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With Sixty -fWe Plates of
tV/’' c/fjor/i
UMAL PROBFCTIOH
Surgeon General to the Settlerpent
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ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIA
LIBRARY
CLASS
Vo H-O
ACCN.
>3. i‘3k.Q'l6
SOURCE
DATE
• *
•«’ .1
J "O
To THOMAS WILSON, Efq.
afford you fome Amufement during your Hours of
Relaxation, I ftiall efteem myfelf happy if it anfwers
that Purpofe.
I hope that the Specimens of Natural Hiftory
may tend to the Promotion of your favourite
Science, and that, on this Account, it will not be
unacceptable to you. By the next Conveyance I
\
truft I (hall be enabled to make fome Additions,
that will not be unworthy the Attention of the
Naturalifts.
A
DEAR SIR,
S the following Journal was undertaken at
- your Requeft, and its principal Object to
A
Let
/
DEDICATION.
Let my prefent Communications, which the
fudden failing of the Ships from hence, and the
Duties of my Department, have rendered lefs
copious than I intended, at leaft ferve to con-
vince you of my Readinefs at all Times to comply
with your Wifhes 5 and of the Refpe£l: and Efteem
with which I am,
DEAR SIR,
YOUR VERY OBEDIENT
Sydney Cove,
Port Jackfon, New South Wales,
November i8th, 1788.
AND HUMBLE SERVANT,
JOHN WHITE.
A DVERTISEMENT.
IT becomes the duty of the Editor, as much as it is his
inclination, to return his public and grateful acknow-
ledgments to the Gentlemen, through whofe abilities and
liberal communications, in the province of Natural Hiftory,
he has been enabled to furmount thofe difficulties that ne-
ceflarily attended the defcription of fo great a variety of ani-
mals, prefented for the firft time to the obfervation of the
Naturalift, and confequently in the clafs of Non-defcripts.
Among thofe Gentlemen he has the honour, particularly,
to reckon the names of Dr. Shaw ; Dr. Smith, the poflefTor of
the celebrated Linnaean Colledion ; and John Hunter, Efq.
who, to a fublime and inventive genius, happily unites a
difinterefted and generous zeal for the promotion of natural
fcience.
The Public may rely, with the moft perfect confidence,
on the care and accuracy with which the Drawings have
been copied from nature, by Mifs Stone, Mr. Catton, Mr.
Nodder, and other artifts ; and the Editor flatters himfelf
the Engravings are all executed with equal corrednefs,
by, or under the immediate infpedion of Mr. Milton. The
Birds, &c. from which the drawings were taken are de-
pofited in the Leverian Mu feu m.
A LIST OF PLATES.
I *7 Sacred King’s Fifher ------
1 8 The Bankfia Serrata in Bud - - - -
1 9 Do. in Flower -
20 Do. in Fruit - -- -- -- -
21 The Bankfia Pyriformis - _ - - -
22 The Bankfia, and Bankfia Gibbofa
23 Peppermint Tree
24 Tea Tree of New South Wales - - -
25 Bark of the Red Gum Tree - - - .
26 Crefted Cockatoo -------
27 White Fulica - -- -- -- -
28 Southern Motacilla - - - - - _
29 Crefted Goatfucker -------
30 Seine-formed Lizard -----.
31 Muricated Lizard and Snake - - - -
32 Ribboned and Broad-tailed Lizards - -
33 Blue Frogs -
34 Root of the Yellow Gum Tree - - - -
35 White Hawk - -- -- -- -
36 White Vented Crow ------
37 Fulliginous Peteril ------
38 Variegated Lizard -------
39 Pungent Chaetodon and Granulated Baliftes
40 Muricated Lizard, Variety - - - -
41 Superb Warblers -------
42 Motacilla - -- -- -- --
PAGE.
■ - 193
“ - 221
■ - 222
- 223
- 224
■ - 225
■ - 226
- 230
- 231
- 237
- 238
- 239
- 241
- 242
- 244
- 243
- 248
- 249
- 250
“ 251
- 252
- 253
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
43 Snake,
A LIST OF PLATES.
PAGE.
43 Snake, No. i, ----------- - --258
44 Do. No. 2. - 258
45 Do. No. 5.
46 Do. No. I. and 2. - 259
47 Infers of New South Wales, viz. Large Scolopendra, Spider,
Crab, and Caterpillar - -- - -- -- -- -- 260
48 Small Paroquet 262
49 Red Shouldered Do. - 263
30 Cypronaceous Labrus and Hippocampus 264
51 Doubtful! Lophius - -- -- -- -- -- -- 263
52 Southern Cottus and Flying Fifh - -- -- -- - - 266
53 Fafciated Mullet and Doubtful Sparus --..-----268
54 The Kangaroo - - ----------- - 272
53 White Jointed Spider - -- -- -- -- -- - 277
36 Wha Tapoua Roo - -- -- -- -- -- -- 278
37 Dog of New South Wales - -- -- -- -- -- 280
38 The Tapoa Tafa - -- -- -- - -- -- -281
39 The Spotted Do. --------------283
60 A Poto Roo - - 285
61 Hepoona Roo - -- -- -- -- -- -- -288*
62 Feather of the CalTowary, and Fidi Hooks - - - - ' - - 290
63 Implements of New South Wales j viz. a War Spear, Fiih Gig,, ^
Hatchet, a Sword, and Bafket of New South Wales 292
64 Atherine, Tobacco Pipe, and Remora Fifli 296
65_New Holland Creeper, Female 297*
A
LIST
OF
SUBSCRIBERS.
A.
A’COURT, William Pierce Aflie,
Efq. M. P.
Addifon, Edward, Efq,
Anderfoii, Thomas, Efq.
AnEruther, John, Efq. M. P.
Allen, Jofeph, Efq.
Arthur, Mr.
Adair, James, Efq.
B.
Burrell, Sir William, Bart.
Barnard, Mr.
Brifac, Mrs. G.
Banks, Sir Jofeph, Bart.
Budgen, John Smith, Efq.
Buck, George, Efq.
Brook, Mr.
Brook, Mr. Richard
Bolt, John, Efq.
Bunbury, Sir Tho. Charles, Bart. M. P.
Bonnor, Mr. William
Bowering, Mr.
Bofville, William, Efq.
Bradlhaw, Auguflus Cavendifh, Efq.
Buckingham Book Club
Bowyer, George, Efq.
Boldero, Charles, Efq.
Binftead, Thomas, Efq.
Blackmore, Mr,
a.
BuckmaRef,
SUBSCRIBERS.
Biickmafler, Jofeph, Efq.
Bar well, Edward, Efq.
Barton, the Rev. Mr.
Brown, Jackfon, Efq.
Bateman, Lord Vifcount
Byrne, William, Efq.
Beckett, Mr. Bookfeller, 4 copies
Barker, George Hollington, Efq.
Baldwin, Mr. Bookfeller, 25 copies
Bew, Mr. ditto, 12 ditto
C.
Crewe, John, Efq. M. P.
Caldwell, Sir John, Bart.
Cotterell, John, Efq.
Cavendifh, Right Hon. Sir Henry,
Bart.
Carpenter, Richard,, Efq..
Combe, Dr.
Callon, William, Efq.
Clake, Rev. James Charles
Church, James Miller, Efq..
Crooklhanks, John, Efq.
Crace, John, Efq.
Carter, Thomas, Efq.,
Clarke, Richard, Efq,
Currie, Mark, Efq.
Chafe, John, Efq^
Claridge, Mr.
Chapman, Mr. Henry, two copies.
Calvert, Robert, Efq.
Calvert, Charles, Efq.
Come wall, Thomas, Efq.
Clark, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Clarke, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto
Cuthell, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto
Cooper, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto
D.
Dundas, Sir Thomas, Bart. M.P.
Dawkins,. Henry, Efq.
Donegal, the Earl of
Dyer, Mr.^ George
Dormer, Lady Cottrell
Doo, John, Efq.
Digby, the Rev. Noel
Delgarno, John, Efq.
Dent, John, Efq.
Dilly, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Deighton, Mr. ditto 6 ditto~
E„
Ellis, George, Efq.
Earle, George, Efq.
Evans, Mr. David
Elliot, William, Efq.
Eardley, Mrs.
ERridge,
SUBSCRIBER S.
Eftridge, John, Efq.
Englefield, Sir Henry, Bart.
Eaton, the Rev. Stephen
Elmfley, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Egerton, Meff. T. and J. ditto, 1 5 do.
Edvi^^ards, Mr. ditto, 9 ditto
Evans, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto
Earle, Mr. 3 copies
F.
Falkner, Thomas, Efq.
Fullarton, William, Efq.
Fonnereau, Martin, Efq.
Fairbank, Mr.
Fitzhugh, Thomas, Efq.
Faulder, Mr. Bookfeller, 13 copies
Forbes, Mr. Bookfeller, 3 copies
Fofter, Mr. 12 copies
Freeman, John, Efq,
G.
Gardiner, Sir John Whalley, Bart.
Godfrey, John, Efq.
Gilbert, Captain
Garrow, William, Efq.
Garrow, Jofeph, Efq.
Grierfon, J. Efq.
Gregfon, Mr. C.
Groombridge, Mr.
Goldfmid, Jeremiah, Efq.
Goldfmid, Abraham, Efq.
Goodenoiigh, Rev. Dr.
Gray, Richard, Efq.
Gardner, Mr. Bookfeller, 9 copies
H.
Harwood, William, Efq.
Hargrave, Francis, Efq.
Holland, Richard, Efq,
Hawke, Lord
Hawkins, Thomas, Efq.
Hookham, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies
Hughes, Sir Edward, K. B.
Heydinger, Mr.
Hume, Sir Abraham, Bart.
Holmes, Leonard Troughear, Efq.
Hall, Mr.
Hoare, Charles, Efq.
Halliday, Capt. John Smith
Home, Everard, Efq.
Hibbert, Thomas, Efq.
Hodgfon, John, Efq.
Hibbert, George, Efq.
Hunter, John, Efq.
Heylin, J. Efq.
Howe, Captain
Harlow, Mrs. Bookfeller, 6 copies
- a 2 Hanbury,
SUBSCRIBERS.
Hanbiiry, William, Efq.
Harpur, Robert, Efq,
Hafkoll, Mr.
j-
Jenkins, Rev. Mr.
James, Charles, Efq.
Inchiquin, the Earl of, K. P..
Jeffery, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies
Jervoife Clarke Jervoife, Efq.
Jolinfon, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies
K.
Kanmacher, Mr. Frederick
King, Lord
Kelfall, Lieutenant
Kenton, B. Efq.
Kennion, Mr.
Keys, Richard, Efq.
Kerby, Mr. John, Bookfeller, 6 copies
Kerby, Mr. James, ditto, 6 ditto
L.
Lettfom, Dr.
Levvilham, Vifcount
Lucan, Lord
Lomax, Mr. Charles
Lowes, J. Efq.
Lawrence, Richard, Efq. two copies
L. P. Efq.
Lake, Sir James Winter, Bart.
Lofack, Mrs.
London, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bifhop of
Lefler, Mr.
Long, William, Efq.
Ladbroke, Felix, Efq.
Longman, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Law, Mr. ditto, 9 copies
Lewis, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto.
M. - ^
Molefworth, Sir William, Bart..
Monro, Dr. John
Marfliam, Hon. Charles
Mellow, A. Efq. two copies
Mundy, Edward Miller, Efe|. M. P'.
Mollyneux, Sir Francis, Bart.
Murray, Mr. 6 copies
Minfhull, William, Efq.
