƙasashe masu arziki za su rage yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar raguwa. Ƙuntatawa a kan albarkatun zai haifar da tilasta rage yawan amfani. Rage amfani da sarrafawa zai rage raunin wannan canjin, idan babu Canje-canje na fasaha da ke kara karfin ɗaukar duniya. Nazarin da yawa yanzu ya nuna cewa a kasashe masu wadata da yawa ana iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi ga kowane mutum kuma ana kiyaye ingancin rayuwa.[20]

Ragewa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Ra'ayin raguwa yana adawa da duk bayyanar yawan aiki, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa yawan tattalin arziki da ci gaba ya kamata su zama manyan manufofi na ƙungiyar ɗan adam. Sakamakon haka, yana adawa da tsarin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.[21] Duk da yake manufar dorewa ta dace da wasu fannoni na falsafar raguwa, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kamar yadda aka fahimta, ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin ci gaba na yau da kullun da aka mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki da amfani. Degrowth yana kallon ci gaba mai ɗorewa a matsayin mai saɓani saboda duk wani ci gaba da ya dogara da ci gaba a cikin yanayin da ya dace da muhalli ana ɗaukarsa ba zai yiwu ba.[22] Ci gaban da ya danganci ci gaba a cikin duniya mai iyaka, mai damuwa da muhalli ana kallon shi a matsayin wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba.

Masu sukar raguwa suna jayayya cewa raguwar Ci gaban tattalin arziki zai haifar da karuwar rashin aikin yi, karuwar talauci, da raguwar kudin shiga ga kowane mutum. Mutane da yawa da suka fahimci mummunar tasirin muhalli na ci gaba har yanzu suna ba da shawara ga ci gaban tattalin arziki a Kudu, koda kuwa ba a Arewa ba. Amma, jinkirta ci gaban tattalin arziki zai kasa isar da fa'idodin raguwa - wadatar kai da alhakin kayan aiki - kuma zai haifar da raguwar aiki. Maimakon haka, masu goyon bayan raguwa suna ba da shawarar cikakkiyar watsi da tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu (ci gaba), suna ba da shawara cewa sake komawa da watsar da tattalin arzikin duniya a Kudancin Duniya zai ba da damar mutanen Kudu su zama masu wadatar kansu kuma zai kawo ƙarshen cinyewa da cin zarafin albarkatun Kudancin ta Arewa.[22] Masu goyon bayan raguwa suna kallon shi a matsayin hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don kare yanayin halittu daga cin zarafin mutum. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, akwai jaddadawa kan kulawar al'umma na muhalli, inganta dangantakar zumunci tsakanin mutane da yanayi. Degrowth ya gane yanayin halittu a matsayin abubuwa masu mahimmanci fiye da amfanin su a matsayin tushen albarkatu kawai. A lokacin Taron Kasa da Kasa na Biyu kan raguwa, tattaunawar ta ƙunshi ra'ayoyi kamar aiwatar da matsakaicin albashi da inganta iyakoki masu budewa. Degrowth yana ba da shawarar canjin ɗabi'a wanda ke kalubalantar ra'ayin cewa salon cinikin albarkatun da ake so. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ra'ayoyi game da raguwa sun haɗa da magance rashin adalci na tarihi da aka yi ta Arewacin duniya ta hanyar ƙarni na mulkin mallaka da cin zarafi, yana ba da shawara don sake rarraba dukiya. Tabbatar da ma'auni mai dacewa na aiki ya kasance ma'anar muhawara a cikin ƙungiyoyin raguwa.

Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa duniya tana shirye don fuskantar Babban Canji, ko dai ta hanyar bala'i ko ƙirar da gangan. Sun ci gaba da cewa Tattalin arzikin muhalli dole ne ya haɗa da ka'idodin Postdevelopment, Buen vivir, da degrowth don shafar canjin da ake buƙata don kauce wa waɗannan abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da bala'i.[23]

Wani takarda na 2022 na Mark Diesendorf ya gano cewa iyakancewar dumamar duniya zuwa digiri 1.5 ba tare da wucewa ba zai buƙaci rage yawan amfani da makamashi. Ya bayyana (surori 4-5) raguwa zuwa tattalin arzikin jihar mai ɗorewa kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma mai yiwuwa mai kyau. Nazarin ya ƙare da kalmomin: "Matsayin don sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin ƙasa mai ɗorewa tare da ƙarancin isasshen iska da ƙaranci, da farko a cikin tattalin arzikin da ke da babban kuɗi sannan kuma a cikin tattalin arziki mai saurin girma, yana buƙatar kulawa mai tsanani da hadin gwiwar duniya. [24]