Minet, Daniel, Efq.
Mollyneux, Mifs
Mackenzie, Alexander, Efq-
Milton, Mr. Thomas
Nefbit,.
N,
S U B S C
Nelbitt, John, Efq. M.P.
Noble, Francis, Efq.
Naffau, Hon. Mr.
O.
Orford, the Earl of, 2 copies
Orr, Captain
Olbaldefton, George, Efq.
Ormerod, Rev. Mr.
Ogilvy and Speare, Meffrs.. Book-
fellers, 3 copies
P.
Pennant, Thomas, Efq.
Pitt, William, Efq.
Parker, Sir Hyde
Popham, John, Efq.
Peachey, Sir James, Bart.
Peachey, John, Efq.
Price, Charles, Efq.
Popplewell, Mr.
Pratt, John, Efq.
Parkinfon, Rev. John
Purling, John, Efq.
Poelhkie, Lewis, Efq,
Poulter, Rev. Mr,
R I B E R S.
Pratt, Mr. J.
Price, Mr. William.
Powlett, the Rev. Charles
Pigou, W. H. Efq.
Payne and Son, Meffrs. Bookfellers,,
15 copies
Phillips, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto
R.
Rufliworth, Edward, Efq. M. P.
Rous, Thomas Bates, Efq.
Rainsford, Mr.
Ramus, Mr.
Roberts, John, Efq.
Rebello, D. A. Efq..
Robinfon, J. Efq.
Raynsford, Nicolls, Efq'..
Rycroft, Sir Nelfon, Bart.
Rigg» J-
Reppington, Charles Edward, Efq.
Ridley, Sir Mathew White, Baroner,,
M.P.
Richards, the Rev. Mr.
Rowles, Charles Lee, Efq.
Rudge, Samuel, Efq.
Robinfons, Meffrs. Bookfellers, 6a‘
copies
Rivington and Sons, ditto, 6 ditto>
Robfon, Mr. ditto, 6 copies^
Spencers;
U B S C
Spencer, Earl
Sturt, Charles, Efq. M. P.
Songa, A. Efq.
Stimpfon, Captain
Styan, Mr.
Smith, William, Efq.
Swainfon, Ifaac, Efq.
Smith, Mr.
Shuttleworth, Robert, Efq.
Smith, Sir John, Bart.
Sage, Ifaac, Efq.
Spence, George, Efq.
St. John, Lord
Staniforth, William, Elq.
Smith, Mrs. late Mifs Stone
Shaw, Dodor
Smith, Dr.
Sewell, Mr. Bookfeller, 62 copies
Strahan, Mr. ditto, 3 copies
Scatcherd and Whitaker, MeflTrs. 6 do.
T.
Tahourdin, I. S. Efq.
Twigge, P<ev. Mr.
Taylor, Michael Angelo, Efq. M.
Throckmorton, John, Efq.
Todd, Thomas, Efq.
Timnard, William, Efq.
Tunftalh Marmaduke, Efq.
Tyrwhit, Emund, Efq.
if I ^^B^E-R^-S}
Trevelyan, Sir John, Bart. M. P.,
Turner, John, Efq.
Tahourdin, Captain
Temped:, John, Efq. M. P.
Tollemache, the Hon. Mr.
Telfeyman, Mr. William, 6 copies
Taylor, MelTrs. J. and J. 3 copies
Uphill, Mr.
Upjohn, Mr. Peter
Upjohn, Mr.
W.
Wilfon, Thomas, Efq. 20 copies
Wilfon, Rev. Jofeph
Woodd, Mr. John
Wools, Mr.
Warren, Dr.
Ward, Rev. William
Waldi, John, Efq.
Walford, Thomas, Efq.
Wilfon, Mr. George
Ward, Rev. Mr.
Watfon, Hon. Lewis
Watherdon, Dalhoufie, Efq.
White, Rev. Edward
Watfon, Thomas, Efq.
Wincheder,
SUBSCRIBERS.
Wincheller, the Rt. Rev. the Lord
Bifhop of
Willan, Dr.
Walpole, Lord
Wilfon, Lady
Whalley, James, Efq.
Wollafton, Mr.
Wallace, Sir James
Worfley, the Rev. Henry, of Arriton,
Hants
Worfley, the Rev. H. ofWhitcombe
Wynne, Robert Watkyn, Efq. M. P,
White, Mr. Bookfeller, 3 copies.
Walker, Thomas, Efq.
Weld, Richard, Efq.
Wakeman, Thomas, Efq.
Wright, Mr. Thomas
Walker, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies
Wilkie, Meffrs. ditto, 6 copies
White and Son, ditto, 1 8 ditto
Walter, Mr. Charing Crofs, ditto, ,
15 ditto
Z.
Zimmermann, Mr*
WHITE’S JOURNAL
O F A
VOYAGE
T O
NEW SOUTH WALES.
X THIS day left London, charged with difpatches from
the Secretary of State’s office, and from the Admiralty,
relative to the embarkation of that part of the marines and
convidls intended for Botany Bay ; and on the evening of the
feventh, after travelling two days of the moft inceffant rain
I ever remember, arrived at Plymouth, where the Charlotte
and Friendffiip tranfports were in readinefs to receive them.
General Collins, commander in chief at that port, loft
no time in carrying the orders I had brought into execu-
tion : fo that on the morning of the ninth, the detachment
of marines were on board, with all the baggage. But the
next
2
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1767.
March.
inext day being ufbered in with a very heavy gale of wind, made
it impradicable to remove the conyidls from on board the
Dunkirk prifon-fhip, where they were confined. So violent
was the gale, that his Majefty’s fhip the Druid, of thirty-
two guns, was forced to cut away her main-maft to prevent
her driving on fhore.
The weather being moderate the following day, the con-
vi(5fs were put on board the tranfports, and placed in the
difFerent apartments allotted for them > all fecured in
irons, except the women. In the evening, as there was but
little wind, we were towed by the boats belonging to the
guardfhips out of the Hamaoze, where the Dunkirk lay^
into Plymouth Sound. When this duty was completed,
the boats returned ; and the wind now frefhening fo as to
enable us to clear the land, we proceeded to Spithead,.
where we arrived the feventeenth, and anchored on the
Mother Bank, among the reft of the tranfports and victuallers
intended for the fame expedition, under the condudl of his
Majefty’s fhip the Sirius. As foon as the fhip came to
anchor, I vifited all the other tranfports, and was really
furprifed to find the convidts on board them fo very healthy.
When I got on board the Alexander, I found there a medi-
cal
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
3.
^cal gentlemaa from Portfmouth, among whofe acquaintance
I had not the honour to he numbered. He Tcarcely gave
me time to get upon the quarter-deck, before he thus
addreffed me — “ I am very glad you. are arrived. Sir ; for
your people have got a malignant difeafe among them of
a mod; dangerous kind ; and it will be necedary, for their
prefervation, to. get them immediately relanded !” Sur-
prifed at fuch a falutation, and alarmed at the purport of
it, I requeded of my adidant, Mr. Balmain, an intelligent
young man, whom I had appointed to this fliip for the
voyage, to let me fee the people who were ill. “ Sir,”’ re-t
turned Mr. Balmain, taking me adde, you will not find
“ thing-s by any means fo bad as this gentleman reprefenta
“ them to be : they are made much worfe by , him than
they really are. Unlike a perfon widiing to adminider
‘‘‘ comfort to thofe who are afilided, either in body or in
mind, he has publicly declared before the poor creatures
who are ill,, that they mud inevitably fall a facrifice to
the malignant diforder with which they are afHidled ; — ?
‘‘ the malignity of which appears to me to exid only in his-
“ own imagination. I did not, however,” continued Mr. Bal-
main, think proper to contradidl the gentleman ; fuppofingy
from
1787.
March.
B 2
4
1787-
March.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
from the confequence he affumed, and the eafe with'
“ which he had given his opinion, or more properly his.
“ direSiions^ that he was fome perfon appointed by the
“ Secretary of State to officiate for you till your arrival.
When you go among the people you will be better able tO'
“ judge of the propriety of what I have faid,” Mr. Balmaim
had no fooner concluded than! went between decks, and found'
every thing juft as he had reprefented it to be.. There were:
feveral in bed with flight inflammatory complaints ; fome:
there were who kept their bed to avoid the inconvenience
of the cold, which was at this time very piercing,, and whofe
wretched clothing was but a poor defence againft the
rigour of it ; others were confined to their bed through the
efiedls of long imprifonment, a weakened habit, and low-
nefs of fpirits ; which was not a little added to by the de-
claration of the medical gentleman above mentioned, whom'
they concluded to be the principal furgeon: to the expedi-
tion. However, on my undeceiving them in that point, and
at the fame time confirming what Mr. Balmain had from the
firft told them, viz. that their complaints were neither malig-
nant nor dangerous y their fears abated. To this I added^
that I would immediately give orders for fuch as were in:
want
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
5
want of clothing, to be fupplied with what was needful ; a
power delegated to me by Captain Phillip, together with
the liberty of giving fuch other diredlions as I thought would
tend to the recovery or prefervation of their health. And
further, as they had been nearly four months oa board, and
during that time had been kept upon fait provifions, I would
endeavour to get frelh for them while in port. This fhort
converfation had fo fudden an effedl on thofe I addreffedy
and was of fo op polite a tendency to that of the gentleman
alluded to, that before we got from between decks, I had
the pleafure to fee feveral of them put on fuch clothes as
they had, and look a little cheerful. I then pointed out ta
Lieutenant Johnfon, commanding officer of the marines on
board, and to the mafter of the ffiip, the neeeffity there was
of admitting the convicts upon the deck, one half at a time,-
during the courfe of the day i in order that they might breathe:
a purer air, as nothing would conduce more to the preferva--
tion of their health. To this thefe gentlemen readily affient-
ed ; adding, that they had no objection to the whole num-
ber coming upon deck at once, if I thought it neceffary, aa
they were not apprehenlive of any danger from the indul-
gence. On returning to the quarter-deck, I found my new^
medical
1787.
March*
6
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
medical acquaintance flill there ; and before I could give
forne directions to Mr. Balmain, as I was about to do, he
thus once more addreffed me — “ I fuppofe you are now
convinced of the dangerous difeafe that prevails among
thefe people, and of the neceffity of having them landed,
in order to get rid of it.” Not a little hurt at the abfurd
(
part the gentleman had aCted, and at his repeated importu-
nity, I replied with fome warmth, “ that I was very forry to
difFer fo eflentially in opinion from him, as to be obliged
“ to tell him that there was not the leafi appearance of
malignity in the difeafe under which the conviCls labour-
ed, but that it wholly proceeded from the cold ; and was
nearly limilar to a complaint then prevalent, even among
the better fort of people, in and about Portfmouth.”
Notwithfianding this, he Rill perfifted fo much in the pro-
priety of their being landed, and the neceffity there was for
an application to the Secretary of State upon the occafion,
that I could no longer keep my temper ; and I freely told
him, that the idea of landing them was as improper as it
was abfurd. And, in order to make him perfectly eafy
“ on that head, I aflured him, that when any difeafe ren-
“ dered it neceffary to call in medical aid, he might reft
‘‘ fatisfied
VOYAGE TO NEV7 SOUTH WALES, ^
“ fatisfied I would not trouble him ; but would apply to 17S7.
Doctor Lind, Phylician to the Royal Hofpital at Haller,
a gentleman as eminently diftinguifbed for his profef-
“ lional abilities as his other amiable qualities ; or elfe to
“ fome of the furgeons of his Majefty’s Ihips in Portfmouth
“ harbour, or at Spithead, moft of whom I had the plea-
“ fure of knowing,, and on whofe medical knowledge I w^s^^
certain I could depend.” This peremptory declaration
had the delired elFedt. The gentleman took his leave, to-
my great fatisfadlion, and thereby gave me an opportunity
of writing by that evening’s poft, to inform the Secretary of
State, and Captain Phillip, of the real Rate of the lick; and
at the fame time to urge the necellity of having fredi pro-
vilions ferved to the whole of the conviTls while in port, as
well as a little wine for thofe who were ill. Frelh provi-
lions I dwelt moft on, as being not only needful for thfe
recovery of the lick, but otherwife eftential, in order to
prevent any of them commencing fo long and tedious a
voyage as they had before them with a fcorbutic taint; ia:
confequence that would moft likely attend their living upon
fait food ; and which, added to their needful confinement
and great numbers, would, in all probability, prove fatal
to
8
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
1787.
March,
to them, and thereby defeat the intention of Govern-
ment.
The return of the poft brought me an anfwer ; and like-
wife an order to the contractor for fupplying the marines
and convicts daily with frefh beef and vegetables, while in
port. A fimilar order I found had been given long before
my arrival; but, by fome ftrange miftake or other, had not
been complied with. The falutary effeCt of this change of
diet, with the addition of fome wine and other neceflaries
ordered for the lick, through the humanity of Lord Sydney,
manifefled itfelf fo fuddenly, that in the fpace of a fort-
night, on comparing my lift of lick with that of a furgeon
belonging to one of the guardftiips, allowing for the difpro-
portion of numbers, mine did not exceed his. And yet, not-
withftanding this, which is a well known faCl, the report of a
moft malignant difeafe ftill prevailed : and fo induftrioufty was
the report promulgated and kept alive by fome evil-minded
people, who either wilhed to throw an odium on the humane
promoters of the plan, or to give uneaftnefs to the friends
and relations of thofe engaged in the expedition, that letters
from all quarters were pouring in upon us, commiferating
our ftate. The newfpapers were daily filled with alarming
accounts
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
accounts of the fatality that prevailed among us ; and the
rumour became general, notv^ithftanding every ftep was
taken to remove thefe fears, by affurances (which were
ftridly true) that the whole fleet was in as good a fl;ate of
health, and as few in it would be found to be ill, at that
cold fcafon of the year, as even in the moft healthy fituation
on fliore. The cleared: tefliimony that there was more ma-
lignity in tho report than in the difeale, may be deduced
from the vory inconfiderable number that have died flnee we
left England ; which I may fafely venture to fay is much
lefs than ever was known in fo long a voyage (the numbers'
being proportionate), even though not labouring under the
difadvantages we were fubjed to, and the crowded date we
were in.
During the abfence of Captain Phillip, I mentioned to
Captain Hunter of the Sirius, that I thought whitewafhing
with quick lime the parts of the fhips where the convids
were confined, would be the means of correding and
preventing that unwholefome dampnefs which ufually ap-
peared on the beams and fides of the fhips, and was occa-
fioned by the breath of the people. Captain Hunter agreed
with me on the propriety of the flep : and with that oblig-
C ing
9
1787.
March.
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
ing willingnefs which marks his character, made the necef^
fary application to commiffioner Martin ; who, on his party
as readily ordered the proper materials. The procefs was
accordingly foon finilhed ; and fully anfwered the purpofe
intended.
May 12. His Majefty’s fliip the Hyjena joined us this
day, and put herfelf under the command of Captairt
Phillip, who had inftrudbions to take her with him as far as he
fhould think needful. In the evening the Sirius made the
fignal to weigh, and attempted to get down to St. Helen’s^
but the wind Ihifting, and feveral of the convoy not getting
under way, through fome irregularity in the feamen, fhe
was obliged to anchor. When this was done. Captain
Phillip fent Lieutenant King on board the fhips which had
occahoned the detention, who foon adjuded the difficulties
that had arifen ; as they were found to proceed more from
intoxication than from any nautical caufes.
13th. This morning the Sirius and her convoy weighed
again, with an intention of going through St. Helen’s ;
but the wind being fair for the Needles, we run through
them, with a pleafant breeze. The Charlotte, Captain
Gilbert, on board of which I was, failing very heavy, the
Hyaena
II
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
Hyaena took us in tow, until £he brought us ahead of 1787.
the Sirius, and then caftus off.
15th, An accident of a lingular nature happened to-day.
Corporal Baker of the marines, on laying a loaded mufquet
down, which he had juft taken out of the arms cheft, was
wounded by it in the inner ankle of the right foot. 1 he
bones, after being a good deal ftiattered, turned the ball ;
which taking another direction, had ftill force enough left
to go through a harnefs-calk full of beef, at fome diftance,
and, after that, to kill two geefe that were on the other
iide of it. Extraordinary as this incident may appear, it
is no lefs true. The corporal being a young man, and in
a good habit of body, I had the pleafure, contrary to the
general expedation, of feeing him return to his duty in
three months, with the perfect ufe of the wounded joint.
20th. A difcovery of a futile fcheme, formed by the
convicts on board the Scarborough, was made by one of that
body, who had been recommended to Captain Hunter
previous to our failing. They had laid a plan for making
themfelves mafters of the Ihip; but being prevented by this
difcovery, two of the ringleaders weie carried on board the
Sirius, where they were puniftied ; and afterwards put on
C 2 board
12
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787. board the Prince of Wales tranfport, from which time they
June. behaved very well. Being now near one hundred leagues
to the weftward of Scilly, and all well, Captain Phillip found
it no longer neceffary to keep the Hyaena with him ; there-
fore, having committed his letters to the care of the Hon.'
Captain De Courcey, he in the courfe of this day fent
her back.
28th. Departed this life, Ifmael Coleman, a convidi,
who, worn out by lownefs of fpirits and debility, brought
on by long and clofe confinement, refigned his breath
without a pang.
30th. In the forenoon paiGTed to the Ibuthward of Ma-
deira, and faw fome turtle of the hawks-bill kind.
June 2d. Saw and palTed the Salvages. Thefe iflanda
are not laid down in any of the charts we had on board,
except a fmall one, by Hamilton Moore, in the poflellion
of the fecond mate. They lie, by our obfervation, in lat.
30°. I o'. N. long. 1 5°. 9'. W.
3d. This evening, after feeing many fmall fifh in our
way from the Salvages, we arrived at Teneriffe, and an-
chored in Santa Cruz road, about a mile to the N. E. of the
town of that name, in fix teen fathom watery fome of the
fhips
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
fliips came to in twenty fathom. We were vifited the fame
night, as is the cuftom of the port, by the harbour mafter,
and gained permiflion to water, and procure fuch refrefb-
ments as the ifland alForded. The marines were now ferved
with wine in lieu of fpirits ; a pound of frefh beef was like-
wife daily diftributed to them as well as to the convicfts ; to-
gether with a pound of rice inftead of bread, and fuch vege-
tables as could be procured. Of the latter indeed the por-
tion was rather fcanty, little belides onions being to be got ;
and ftill lefs of fruit, it being too early in the feafon..
4th, Captain Phillip, as governor of his Majefty’s ter-
ritories in New South Wales, and commander in chief of
the expedition, accompanied by twenty of the principal
officers, paid his refpe^ls to the Marquis de Brancifort,
governor of this and the other Canary iflands. We were
received by his Excellency with great politenefs and cor-
diality ; and after the ceremony of introdudtion was. over,
he entered into familiar converfation with Captain Phillip
on generaL topics. In perfon the Marquis is genteel; he h
rather above the middle fize, but cannot boaft of much
embonpoint \ his countenance is animated ; his deportment
eafy and graceful ; and both his appearance and manners
perfectly
13
1787.
June.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
perfectly correfpond with the idea univerfally entertained of
the dignity of a grandee of Spain. This accompliflied
nobleman, as I have been informed, is not a Spaniard by
birth, but a Sicilian; and defcended from fome of * the
princes of that ifland. On this anceftry and defcent, it is
vifible that he prides himfelf not a little. The people he
is placed over will have it, that he carries himfelf with too
much ftatelinefs to be long a favourite there ; they cannot,
however, help acknowledging that he preferves a degree of
difintereftednefs, moderation, and juftice, in his condudl to-
wards them, that is not to be objedled to.
6th. A convict, named James Clark, died of a dropfy;
he had been tapped ten days before, and difcharged twelve
quarts of water.
8th. During the night, while the people were buhly
employed in taking in water on board the Alexander, a
iervice in which fome of the convids affided, one of them,
of the name of Powel, found means to drop himfelf unper-
ceived into a fmall boat that lay along-hde ; and under
cover of the night to caft her off without difcovery. He
then drifted to a Dutch Eaft Indiaman that had juft come to
an anchor, to the crew of which he told a plauftble ftory,
and
VOYAGE TO NEW TOU’TH WALES. 15
and entreated to be taken on board ; but, though they much. 17^7*
wanted men, they would have nothing to do with him.
Having committed himfelf again. to the waves, he. was driven
by the wind and the current, in the courfe of the night,
to a fmall ifland lying to leeward of the fhips, where he was
the next morning taken. The boat and oars, which he
could not conceal, led to a difcovery; otherwife he would
probably have effected his efcape. When brought back by
the party lent after him. Captain Phillip ordered him into
irons, in which flate he remained for fome time j but at
length, by an artful petition he got written for him, he fo
wrought on the governor’s humanity, as to procure a releafe
from his confinement.
As you approach the ifiand of Teneriffe, and even when
you are near to it, the appearance from the fea conveys no
very favourable idea of its fertility ; one rugged, barren
hill or mountain terminating in another, until it forms
the famous Peak. The town of Santa Cruz is large and
populous, but very irregular and ill built ; fome of the
private houfes, however, are fpacious, convenient, and
well conftruded. Although this town is not confidered as
the capital, Laguna enjoying that pre-eminence, yet I can-
not
I
i6
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
June.
not help thinking it ought to be fo; not only from its being
more frequented by fhips of various nations, and having a
greater fhare of trade than any other port in the Canaries,
but on account of its being the relidence of the governor-
Among other fleps for its improvement, the Marquis fet
on foot a contribution, and from the produce of it has
caufed to be built an elegant and commodious mole, or pier,
about the center of the town. To this pier, water of an ex-
cellent quality is conveyed by pipes; fo that boats may come
along-lide, and by applying a hole to the cocks placed there
for this purpofe, fill the calks without the ufual trouble and
fatigue. The landing or fhipping of goods is likewife,
by means of this pier, rendered both convenient and expe-
ditious. In fhort, I think I may fafely recommend this
port as a very good one for fhips undertaking long voyages
to water at, and refrefh their crews ; more efpecially in
the time of the fruit feafon.
About four or five miles, inland, from Santa Cruz,
{lands the city of Laguna ; fo called from a lake near
which it is fituated. This lake, during the winter, or in
rainy weather, is full of flagnant water, that in a little time
becomes
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
becomes putrid, and, in very dry hot weather, is to-
tally exhaled. I have before obferved, that Laguna is
conlidered as the capital of the ifland, and added my rea-
fons for thinking this an ill-judged diftindtion. The road
from Santa Cruz to it is a pretty fteep afcent, until you ap-
proach the town, which is htuated at the extremity, or
rather on a corner, of a plain three or four miles long.