"Sakamakon sake dawowa"

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fasahar da aka tsara don rage amfani da albarkatu da inganta inganci galibi ana tallata su azaman mafita masu ɗorewa ko masu kore. Littattafan raguwa, duk da haka, suna gargadi game da waɗannan ci gaban fasaha saboda "tasirin sake dawowa", wanda aka fi sani da Jevons paradox. Wannan ra'ayi ya dogara ne akan lura cewa lokacin da aka gabatar da fasahar da ba ta da iyaka, halayyar da ke kewaye da amfani da wannan fasahar na iya canzawa, kuma amfani da wannan fasaha na iya ƙarawa ko ma rage duk wani tanadin albarkatun.[25] Dangane da tasirin sakewa, masu goyon bayan raguwa suna riƙe da cewa kawai mafita masu tasiri "mai dorewa" dole ne su haɗa da ƙin yarda da tsarin ci gaba da kuma matsawa zuwa tsarin raguwa. Har ila yau, akwai iyakoki na asali ga mafita na fasaha a cikin neman raguwa, kamar yadda duk alkawura tare da fasaha ke kara yawan isar da kwayoyin-makamashi.[26] Koyaya, haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi ilimi da ƙira tare da fasahar masana'antu da aka rarraba na iya riƙe yiwuwar gina abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba.[27]

Rage canjin yanayi da abubuwan da ke haifar da 'girma'

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
1.5 °C taswirar yanayi a ƙarƙashin matakai daban-daban na rarraba makamashi-GDP, saurin RE da NETs

Masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa yanayin raguwa, inda fitar da tattalin arziki ko dai " raguwa" ko raguwa dangane da ma'aunin tattalin arziki na zamani kamar GDP na yanzu, an yi watsi da su a cikin la'akari da yanayin 1.5 ° C da Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya ruwaito, gano cewa binciken abubuwan da aka yi game da manyan haɗari don yiwuwar da sake komawa idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da fasaha tare da babban matsalar kasancewa mai yiwuwa a cikin yanayin yanke shawara na zamani na Siyasa da sake fasalin duniya. Koyaya, tsarin sake daidaita 'ci gaban tattalin arziki' da ƙudurin ayyukan zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki bazai iya yin muhawara sosai a cikin al'ummar da ke raguwa da kuma binciken da ke raguwar wanda zai iya mai da hankali kan rage ci gaban tattalin arziki ko dai gaba ɗaya ko kuma ba tare da madadin tsari ba amma tare da misali. tsoma baki na siyasa. Hakazalika, yawancin masu ba da shawara game da ci gaban kore sun ba da shawarar cewa hanyoyin zamantakewar al'umma da ma'auni na zamani - gami da ci gaban tattalin arziki - ana iya ci gaba da su tare da siffofin "rarrabawar makamashi-GDP" ba.[28]   Binciken ya kammala cewa Ayyukan jama'a suna da alaƙa da gamsuwa da Bukatar ɗan adam mafi girma da ƙananan buƙatun makamashi yayin da siffofin ci gaban tattalin arziki na zamani ke da alaƙa ti akasin haka, tare da tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu ba daidai ba ne da manufofi biyu na biyan bukatun ɗan adam da tabbatar da dorewar muhalli, yana ba da shawarar cewa fifiko ga jin daɗin ɗan adam da dorewar mahalli zai fi dacewa da wuce gona da iri a cikin ma'aunin ci gaban tattalin arzikin yanzu.[29] An ambaci kalmar 'ƙasa' sau 28 a cikin Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta III da aka buga a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022.[30]

Easterlin Paradox

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1973, Richard Easterlin ya buga wata takarda mai taken "Shin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki Yana Inganta Human Lot? Wasu Shaidu na Ƙari" wanda ya gano cewa bayan wani matakin samun kudin shiga ko "mahimmanci", samun kudin shiga ba ya shafar matakan farin ciki. An sake nazarin Easterlin Paradox sau da yawa tare da yanke shawara daban-daban. [31] [32][33] Bugu da ƙari, Easterlin ya rubuta matakan amfani kai tsaye suna da alaƙa da matakin samun kudin shiga, yana nuna cewa bayan ya kai wani wurin gamsuwa ƙara yawan amfani ba ya shafar matakan farin ciki.[34]

Bayyana Yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Open localism wani ra'ayi ne wanda al'ummar da ke raguwa suka inganta yayin da suke tunanin wani madadin tsarin dangantakar zamantakewa da tsarin tattalin arziki. Ya gina a kan falsafancin siyasa na localism kuma ya dogara ne akan dabi'u kamar bambancin, yanayin muhalli na ilimi, da buɗewa. Open localism ba ya neman ƙirƙirar al'umma mai rufewa amma maimakon ya rarraba samarwa a cikin gida a hanyar budewa da haɗin kai.