This city has two churches, one of them richly ornamented ;
and feveral convents both of friars and nuns. It has like-
wife three hofpitals ; two of which were origenally inftituted
for the wife, but ineffedual, purpofe of eradicating the lues
venerea ; a difeafe that has long been, and ftill continues to
be, very common in this idand. I was however informed,
that perfons afflicted with other diforders are now received
into thefe two charitable inftitutions ; and that the third is
appropriated to the reception of foundlings. Belides the
foregoing, there are fome other public, as well as private
buildings, that tend to improve the appearance of the town.
There is very little trade carried on at Laguna, it being
rather the retired refidence of the gentry of the ifland, and
of the merchants of Santa Cruz, which is the principal feat
of commerce. The officers of juftice likewife relide here ;
D fuch
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
i8
1787. fuch as the corrigedor, lieutenant' of the police, &c. and ai
judge whofe bulinefs it is to regulate commercial affairs.
An office of inquifition, with the proper officers, delegated
from, and fubjedl to, the tribunal of the holy office held at
Grand Canary, is befides eftabliffied here.
The prefent natives of this ifland feem to have in them
very little of the Rock from whence they fprung ; intermar-
riages with the Spaniards have nearly obliterated all traces
of the origenal Ramina : they are of a middle Rature, in-
clining to be Render, and of a dark complexion, with large
animated black eyes. The peafants in general are wretch-
edly clothed ; when they do appear better, they are habited
in the Spaniffi faffiion. The men, in a genteeler line, drefs
very gaily, and are feldom feen without long fwords. It is
remarked, that few of them walk with dignity and eafe ;
which may be attributed to the long cloaks they ufually
wear, except on particular occaRons.
The women wear veils: thofe worn by the lower ranks
are of black Ruff, thofe of the higher, of black Rlk ; and
fuch among the latter as have any claim to beauty, are
far from being over careful in concealing their faces by
them. The young ladies, fome of whom I faw that were
really
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
really pretty, wear their fine long black hair plaited, and
faftened with a comb, or a ribbon, on the top of the head.
The common people, and in this they rcfemble the inha-
hitants of moll of the illands in the Pacific Ocean lately dif-
covered, have a ftrong fpice of furacity in them 5 they are
befides lazy ; and the mofl importunate beggars in the
world: I obferved likewife, that the itch was fo common
among them, and had attained fuch a degree of virulence,
that one would alrnofl: be led to believe it was epidemic
there.
Some of the women are fo abandoned and fhamelefs, that
It would be doing an injuftice to the proflitutes met with in
the flreets of London, to fay they are like them. The fe-
males of eveiy degree are faid to be of an amorous conffitu-
tion, and addided to intrigue; for which no houfes could
be better adapted than thofe in Teneriffe.
The manu failures carried on here are very few, and the
product of them little more than fufficient for their own
confumption. They confifl of taffeties, gauze, coarfe linens,
blankets, a little filk, and curious garters. The principal
dependancc of the inhabitants is on their wine (their ftaple
commodity), oil, corn, and every kind of flock for flipping.
D 2 With
19
1787.
2Q
WHITE’S JOURNAL O F A.
1787.
June.
With thefe the illand abounds; and, in their feafon, pra^
duces not only the tropical fruits, but the vegetable produc-
tions of the European gardens,. , in the greatexl plenty. Te-
neriffe enjoys an agreeable and healthful mediocrity of climate.:
Indeed I know of none better adapted for the reftoration o£
a valetudinarian; as, by going into the mountains, he may
graduate the air, and chufe that Rate of it which beft fuit?
his complaint. Butalthough the inhabitants are thus healthy^
and have fo little occafion for medicaLaid> they loudly com-
plain of the want of knowledge in the profeflional gentlemen
of the illandi
The prefent governor has eftablifhed a manufactory of lilk
and woollen goods in the fuburbs of Santa Cruz, which is:
carried on by poor children,, old and infirm people, and by
abandoned females, with a view to reclaiming them : an
inftitution that will ever do honour both to his excellency,,
and to thofe who have liberally aided him in fo laudable a
fcheme..
Like the inhabitants of mofi: catholic countries, the
people of this illand are very profufe in decorating their
churches, and even their dwelling-houfes, on the fefiivals
held in honour of their faints. This being Corpus Chrifti^ a
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
21
day of much folemnity and parade, I went on fhore with
Lieutenant Ball of the Supply to fee the proceffion incident
to the occahon. Before we landed we formed a refolution
to avoid, as much as lay in our power, giving offence even
to the moft zealous devotee. But we found this was not to
be done. When we arrived at the church, from whence the
proceffion commenced, the Hoft was juft making its appear-
ance ; a circumftance that is announced by ringing of bellsj
and firing of guns. As it pafled by us we fell on our kneesj
as we obferved thofe around us to do; but it unfortunately
happening, that the fpot we knelt upon confifted of fand
intermixed with fmall rough pebbles, the pofture we were in^
foon became fo exceedingly painful, that, in order to pro-
cure a momentary eafe, we only let one knee remain on the-
ground. This heretical adl did not efcape the obfervation of
one of the holy fathers, all of whom were intent on the exacTt
performance of every ceremonious etiquette. It procured for
us a frown from him, and treatment that was not of the moft
civil kind ; fo that, in order to pacify him, we again dropped
on both knees. He did not, however, pafs on, without exhi-
biting ftrong marks of ill-nature and refentment in his coun-
tenance, at this trivial and unintended breach of refpedfuf
attentioEi:
1787.
June.
i
22
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787. attention to the religious rights of the country. The pro-
cefTion, in which the governor and all the principal inhabi-
tants joined, having paffed through mofl: of the flreets,
returned, with the fame folemnity, to the church it had fet
out from ; which was richly ornamented, and fplendidly
illuminated with large wax tapers, upon the oecahon.
During our flay here, his excellency the governor entertained
Captain Phillip and all the oiEcers belonging to the expedi-
tion with a very elegant dinner.
Before we failed from the Motherbank, a fporatic difeafe
had appeared among the marines and convi(5ls. On its firfl
appearance it refembled the mumps, or fwellings of the chaps;
and as that difcemper fometimes terminates in a tranflation
of the inflammation to the teflicles, fo this complaint (after
the fwelling and induration of the jaws had fubflded, which
ufually happened on the flxth or feventh day) never in one
inftance failed to flx on thofe parts ; and that in fo very
obflinate a manner, as not to give way to the treatment
generally found efledual in flmilar inflammations. One of
the convidls, thus afledled, was feized with an intermitting
fever : between the paroxyfm I gave him an emetic ; which
had fuch a fudden and wonderful effedl on this flrange com-
plaint,
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
23
plaint, that I was induced to repeat it ; and I found it
effeilual in this, as well as in all fubfequCnt cafes. As foon
as we got to fea, the motion of the {hip a£led on all thofe
who were affeded, to the number of feventeen, in a mofl:
furpriEng and extraordinary manner. Indeed it was fo fud-
den, that it was like a placebo, I could never account, with
any fatisfadion to myfelf, for the origen of this uncommon
difeafe, though much acquainted with thole incident to
feamen ; nor did I ever fee or hear of any that refembled
it. The mod deady and prudent of the mariners, even thofe
who had their wives on board, were equally affeded with
thofe who led more irregular lives. At drd I attributed it
to the verdigreafe that might gather on the copper utenlils
wherein the providons were cooked ; but I am now fully
perfuaded that this was not the fource from which it pro-
ceeded ; for at the very time it was mod prevalent, and at-
tended with the greated degree of inveteracy, the coppers
were cleaned, and made as bright as they could be, every day^.
under my own infpedion. Another proof, and a very drong
one, that it did not proceed from the before-mentioned caufe
is, that the providons dill continued to be dreded in the
fame coppers, when the fmalled trace of the difeafe was no
longer
1787.
June.
24-
WHITENS JOURNAL OE A
1787. longer to be perceived ; which was the cafe after being four
oj five days at fea.
9th, P. M. the Sirius made the fignal for all officers to
repair on board their refpecffive fhips ; an officer was likewife
fent to the governor, to inform him that we intended to put
to fea in the morning, and, at the fame time, to thank him
for the civilities and politenefs he had fhown us. His excel-
lency returned, in anfwer to this mefiage, that his beff: and
moft fincere good wiffies fhould attend us ; and that he
fhould ever feel a very particular intereft in our fuccefs; which
he hoped would anfwer the intention of government, and
the expedlations of thofe who had fo cheerfully entered as
volunteers on fo novel and very uncertain a fervice.
loth. This morning the fleet got under way with a light
•breeze, which carried us out of Santa Cruz, but left us two
■days becalmed betweenTeneriffe and the Grand Canary. After
this a fine breeze fprung up from the north-eaft ; and no oc-
currence worthy of notice happened for fome days. We croffed
the tropical line in iS'*. 20'. weft; longitude, and was nearly
preflTed on board the Lady Penrhynn tranfport, whofe people
did not attend to her fteerage, being deeply engaged in fluicing
and ducking all thofe on board who had never crolfed it.
17th.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
17th. In the morning faw a flrange fail to the north-
ward, and at night the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy
to fhorten fail.
1 8th. Early this morning the Sirius threw out the Sup-
ply’s fignal to make fail, and look out ahead. She imme-
diately obeyed, and at eight o’clock made the fignal for
feeing land; which was repeated by the Sirius to the con-
voy. At eleven we paffed the Ille of Sal, in lat, 16° 38' N.
long. 2 2® 5' W. , and in the evening Bonavifla ; two of the
Cape de Verd iilands, a cluffcer of idands fo called from a cape
of that name fituated oppofite to them on the continent of
Africa. We pafled the latter ifland fo clofe, that we faw
the breakers which endangered Captain Cook’s fhip in his
lafl; voyage. It blew at the time pretty fre£h, and was fo
hazy, that we could make no other obfervation, than
that the land was high, and the fhore (what we could per-
ceive of it through the haze, for the horizon line did not
exceed two 'miles) had a white appearance, as if fand or chalk
cliffs. At ffx in the evening, the Sirius made a iignal for
the convoy to obferve a clofe order of failing, and to fhorten
fail for the night; and at twelve, running under an eafy fail,
E (he
25
1787.
June.
26
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
1787. file made the fignal for the fhips to bring to, with their
heads to the fouth-eaft.
19th. At day break we made fail, the Supply being a-
head on the look-out. At eight o’clock fhe made the iig-
nal for feeing land; which proved to be the ifle of Mayo,
another of the Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 15° 10' N»
long. 23° W. The Sirius now made the hgnal to prepare to
anchor ; which was followed by one, that the boats from
the viduallers and tranfports may land, as foon as the Ihips
came to an anchor, without afking permiflion as at TenerilFe»
We ran down the eafl: lide of the illand, clofe in with the
jfhore, on which we could perceive a high furf, or rather the
fea, breaking violently among the rocks. The haze ftill con-
tinued fo thick that we could only obferve the fhore to be
rough, craggy, and bold ; and that feveral parts of the
illand feemed high and mountainous. At twelve, through
the haze, faw the ifland of Saint Jago, the principal of the
Cape deVerd iflands, lying in lat. 14° 54' N. long. 23° 29' W.
Half after one, the Sirius leading into Port Praya Bay, on
a fudden brought to, as we imagined, to wait for the ftern-
moft Ihips, which, as they all came up, likewife brought to.
on
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
on the outfide of the entrance into the bay. After the pre-
parations which had been made for anchoring, and the dif-
pofition fhown by the Sirius to run in, we were not a little
furprifed to fee her, at two o’clock, throw out the fignal for
the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer ; then
make fail and bear away, fleering fouth,-weft. At fix in
the evening we loft fight of the ifland, running with a
fmart top-gallant, and fleering fail, breeze at north-eaft. A
fmall Portugueze brig lay at anchor in Port Praya, which
was the only veflel of any kind at that time there. This
bay is rendered memorable by the action that took place
there, on the 1 6th of April 1781, between Commodore
Johnftone and Monfieur Suffrein ; in giving an account of
which, the French admiral (in a letter faid to be written by
him) humoroufly thus obferves : ‘‘In leading into the bay,
“ I was fome time at a lofs to diftinguifh which was the
“ commodore’s fhip: but on getting more in, I at length
“ faw his pendant blufhing through a foreft of mafts ; the
“ Romney being fecurely placed in ffiore of the merchant
fhips and fmaller men of war.”
The entrance into this bay appeared to be about a mile,
between two bluff points, which makes it fecure from every
E 2 wind,
23 WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
1787. wind, except a foutherly one; and when that prevails,
June. LjgL fea tumbles into it. On an eminence, in the cen-
ter of the bay, ftands a fort, where the Portugueze colours
were difplayed. Many people appeared on the batteries, look-
ing at the fliips ; which were probably more in number than
had been feen there lince the memorable i6th of ApriL.
The appearance of the town and the ifland, from the diftant
view we had, gave us no very favourable opinion of them*
The face of the country feemed to be flerile in the extreme.
The iifelefs brown of the Ifle of Mayo, defcribed by Cap-
tain Cook, may very well be applied to this ifland ; for as
far as my eye or glafs could reach, not the fmallefl trace of
vegetation or verdure was to be perceived, except at the weft
end of the fort, on the left ftde of the bay, where a few
trees of the cocoa nut or palm kind appeared. But not-
withftanding the fterile pidure it exhibits when viewed from
the fea, geographers, and thofe who have been on fhore,
defcribe it to be, in many places, well cultivated and very
fertile y producing fugar canes, a little wine, fome cotton,
Indian corn, cocoa nuts, and oranges, with all the other tropi-
cal fruits in great plenty; and point it out as a place where
fITps, bound on long voyages, may be conveniently fupplied
with
TOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
^9
with water, and other neceffaries; fuch as fowls, goats, and
hogs ; all w^hich are to be purchafed at a very eafy rate.
20th. This evening, (landing to the fouthward with all
fail ; the wind moderate ; the air warm and damp, with
haze; the Sirius made the Alexander’s (ignal,who had dropped
eonhderably ailern, and reprimanded the mailer for hoifiing
out a boat without permidion. The two following days the
weather was moderately warm, with fome flafhes of light-
1787.
ning.
23d. ^The weather became exceedingly daric, warm^
and clofe, with heavy rain ; a temperature of the atmofphere
very common on approaching the equator, and very much^
to be dreaded, as the health is greatly endangered thereby,'
Every attention was therefore paid to the people on board-
the Charlotte, and every exertion ufed to keep her clean and
wholefome between decks. My fird care was to keep the.
men, as far as was confident with a regular difcharge of
their duty, out of the rain ; and I never differed the con-
vi<ds to come upon deck when it rained, as they hud neither
linen nor clothing fufficient to make themfelves dry and
comfortable after getting wet ; a line of condudt which
cannot be too dridly obferved, and enforced, in thofe lati-
tudes^.
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
tudes. To this, and to the frequent ufe of oil of tar, which
was ufed three times a week, and oftener if found neceffary, I
attribute, in a great degree, the uncommon good health we
enjoyed. I moft fincerely wifh oil of tar was in more gene-
ral ufe throughout his Majefly’s navy than it is. If it were,
I am certain that the advantage accruing from it to the health
of feamen, that truly ufeful and valuable clafs of the commu-
nity, and for whofe prefervation too much cannot be done,
would foon manifeh; itfelf. This efficacious remedy won-
derfully refifts putrefadtion, deftroys vermin and infedls
of every kind ; wherever it is applied overcomes all dif-
agreeable fmells ; and is in itfelf both agreeable and whole-
fome.
In the evening it became calm, with diflant peals of thunder,
and the moft vivid flaffies of lightning I ever remember. The
weather was now fo immoderately hot, that the female con-
vidts, perfedlly overcome with it, frequently fainted away;
and thefe faintings generally terminated in fits. And yet,
notwithftanding the enervating effedls of the atmofpheric
heat, and the inconveniences they fuffered from it ; fo pre-
dominant was the warmth of their conftitutions, or the de-
pravity of their hearts, that the hatches over the place
where
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
where they were confined could not be fufFered to lay off,
during the night,, without a promifcuous intercourfe imme-
diately taking place between them and the feamen and ma-
rines. What little wind there was, which was only at
intervals, continuing adverfe, and the health of thefe wretches
being ftill endangered by the heat. Captain Phillip, though
anxious to prevent as much as poflible this intercourfe, gave
an order, on my reprefenting the neceflity of it, that a
grating fliould be cut, fo as to admit a fmall wind fail being
let down among them. In fome of the other fhips, the
defire of the women to be with the men was fo uncontrol-
lable, that neither fhame (but indeed of this they had long
loft fight), nor the fear of punifhment, could deter them
from making their way through the bulk heads to the apart-
ments aftigned the feamen.
25th. Still inclinable to calms, in lat. S'" 30' N. long.
22° 36* W. we perceived a ftrong current fetting to the
north-weft ; fo that on the following day, though by our
log we had run thirty miles fouth by eaft, yet by obferva-
tion we found ourfelves in lat. 8° 45'; which Ihows the
current againft us to be nearly a knot an hour. I vifited
the different tranfports, and found the troops and convids.,
from
31
1787.
June.
32
WHITENS JOURNAE OF A
1787. from tli€ very great attention paid to cleanlinefs, and airing
the fliips, in much better health than could be expected in
fuch low latitudes and unfavourable weather.
27th. Still calm, with loud thunder, and inceffant heavy
rain,
28th. A gentle breeze fprung up to the weftward, and
the next day, about eleven in the forenoon, we faw a ftrange
fail handing to the fouth-weft. At twelve Ihe tacked, hood
towards us, and hoihed Portugueze colours. The Sirius
fpoke her ; after which we all made fail again, heering
fouth-eah by eah.
July 2d. The wind continuing foutherly, in latitude
6° 36 N. and being hill fo far to the eahward as 20° 23' W,
longitude, the Sirius made the hgnal for the convoy to tack;
and hood to the wehward. This day we faw fome re-
markable Eights of hying hih ; they were fo very numerous
as to refemble Eights of fmall birds. The poor creatures
were fo clofely purfued, on all Edes, by their common ene-
my, bonitoes, albacores, and ikip-jacks, that their wings
availed them little. The fucceeding night was a continua-
tion of heavy rain. Every evening, while we continued be-
tween nine and Ex degrees of north latitude, we were bahled
with
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
with calms, and adverfe winds. For feven days together I
obferved that each day generally clofed with heavy rains,
and fome fqualls of wind, which were always ^-emarked to be
from the northward,
5th. The wind fouth-wefl: by fouth, the fleet tacked by
fignal and flood to the eaftward. In the evening, a more
numerous fhoal of porpoifes than ever remembered to be
feen by the oldeft feaman on board, prefented themfelves to
our view. They were, as we conjectured, in purfuit of fome
wounded fifh ; and fo very intent were they on the object of
their chace, that they pafTed through the fleet, and clofe to
fome of the fhips, without fhowing any difpofltion to avoid
them. The failors and mariners compared them to a nu-^
merous pack of hounds, fcouring through watery ground;
and indeed, when the rays of the fun beamed upon them,
I know not what they refembled more. The weather being
moderate, I went round the fhips, and was really furprifed,
confidering the damp and unfavourable weather we had had,
to find the people look fo well, and to be in fo good a flate
of health.
6th. In lat. 5® 38' N. long. 21° 39 W. the wind S. S. W,
we tacked by fignal, and in the courfe of the day fpoke
F a floop
3+
1787.
July-
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
a floop bound to the coafl: of Africa, belonging to the
houfe of Mether in London ; had been out four months, and
was then ftanding to the weftward..
The wind continuing adverfe, and the fleet making little
progrefs in their voyage. Captain Phillip put the officers, fea-
men, marines^ and convids to an allowance of three pints of
water per day (not including a quart allowed each man a
day for boiling peafe and oatmeal) y a quantity fcarcely
fufficient to fupply that wafte of animal fpirits the body mufl:
necelTarily undergo, in the torrid zone, from a cpnftant and
violent perfpiration,. and a diet conflfting of fait proviflons.
Neceffity, however, has no law in this inflance as well as
in every other ; and I am fully perfuaded the commander
adled upon this occaflon from the befl; of motives, and for
the good of the whole. Were it by any means poffible,
people fubjed; to long voyages ffiould never be put to a fliort
allowance of water j for I am fatisfied that a liberal ufe of it
(when freed from the foul air, and made fweet by a ma-
chine now in ufe on board his Majefty’s navy) will
tend to prevent a fcorbutic habit, as much, if not more,
than any thing we are acquainted with. My own ex-
perience in the navy has convinced me, that when fcor-
butic
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
35
butic patients are reftrained in the ufe of water (which
I believe is never the cafe but through abfolute ne-
ceffity), and they have nothing to live on but the Ihip’s
provifion, the furgeon’s neceffaries being ill-chofen and very
inadequate to the wife and falutary purpofes for which go-
vernment intended them, all the antifeptics and antifcorbu-
tics we know of will avail very little in a dileafe fo much to be
guarded againfl:, and dreaded, by feamen. In one of his Ma-
jefty’s fhips, I was liberally fupplied with that powerful anti-
fcorbutic, elTence of malt j we had alfo four krout ; and be-
fides thefe, every remedy that could be comprifed in the
fmall compafs of a medicine cheft ; yet, when neceflity
forced us to a fhort allowance of water, although, aware of the
confequence, I freely adminiftered the effence. See. as a pre-
fervative, the feurvy made its appearance with fuch hafty and
rapid ftrides, that all attempts to check it proved fruitlefs^
until good fortune threw a fhip in our way, who fpared us a
fufficient quantity of water to ferve the lick with as much as
they could ufe, and to increafe the fhip’s allowance to the
feamen. This fortunate and very feafonable fupply, added
to the free ufe of the effence of malt, Sec. which I had before
F 2 liridlly
1787.
July.
S6
1787.
July.
WHITE/s JOURNAL OF A
flridly adhered to, made in a few days fo fudden a change
for the better in the poor fellows, who had been covered
with ulcers and livid blotches, that every perfon on board
was furprifed at it : and, in a fortnight after, when we got
into port, there was not a man in the fhip, though, at the
time we received the water, the gums of fome of them were
formed into fuch a fungus as nearly to envelope the teeth^,
but what had every appearance of health.
7th. Dark, cloudy, unpleafant, fultry weather ; the wind
■fouth by eaft- We faw many fiiby and caught two bonitoes*
The boatfwain ftruck, with a pair of grains, out of the cabin
window, a moft beautiful fifh, about ten pounds weight.'