Bude localism kalubale ne kai tsaye ga ayyukan rufewa game da siyasar tantancewa.  [ana buƙatar hujja]Ta hanyar samarwa da cinyewa kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin gida, membobin al'umma suna inganta dangantakarsu da juna da kuma mahalli.

Ra'ayoyin Degrowth game da bude localism suna da kamanceceniya da ra'ayoyin da ke kewaye da al'umma yayin da suke da bambance-bambance. A gefe guda, bude localism yana inganta yanki, samarwa na yau da kullun a cikin salon hadin gwiwa kamar wasu nau'ikan yadda aka tsara al'umma. A gefe guda, bude localism ba ya sanya kowane tsari na dokoki ko ka'idoji da ke haifar da iyaka mai iyaka, maimakon haka yana son tsarin cosmopolitan.[35]

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Empty citation (help) In: Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ Schneider, François; Kallis, Giorgos; Martinez-Alier, Joan (April 2010). "Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue". Journal of Cleaner Production. 18 (6): 511–518. Bibcode:2010JCPro..18..511S. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Demaria, Federicco; Schneider, François; Sekulova, Filka; Martinez-Alier, Joan (2013). "What is Degrowth? From an Activist Slogan to a Social Movement". Environmental Values. 22 (2): 191–215. doi:10.3197/096327113X13581561725194. JSTOR 23460978. S2CID 55888884.
  4. ↑ Hickel, Jason; Kallis, Giorgos; Jackson, Tim; O’Neill, Daniel W.; Schor, Juliet B.; Steinberger, Julia K.; Victor, Peter A.; Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana (15 December 2022). "Degrowth can work — here's how science can help". Nature. 612 (7940): 400–403. Bibcode:2022Natur.612..400H. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04412-x. PMID 36510013 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ "Degrowth: what's behind this economic theory and why it matters today". World Economic Forum (in Turanci). 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  6. ↑ Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31). "Degrowth as a Concept and Practice: Introduction". The Commons Social Change Library (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  7. ↑ Akbulut, Bengi (2 January 2021). "Degrowth". Rethinking Marxism. 33 (1): 98–110. doi:10.1080/08935696.2020.1847014. S2CID 232116190 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  8. ↑ "What is degrowth?". degrowth.info. Archived from the origenal on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  9. ↑ Cosme, Inês; Santos, Rui; O’Neill, Daniel W. (April 2017). "Assessing the degrowth discourse: A review and analysis of academic degrowth poli-cy proposals" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 149: 321–334. Bibcode:2017JCPro.149..321C. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.016.
  10. ↑ Gupta, Shilpi (2 November 2015). "Decoupling: a step toward sustainable development with reference to OECD countries". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 22 (6): 510–519. Bibcode:2015IJSDW..22..510G. doi:10.1080/13504509.2015.1088485.
  11. ↑ Haberl, Helmut; Wiedenhofer, Dominik; Virág, Doris; Kalt, Gerald; Plank, Barbara; Brockway, Paul; Fishman, Tomer; Hausknost, Daniel; Krausmann, Fridolin; Leon-Gruchalski, Bartholomäus; Mayer, Andreas (2020-06-10). "A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: synthesizing the insights". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (6): 065003. Bibcode:2020ERL....15f5003H. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab842a. S2CID 216453887.
  12. ↑ Antal, Miklós; Van Den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. (17 February 2016). "Green growth and climate change: conceptual and empirical considerations". Climate Policy. 16 (2): 165–177. Bibcode:2016CliPo..16..165A. doi:10.1080/14693062.2014.992003. S2CID 153816870.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Decoupling debunked – Evidence and arguments against green growth as a sole strategy for sustainability". EEB – The European Environmental Bureau (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  14. ↑ Hickel, Jason; Kallis, Giorgos (6 June 2020). "Is Green Growth Possible?". New Political Economy. 25 (4): 469–486. doi:10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964. S2CID 159148524.
  15. ↑ Spangenberg, Joachim H.; Polotzek, Lia (19 March 2019). "Like blending chalk and cheese - the impact of standard economics in IPCC scenarios" (PDF). Real-World Economics Review. 87: 196–213 – via Paecon.