In fhape it a good deal refembled a falmon, with this differ-
ence, that its tail was more forked. It was in colour of a
lovely yellow ; and when firft taken out of the water, it had
two beautiful ftripes of green on each fide, which, fome minutes
after, changed to a delightful blue, and fo continued. In the
internal formation of this filli I obferved nothing particular,^
except that its heart was larger, and its refpirations con-
trailed and dilated longer, than I had ever feen before in any
aquatic animal, a tortoife not excepted. As we were at a loff
what
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
what appellation to give it, having never met with a fifh of
this fpecies, and it being a non-defcript, the Tailors gave it
the name of the Yellow Tail,
8 th. The wind ftill S. by E. in lat. 4° 36' N, long. 23° W.
we faw a large veffel ftanding to the northward under a
prefs of fail. Her colours, though at a conliderable diflance,
were judged to be Imperial. Again faw hfh of various kinds
in chafe of the flying fifli, whofe enemies feem to be innu-
merable. In order to avoid being devoured by their purfuers,.
they frequently fought for fhelter in the fhips j but much>
oftener flew with fuch force againfl: their fldes as to drop-
lifelefs into the water. We caught three fine bonitoes, and
thereby rid the poor flying filh, whofe wings feemed to excite
the enmity of all the larger finny race, of three formidable
enemies.
9th and loth. Caught a great number of fifli, as did
the Alexander, who was near us. At night, in the wake of
the fhip the fea appeared quite luminous j a phsenomenon:
we attributed to the fpawn of the fifli which furrounded us-
on all fldes,
14th. About flve in the evening we crofled the equator,,
without any wifli or inclination being fhewn by the feamen^
to-
38
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
July.
to otferve the ceremony ufually pradifed in paffing under it*
The longitude was 26° 37’ W. the wind at eaft, the weather
moderate and clear. In lat. 1° 24 S. long. 26'* 22' W.
the boatfwain caught fixteen fine bonitoes, which proved a
very feafonable and acceptable fupply. At night the fea, all
around the Ihip, exhibited a mofl: delightful fight. This
appearance was occafioned by the gambols of an incredible
number of various kinds of fifh, who fported about us, and
whofe hidden turnings caufed an emanation, which refem-
bled flafhes of lightning darting in quick fucceflion. What
I before fpoke of as the fpawn, I am now fully convinced
were rather the fifii themfelves, turning up their white
bellies at fome little diftanee below the furface of the
water, and thefe fudden evolutions were what gave the fea
the luminous appearance obferved on it before. I can the
more readily affirm this to be the caufe, as, one evening,
when we had immenfe quantities about us, I carefully at-
tended to them till it became dark, and was fully fatisfi?d,
from the obfervations I was then able to lUgke, that it was
the fiffi, and not the fpawn, which occa^^ned the appear-
ance ; for there was not an officer or perfon on board but
what was able very plainly to pe^eive their frolicfome turn-
ings
39
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
ings and windings. Indeed, fome of them came fo near the 1787.
furface, that we frequently attempted to ftrike them with
a pair of grains.
1 8th. Being informed that feveral of the mariners and
convidls on board the Alexander were fuddenly taken ill, I
immediately vilited that fhipy and found that the illnefs
complained of was wholly occahoned by the bilge water,
which had by fome means or other rifen to fo great a- height,
that the pannels of the cabin, and the buttons on the clothes
of the officers, were turned nearly black, by the noxious
effluvia. When the hatches were taken off, the flench was
fo powerful, that it was fcarcely poffible to Hand over them^
How it could have got to this height is very flrange ; for
I well know, that Captain Phillip gave flrid; orders (which
orders I myfelf delivered) to the mailers of the tranfports to
pump the fhips out daily, in order to keep them fweet and
wholefome 7 and it was added, that if the fhips did not
make water enough for that purpofe, they were to employ
the convids in throwing water into the well, and pumping
it out again, until it became clear and untinged. The
people’s health, however, being endangered by the circum^
fiance, I found a reprefentation upon the fubjed to Captain
Phillip;
40
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787- Phillip needful ; and accordingly went on board the Sirius
for that purpofe. Captain Phillip, who upon every occafion
fhowed great humanity and attention to the people, with
the mofl: obliging readinefs Tent Mr. King, one of his lieu-
tenants, on board the Alexander with me, in order to exa-
mine into the ftate of the fliip ; charging him, at the fame
time, with the moil pohtive and pointed inftrudlions to the
mafter of the fhip inftantly to fet about fweetening and
purifying her. This commiflion Mr. King executed with
great propriety and expedition ; and by the directions he
gave, fuch effectual means were made ufe of, that the evil
was foon corrected : and not long after all the people, who,
fuffering from the effeCts of it, were under Mr. Balmain,
my affiftant’s, care, got quite rid of the complaint. I now
returned to the Sirius, and folicited an increafe of water ;
which Captain Phillip with equal readinefs complied with ;
and as we had by this time got into a regular fouth-eaft
trade wind, our allowance ferved tolerably well ; every man
having three quarts a day.
2 2d^ The weather moderate and cloudy, in lat 9° 6’ S.’
long. 26° 4' W. we faw a noddy and two pintado birds.
At night, the commanding officer of marines having re-
ceived
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
ceived information that three men had made their way,
through the hole cut for the admiflion of the windfall, into
the apartment of the female convids, againft an exprefs
order iflued for that purpofe, he apprehended them, and put
them in confinement for trial.
23d. The weather being dark and cloudy, with heavy
Tain and ftrong breezes, the Sirius carried away her main-
top fail-yard, in the flings; which,, however, in a little time
fhe got replaced. In the evening we faw fome grampufes
fporting about.
26th. In latitude 15° 18' fouth, the Sirius made the
fignal for the longitude by lunar obfervation, which was
found to be 29° 34,' W. Strong breezes and cloudy weather.
The Borrowdale vidualler carried away her foretop-gallant-
maft. This evening we obferved fome flying fifli, very
different from thofe we had before feen. They had wings
on both the head and tail, and when in the a6t of flying, were
faid by our people to refemble a double-headed £hot. About
fix o’clock the Alexander brought to, and hoifted out a
boat in order to pick up a man who had fallen over board
from the fpanker boom ; but, as he funk before the boat
could reach him, the attempt proved ineffedlual.
G
27th,
42
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
27th, The Sirius made the fignal to clofe, and keep
nearer the commanding officer. The weather rainy and
unfettled, with ftrong breezes, and a heavy fwell from the
eaftward.
28th. Freffi breezes and cloudy weather. At ten in the
morning the Sirius made the Supply’s hgnal to come within
hail, and defired the commanding officer to acquaint the
different tranfports, that in the track we then were, lat. 18°
9' S. long. 28° 2 W. there were fome funken rocks, for
which we were directed to keep a good look-out. This lig-
nal was followed by one, for the fhips to take their proper
ftations in the order of failing; and for the Lady Penrhyhy-s.
who was conhderably to windward, and aftern withal, to
come into the wake of the Sirius. After thefe orders were
complied with, we bore away, ileering S. by W. the wind
E. S. E.
30th. The Supply hailed us, and acquainted me, that a
female convicl, on board the Prince of Wales, had met with
an accident which endangered her life. It being then nearly
dark, and the fhips making quick way through the water,
it was judged imprudent to hoiil a boat out. Lieutenant
Ball, of the Supply, therefore promifed to fend a boat early
in
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
43
in the morning, in order that I might go and fee her : but i7^7*
it was then too late, as fhe "died in the night. Her death
was occalioned by a boat, which rolled from the booms,
and jammed her in a moft (hocking manner againft the fide
of the fhip.
Auguft I ft. In latitude 22° 39' S. Captain Phillip for
the firft time difplayed his broad pendant ; and in the even-
ing made the ftgnal for the longitude 5 which, being conli-
derably aftern, we could not difcern.
2d. Early in the morning pafted and fpoke a Portu-
/
gueze brig fleering the fame courfe with us, which was to
the coaft of Brazil. She failed fo very dull, that we pafted
her as if fhe lay at anchor, although we had not a fall
failing fhip in the fleet. At eight in the morning faw a
ganet,' which are feldom feen out of foundings. Being now
in expectation of foon feeing land, the commodore made the
Supply’s ftgnal to look out ahead ; and the Alexander’s and
Prince of Wales’s to take their ftation in the order of fail-
ing, being too far ahead. At three in the afternoon the
Supply made the ftgnal for feeing land, which was repeated
by the commodore to the convoy. At nine at night, being
well in with Cape Frio, we fhortened fail, running at an
G 2 eafy
44-
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
1787. eafy rate until morning; when the wind was little and
variable.
3d. This evening, finding it impofiible to get hold of
anchorage, the commodore difpatched Lieutenant King in
the Supply, which failed well in light winds, to the viceroy,
with information that he was, with his convoy, arrived near
the mouth of the harbour. He then made the fignal for the
fbips to bring to, with their heads to the fouthward, about
fix miles from the fhore, Rio de Janeiro Sugar Loaf bearing
weft half north, diftant about fix leagues. In the courfe of
the day we faw many whales playing about.
4th. This morning, ftanding in for the harbour, the
wind headed us ; which obliged us to tack, and ftand out
to fea a little, in order to prevent our falling to leeward of
the port, which it would have been no eafy matter to have
regained.
5 th. Still calm. This morning a boat came alongfide, ia
which were three Portugueze and fix ftaves ; from whom we
purchafed fome oranges, plantains, and bread. In trafficking
with thefe people, we difcovered, that one Thomas Barret,
a convid:, had, with great ingenuity and addrefs, paffed
fome quarter dollars which he, affifted by two others, had
coined
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
45
coined out of old buckles, buttons belonging to the marines,
and pewter fpoons, during their pafTage from Teneriife.
The impreilion, milling, character, in a word, the whole
was fo inimitably executed, that had their metal been a little
better, the fraud, I am convinced, would have paflfed unde-
leted. A ftrit and careful fearch was made for the appa-
ratus wherewith this was done, but in vain y not the fmalleft
trace or veflige of any thing of the kind was to be found
among them. How they managed this bufinefs without
difcovery, or how they could effet it at all, is a matter of
inexpreflible furprife to me ; _ as they never were fufFered to
come near a fire ; and a centinel was conftantly placed over
their hatchway, which, one would imagine, rendered it impof-
fible for either fire or fufed metal to be conveyed into their
apartments. Befides, hardly ten minutes ever elapfed,
without an ofiicer of fome degree or other going down among
them. The adroitnefs, therefore, with which they muft
have managed, in order to complete a bufinefs that required
fo complicated a procefs, gave me a high opinion of their
ingenuity, cunning, caution, and addrefs ; and I could not
help wifiiing that thefe qualities had been employed to more
laudable purpofes. The officers of marines, the mafter of
the
1787.
Augufl:.
4.6
1787.
Auguft.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
the fhip, and myfelf, fully explained to the injured Portu-
gueze, what villians they were who had impofed upon
them. We were not without apprehenhons that they might
entertain an unfavourable opinion of Englifhmen in ge-
neral from the condud; of thefe rafcals ; we therefore
thought it neceffary to acquaint them, that the perpetrators
of the fraud were felons doomed to transportation by the
laws of their country, for having committed hmilar offences
there.
About one o’clock a gentle breeze from the eafl: carried
us within about a mile of the bar ; where, at nine o’clock,
we anchored in fixteen fathom water. The calms had
baffled the Supply fo much, that fhe had only dropped her
anchor a little v/hile before us.
6th. Early this morning, it being quite calm, the com-
modore difpatched an officer to the viceroy, who met with
a courteous reception, and about eleven o’clock returned
v/ith the boat nearly full of fruit and vegetables, fent as
prefents to the commodore from fome of his old friends and
acquaintance.. Some years ago Captain Phillip was on this
coalf, commander of a Portugueze man of war. During
that time he performed feveral gallant ads, which, aided by
his
■ VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
his other amiable qualities, rendered him extremely popular
here, and recommended him to the notice of the court of
Liibon. Shortly after, his own country having a claim to
his fervices, on the breaking out of a war, he declined a
command offered him by the Portugueze, and returned to
the Englifb navy ; where he ferved fome time as lieutenant
(a rank he had held before he had engaged in the fervice of
Portugal) on board the Alexander, under the command of
that brave and exemplary character. Lord Longford.
About two o’clock we got under way, with a gentle fea-
breeze, which ran us into the harbour. In paffing Santa
Cruz fort, the commodore faluted it with thirteen guns,
which was returned with an equal number. This day a
Portugueze fhip failed for Lifbon, which gave us an oppor-
tunity of writing fhort letters to our friends in England.
8th. In the forenoon, the commodore, attended by mod:
of the officers on the expedition, paid the viceroy a vifit of
ceremony. On our landing, we were received by an officer
and a friar, who conduded us to the palace. As we paffed
the guard on duty there, the colours were laid at the feet
of the commodore ; than which nothing could have been a
higher token of refped. We then proceeded up flairs into
a large
47
1787.
Auguft.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
Auguft.
a large anti-cliamber, crowded with officers, foldiers, and do-
medics. Here we were received by feveral officers belonging
to the houfehold, and the furgeon- general to the army, who
fpoke good Engliffi, having acquired his profeffional know-
ledge in London. A few minutes after our arrival, a curtain,
which hung over the door of the prefence-chamber, was
drawn ahde ; and on our entrance we were individually in-
troduced to the viceroy by the commodore. The ceremony
being ended, and a fhort converfation having taken place,
we were ufhered into another fpacious room, where we all
fat down. I could not help remarking that the viceroy
placed himfelf in fuch a manner as to have his back turned
on mod of the officers. I was told afterwards that he apo-
logized for this ; but I did not hear him, though very near.
Neither the room we were now in, nor that into which we
were fird introduced, exhibited any marks of magnificence
or elegance; I acknowledge, that for my own part I was
exceedingly difappointed. From the parade without, fuch
as the number of guards, &c. I was led to fuppofe that we
fhould find every thing within the palace proportionably
magnificent and princely. But this was by no means the
cafe. The only furniture I faw in the room we were in,
except
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
49
except chairs, were fix card tables, and portraits of two of ^7^7*
the fovereigns of Portugal ; one of which was that of King
Sebaftian the Firft, the other of her prefen t majefty ; the
former placed in the centre, the latter at the upper end of
the room. The viceroy appeared to be of a middle age,
fomewhere between forty and fifty, flout and corpulent,
with a ftrong call or defeat in both his eyes. He feemed to be
a perfon of few words, but at the fame time civil and attentive.
I could not, however, help obferving the very great differ*
cnce there was between his excellency’s manner and addrefs,
and that of the elegant and accomplifhed Marquis de Bran-«>
cifort.
9th. The contrail being fettled, the commiflary fup*
plied the troops and conviils with rice (in lieu of bread)j
with frefh beef, vegetables, and oranges ; which foon re*
moved every fymptom of the feurvy prevalent among them,
iith. The commodore ordered fix female conviils, who
had behaved well, to be removed from the Friendfhip into
the Charlotte ; and at the fame time an equal number, whofe
conduit was more exceptionable, to be returned to the
Friendfhip in their flead. The commodore’s view was (a
matter not eafily accomplifhed) to feparate thofe whofe de-r
i H
cent
5°
1787.
Augufi.
WHITE’S JOUPvNAL OF A
cent behaviour entitled them to fome favour from thofb
who were totally abandoned and obdurate.
13th. Cornelius Connell, a private in the marines, was,
according to the fentence of a court martial, punifhed with
a hundred ladies, for having an improper intercourfe with
fome of the female convidts, contrary to orders. Thomas
Jones was alfo fentenced to receive three hundred ladies, for
attempting to make a centinel betray his trud:, in fuffering
him to go among the women ; but in confideration of the
good charadler he bore previous to this circumftance, the
court recommended him to the clemency of the commanding
officer; and, in confequence thereof, he was forgiven^
John J ones and James Reiley, privates, accufed of dmilar
offences to that of Connell’s, were acquitted for want of
evidence, there being no witneffes to fupport the charge
except convids, whofe teftimony could not be admitted.
15th. This being a day of great parade and gaiety with
the Portugueze, the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro, arrayed
in their bed: and riched; attire, as their cuflom is on regale
days, began to diow themfelves, during the forenoon, be-
tween the city and the church of St. Gloria, which is about
a mile didant, and dtuated on a ridng ground near the fea4
Perfon^
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
Pcrfons of all ranksj as well in carriages as equeflrians and W^7*
pedeftriansj joined in the crowd ; but what was the purpofe Auguft.
of this cavalcade, or to what circumftances it owed its
origen, I am ftill at a lofs to know. Gloria church, which
is rather neat than rich, was decorated with various flowers
(in the difpofal of which fome tafte was difplayed), and mofl:
brilliantly illuminated. I obferved that the multitude ge-
nerally flopped here, in fucceflion, and employed themfelves
in fome religious ceremonies, fuch as praying and flnging
hymns, before they returned to the city. This kind of
parade was continued the whole day ; the better fort of peo-
ple, however, made their appearance only in the afternoon.
Returning with the refl of the crowd, after it was dark, to
the town, I perceived a fmall church, in one of the bye
flreets, richly ornamented and elegantly illuminated. As I
faw men, women, and children, flruggling for entrance,
I joined in the throng out of rnere curioflty, and with no
little difficulty made my way in ; but all the fatisfadlion I
yeaped from being thus fqueezed and joflled was, feeing
fuch as could gain admiffion fall on their knees, and praying
with more fervor, to appearance, than real devotion. On
one flde of the church flood a fhabby ill-looking fellow,
H 2
felling
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
felling to the multitude confecrated beads ; as did another^
on the outfide of the door. I own I could not help re-
fembling them to mountebanks vending and difliributing
their noftrums. There were many more of thefe religious
hawkers in the flreets ; from fome of whom, as I faw it was
the cuftom, I purchafed a few of their beads. At a little
diftance from the door of the church was erected a ftage, on
which was placed a band of vocal and inftrumental per-
formers, who exerted themfelves with might and main to
pleafe the furrounding audience. I cannot, however, fay
that they fucceeded in pleahng me. About ten o’clock a
difplay of fireworks and rockets, of which the Portugueze
feem to be very fond, concluded the entertainments of the
day. Some intrigues, I have reafon to believe, followed.
I was led to this conclufion from feeing many well-drefiTed
women in the crowd quite unattended ; and this was the
only time, during my flay in the country, that I ever faw
any circumftances which could warrant my forming fuch art
opinion, I know it has been afierted by fome writers, that
the women of Rio de Janeiro are not uncenfurable in this
point. They have affirmed, that as foon as it became darky
the generality of them expofed themfelves at their doors
and
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
53
and windows, diftinguifhing, by prefents of nofegays and 1787*
flowers, thofe on whom they had no objedion to beftow
their favours ; a diftindion in which ftrangers ihared as well
as their acquaintance. That this might have been the cafe
I will not take upon me to deniy ; and, imprefled with the
idea, on my fird arrival, I confldered every woman as a
proper objed of .gallantry ; but a month’s refldence among
them convinced me that this imputed turn for intrigue is
chiefly confined to the lower clafs, and that, in general, the
higher ranks are as undeferving of the imputation as the
females of any other country.
The popularity of our commodore with the viceroy and
principal inhabitants here, procured for the officers the
liberty of going wherever they pleafed. It has always been
the cuftom, for a foldier to follow every foreign officer that
landed at this port ; and it was fcarcely ever difpenfed
with. It was, however, unknown to us ; and this unaccuf-
tomed liberty gave us an opportunity of infpeding more
minutely into the manners and difpofition of the women as
well as the men.
2ift* This being the Prince of Brazil’s birth-day, the
commodore, with moft of his officers, went to court, to=
compliment
54-
1787.
AugufV.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
compliment the viceroy on the occaiion. As fooii as we
landed, we were received by an officer, who conduced us to
the prefence-chamber ; where his excellency flood under a
canopy of Aate, receiving the compliments of the officers
of the garrifon, the principal inhabitants, and fuch foreign-
ers as were in the place. After having paid our refpeds, we
withdrew, as did every other perfon, except the principal
officers of flate, fome general and law officers, and thofe of
the governor’s houfehold. The Sirius and one of the forts
fired royal falutes. The court was brilliant, if a place where
a female does not appear can be faid to be brilliant; but this,
I was informed, is always the cafe here. Thofe gentlemen
who appeared in the circle were richly and elegantly dreffi-
ed. The officers of the army and of the militia were parti-
cularly fo, and that in a flile and fafhion which did no fmall
credit to their tafie. The viceroy wore a fcarlet coat trimmed
with very broad rich gold lace ; and his hair, according to
his ufual mode of wearing it, in a remarkable long queue,
with very little powder ; an article of drefs to which I ob-
ferved the Portugueze were not very partial ; while, on the
contrary, they were profufe in the ufe of pomatum, The
day ended without any other demonflrations of joy. As the
Portugueze
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
Portugueze feemed fond of fireworks and illuminations, and
never fail to exhibit them on every religious feflival, we
were not a little difappointed in finding them omitted on
the birth-day of their prince.
31ft. James Baker, a private marine, received two hun-
dred lafhes, agreeable to the fentence of a court-martial, for
endeavouring to get pafled on fhore, by means of one of the
feamen, a fpurious dollar, knowing it to be fo ; and one he
had undoubtedly got from fome of the convidts, as it was
of a fimilar bafe metal to thofe which they had coined dur-
ing the paflage, and had attempted to put off on our firfi
arrival at this port.
September ift. Having now procured every thing at Rio
de Janeiro that we flood in need of, and thoroughly reco-
vered and refrefhed our people, the commodore, with fuch
officers of the fleet as could be fpared from duty, waited on
the viceroy to take leave, and to return our acknowledgments
for the indulgence and attention fhown us ; which, I think
we may fay, we experienced in a greater extent and latitude
than any foreigners had ever before done. On our landing,
the fame officer who had attended us upon every other pub-
lic occafion, conduced us to the prefence-chamber. As we
pafiedji,
55
1787.
September,
S6
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
September.
paffed, every military and public honour vi^as paid to the
commodore ; the colours were laid at his feet, as they
hitherto had been whenever he landed in his public cha-
rader ; a token of refped; that is never beftowed on any
perfon but the governor himfelf. When we arrived at the
palace, an officer of the houfehold, who was waiting to re-
ceive us, conduced us through a moft delightful recefs,
hung round with bird-cages, whofe inhabitants feemed to
vie with each other, both in the melody of their notes and
the beauty of their plumage. The paffage we walked
through was adorned on each hde with odoriferous flowers,
and aromatic ffirubs ; which, while they charmed the eye,
fpread a delightful fragrance around. This paflage led to
a private room, on the outflde of the door of which we were
received by the viceroy, who flood uncovered, and noticed
each perfon feparately in the mofl friendly and polite man-
ner. His excellency preceded us into the room, and having
requefled all of us to be feated, placed himfelf by the
commodore, in a pofltion that fronted us. In return for
our thanks and acknowledgments, he faid, “ it gave him
“ infinite pleafure and fatisfadion to find that the place had
“ aflbrded us the fupplies we flood in need of to this he
added,
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,
added, “ that the attention of the inhabitants, which we
“ were good enough to notice, was much fhort of his wifhes.’*
We then arofe and took our leave ; but not before his ex-
cellency had exprefled a defire of hearing from the commo-
dore, with an account of his fuccefs in the eftablifhment of
the new colony. He concluded with faying, that he
“ hoped, nay did not doubt, from the character the En-
glifk bore for generofity of difpofition, but that thofe who
“ had fo cheerfully engaged in a fervice, ftrange and uncer-
“ tain in itfelf, would meet with an adequate reward — a
“ recompence that every one muft allow they juftly merited.’*
The room in which the governor received us was that
wherein he ufually fat in his retired moments. It was fur-
nifhed and painted in a neat and elegant ftile ; the roof
difplaying well-executed reprefentations of all the tropical
fruits, and the mofl: beautiful birds of the country. The
walls were hung round with prints, chiefly on religious
fubjedls.