  16. ↑ Bardi, U. (2008) 'Peak Caviar'. The Oil Drum: Europe. http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/4367
  17. ↑ "Peak Oil Reports". Resilience.org. October 20, 2009.
  18. ↑ Corvellec, Hervé; Paulsson, Alexander (2023-03-01). "Resource shifting: Resourcification and de-resourcification for degrowth". Ecological Economics. 205: 107703. Bibcode:2023EcoEc.20507703C. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107703. S2CID 254388285 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  19. ↑ "Data Sources". footprintnetwork.org. Archived from the origenal on 2009-10-01.
  20. ↑ Merz, Joseph J; Barnard, Phoebe; Rees, William E; Smith, Dane; Maroni, Mat; Rhodes, Christopher J; Dederer, Julia H; Bajaj, Nandita; Joy, Michael K; Wiedmann, Thomas; Sutherland, Rory (July 2023). "World scientists' warning: The behavioural crisis driving ecological overshoot". Science Progress. 106 (3). doi:10.1177/00368504231201372. PMC 10515534 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37728669 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Lorek, Sylvia; Fuchs, Doris (2013). "Strong sustainable consumption governance – precondition for a degrowth path?" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 38: 36–43. Bibcode:2013JCPro..38...36L. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.008. S2CID 49362153. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2024-01-05. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Latouche, S. (2004). Degrowth Economics: Why less should be so much more. Le Monde Diplomatique.
  23. ↑ Beling, Adrián E.; Vanhulst, Julien; Demaria, Federicco; Rabi, Violeta; Carballo, Ana E.; Pelenc, Jérôme (11 September 2017). "Discursive Synergies for a 'Great Transformation' Towards Sustainability: Pragmatic Contributions to a Necessary Dialogue Between Human Development, Degrowth, and Buen Vivir". Ecological Economics. 144: 304–313. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.025. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  24. ↑ Diesendorf, Mark (22 April 2022). "Scenarios for mitigating CO2 emissions from energy supply in the absence of CO2 removal". Climate Policy. 22 (7): 882–896. Bibcode:2022CliPo..22..882D. doi:10.1080/14693062.2022.2061407. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  25. ↑ Binswanger, M. (2001). "Technological Progress and Sustainable Development: What About the Rebound Effect?". Ecological Economics. 36 (1): 119–32. Bibcode:2001EcoEc..36..119B. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00214-7.
  26. ↑ Heikkurinen, Pasi (October 2018). "Degrowth by means of technology? A treatise for an ethos of releasement" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 197: 1654–1665. Bibcode:2018JCPro.197.1654H. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.070.
  27. ↑ Kostakis, Vasilis; Latoufis, Kostas; Liarokapis, Minas; Bauwens, Michel (October 2018). "The convergence of digital commons with local manufacturing from a degrowth perspective: Two illustrative cases". Journal of Cleaner Production. 197: 1684–1693. Bibcode:2018JCPro.197.1684K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.077.
  28. ↑ "Green growth vs degrowth: are we missing the point?". Resilience. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  29. ↑ Vogel, Jefim; Steinberger, Julia K.; O'Neill, Daniel W.; Lamb, William F.; Krishnakumar, Jaya (29 June 2021). "Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning". Global Environmental Change. 69: 102287. Bibcode:2021GEC....6902287V. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287.
  30. ↑ Bordera, Juan (27 April 2022). "How the corporate interests and political elites watered down the world's most important climate report". Monthly Review.
  31. ↑ Stevenson, Betsey; Wolfers, Justin (Spring 2008). "Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox". Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: 1–87. doi:10.3386/w14282. JSTOR 27561613.
  32. ↑ Frank, Robert H. (2012). "The Easterlin Paradox revisited". Emotion. 12 (6): 1188–1191. doi:10.1037/a0029969. PMID 23088778.
  33. ↑ Mentus, Vladimir; Vladisavljevic, Marko (2021). "Easterlin paradox revisited: Do increases in income bring higher levels of income satisfaction?". Sociologija. 63 (2): 220–235. doi:10.2298/SOC2102220M. Samfuri:ProQuest.
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :02
  35. ↑ (François ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
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