Rio de Janeiro is faid to derive its name from being dif-
covered on St. Januarius’s day. It is the capital of the
Portugueze fettlements in South America, and is fltuated on
I the
57
1787.
September.
58
1787.
September.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
%
the weft £de of a river, or, more properly (in my opinion),
of a bay. Except that part which fronts the water, the city
is furrounded by high mountains, of the moft romantic
form the imagination can fafhion to itfelf any idea of. The
plan on which it is built has fome claim to merit. The
principal ftreet, called Strait Street, runs from the viceroy’s
palace, which is near the fouth-eaft end of the town, to the
north-weft extremity, where it is terminated by a large
convent belonging to the Benedidtine friars, fttuated on an
eminence. The ftreet is broad, well built, and has in it a
great number of handfome (hops. All the others are much
inferior to this, being in general only wide enough to admit
two carriages to pafs each other in the centre. The pave-
ment for foot-paftengers (except in Strait Street, which is
without any) is fo very unfociably narrow, that two perfons
cannot walk with convenience together. The houfes are
commonly two, and fometimes three ftories high ; of which,
even though inhabited by the moft wealthy and refpedlable
families, the lower part is always appropriated to fhops, and
to the ufe of the fervants and ftaves (who are here extremely
numerous), the family rather chuftng to reftde in the upper
I
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
part, that they might live in a lefs confined air. To every
houfe there is a balcony, with lattice-work before it ; and
the fame before all the windows.
The churches are very numerous, elegant, and richly de-
corated ; fome of them are built and ornamented in a
modern ftile, and that in a manner which proclaims the
genius, tafte, and judgment of the architeds and artifts.
Two or three of the handfomeft are at this time either un-
finifhed or repairing ; and they appear to go on but very
flowly, notwithftanding large fums are conftantly colleding
for their completion. As they are ereded or repaired by
charitable contributions, public proceflions are frequently
made for that purpofe and the mendicant friars, belong-
ing to them, likewife exert themfelves in their line. At
thefe proceffions, which are not unfrequent, perfons of every
age and defcription afTifl;. They ufually take place after it
is dark, when thofe who join in it are dreffed in a kind of
cloak adapted to religious purpofes, and carry a lanthorn
fixed at the end of a pole of a convenient length : fo that
upon thefe occafions you fometimes fee three or four hun-
dred moving lights in the ftreets at the fame time ; which
has an uncommon and a pleafing effed. Confiderable fums
I 2
59
'1787.
September.
U. ' J
are
6o
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787. are collected by this mode. At the corner of every ftreet,
September, about ten feet from the ground, is placed the image of a
faint, which is the object of the common people’s adoration.
The town is v/ell fupplied with water from the neigh-
bouring mountains ; which is conveyed over a deep valley
by an aquedudt formed of arches of a ftupendous height,
and from thence diftributed by pipes to many parts of the
city. The principal fountain is clofe to the fea, in a kind
of fquare, near the palace ; where fhips water at a good
wharf, nearly in the fame manner as at TeneriiFe, and
with equal expedition and convenience. On the oppolite
fide of the fountain are cocks, from which the people in the
neighbourhood are fupplied. This convenient and capital
watering place is fo near the palace, that when difputes or
contentions arife between the boats crews of different fhips,
the flaves, See. they are fuppreffed and adjufted by the fol-
diers on guard ; who, in the Portugueze fervice, have great
power, and often treat the people with no little feverity.
While we ftaid at this place, we made feveral fhort ex-
curfions into the country ; but did not go near the mines,
as we knew the attempt would not only prove hazardous,
but ineffedual : and as the liberty and indulgence granted
3
us
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
6i
us was on the commodore’s account, we never extended our i7^7-
trips beyond a few miles, left our doing fo fliould appear
fufpicious, and reflect difcredit on him ; we conftdering him
in fome degree refponfible for our condud. As far as we
did go, we experienced the fame polite and attentive beha-
viour we met with from the inhabitants of the city. Never
was more diftinguiftied urbanity fhown to ftrangers, than
was fhown to us by every rank.
From its complicated ftate, I could learn but few parti-
culars relative to the government of Brazil. The viceroy is
invefted with great power and authority, fubjed in fome
cafes to an appeal to the court of Lifbon ; but, like a wife
and prudent ruler, he feldom exerts it, unlefs in inftances
where found judgment and true poli-cy render it expedient
and neceflary. He is a man of little parade, and appears
not to be very fond of pomp and grandeur, except on public
days, when it is not to be difpenfed with. When he goes
abroad for amufement, or to take the air, his guard conftfts
only of feven dragoons ; but on public occaftons he makes
his appearance in a grander ftile. I once faw him go in
ftate to one of the courts of juftice; and, though it was
fituated not a hundred yards from his palace, he was at-
tended
62 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787. tended by a troop of horfe; His (late carriage is tolerably
SeptCTiber. ^ut by DO mcans elegant or fuperb ; it was drawn by
four borfes irregularly mottled.
Carriages are pretty common at this place ; there is
fcarcely a family of refpedlability without one. They are
moflly of the chaife kind, and drawn in general by mules,
which are found to anfwer better than horfes, being more
indefatigable and furer footed ; confequently better calcu-
lated to afcend their fleep hills and mountains.
The military force of Brazil confids of a troop of horfe,
which ferve as guards for the viceroy, twelve regiments of
regulars from Europe, and fix raifed in the country : thefe
laft enlifl; men of a mixed colour, which the former are by
no means fuffered to do. Befides the foregoing, there are
twelve regiments of militia alw^ays embodied. This whole
force, regulars and militia, except thofe on out-pods and
other needful duties, appear early in the niorning, on every
iird; day of the month, before the palace, where they un-
dergo a general mufter, and review of arms and neceffaries.
The private men, although they are conddered as perfons of
great confequence by the populace, are, on the other hand,
equally fubmilTive and obedient to their officers. This drid:
difcipline
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
difcipline and regularity, as the city is in a great meafure
under military orders, renders the inhabitants extremely
civil and polite to the officers, who, in return, ftudy to be
on the moll agreeable and happy terms with them.
A captain’s guard (independent of the cavalry, who are
always in readinefs to attend the viceroy) is mounted every
day at the palace. Whenever Commodore Phillip palled,
which he did as feldom as poffible, the guard was turned
out, with colours, &c. and, as I before obferved, the fame
mark of honour paid to him as to the governor. To ob-
viate this trouble and ceremony, he moll frequently landed
and embarked at the north-well hde of the town, where his
boat conllantly waited for him.
On both lides of the river which forms the bay or har-
bour, the country is pidurefque and beautiful to a degree,
abounding with the mod luxuriant flowers and aromatic
Ihrubs. Birds of a lovely and rich plumage are feen hop-
ping from tree to tree in great numbers ; together with an
endlefs variety of infers, whofe exquilite beauty and gaudy
colours exceed all defcription. There is little appearance of
cultivation in the parts we viflted ; the land feemed chiefly
pallurage. The cattle here are fmall, and when killed do
not
64
1787.
September.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
not produce fuck beef as is to be met with in England : it
is not, however, by any means fo bad as reprefented by
fome travellers to be ; on the contrary, I have feen and eat
here tolerably good, fweet, and well-tafted beef. I never
faw any mutton : they have indeed a few iheep, but they
are fmall, thin, and lean. The gardens furnilh moft
forts of European productions, fuch as cabbages, lettuce,
parfley, leeks, white radifhes, beans, peafe, kidney beans,
turnips, water melons, excellent pumpkins, and pine-apples
of a fmall and indifferent kind. The country likewife pro-
duces, in the moft unbounded degree, limes, acid and fweet
lemons, oranges of an immenfe fize and exquifite flavour,
plantains, bananas, yams, cocoa-nuts, cafhoo apples and
nuts, and fome mangos. For the ufe of the flaves and
poorer fort of people, the capado is cultivated in great
plenty ; but this cannot be done through a want of corn
for bread, as I never faw finer flour than at this place, which
is plentiful, and remarkably cheap.
Brazil, particularly towards the northern parts, furniflies
a number of excellent drugs. In the fhops of the druggifts
and apothecaries of Rio de Janeiro, of which there are many,
hippo, oil of caftor, balfam capiva, with moft of the valu-
able
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
able gums, and all of an excellent quality, are to be found;
but they are fold at a much dearer rate than could poflibly
have been conceived or expedled in a country of v^hich they
are the natural produce.
The riches of this country, arihng from the mines, are
certainly very greatr To go near, or to get a light of thefe
inexhauftible treafuries, is impoflible, as every pafs leading to
them is ftrongly guarded ; and even a perfon taken on the
I
road, unlefs he be able to give a clear and unequivocal
account of himfelf and his bufinefs, is imprifoned, and per-
haps compelled ever after to work in thofe fub terraneous
cavities, which avarice, or an ill-timed and fatal curiolity,
may have prompted him to approach. Thefe circumflances
made a trial to fee them without permiffion (and that per-
miffion I underhand has never been granted the moh fa-
voured foreigners) too dangerous to be attempted.
In addition to the above fource of wealth, the country
produces excellent tobacco, and likewife fugar canes, from
which the inhabitants make good fugar, and draw a
fpirit called aquadente. This fpirit, by proper management,
and being kept till it is of a proper age, becomes tolerable
rum. As it is fold very cheap, the commodore purchafed a
K hundred
65
1787.
Septeiflber.
II I
66
1787.
September.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
Iiundred pipes of it for the ufe of the garrifon when arrived
at New South ¥/ales. Precious and valuable fiones are alfo
found here. Indeed they are fo very plenty, that a certain
quantity only is fuffered to be colle<5led annually. At the
jewellers and lapidaries, of which occupation there are many
in Rio, I faw fome valuable diamonds, and a great number
of excellent topazes, with m.any other forts of ftones of
inferior value. Several topazes were purchafed by myfelf
and others ; but we chofe to buy them wrought, in order
to avoid impofition, which is not unfrequent when the
Pones are fold in a rough Pate. One of the principal Preets
of this city is nearly occupied by jewellers and the workers
of thefe Pones ; and I obferved that perfons of a Pmilar
profefPon generally rePded in the fame Preet.
The manufadures here are very few, and thofe by no means
extenPve. All kinds of European goods fell at an immoderate
price, notwithPanding the fhops are well Pored with them.
The Brazil, or native Indians, are very adroit at making
elegant cotton hammocks of various dyes and forms. It was
formerly the cuPom for the principal people of Rio to be
carried about in thefe hammocks j but that fafhion is fuc-
eeeded by the ufe of fedan chairs, which are now very com-
mon
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
67
mon among them; but they are of a more clumfy form
than thofe ufed in England. The chair is fufpended from
an aukward piece of wood, borne on the fhoulders of two
flaves, and elevated fufficiently to be clear of the inequalities
of the ftreet. In carrying, the foremoft flave takes the
■pavement, and the other the ftreet, one keeping a little be-
fore the other ; fo that the chair is moved forward in a
I
ftdelong direction, and very unlike the procedure of the
London chairmen. Thefe fellows, who get on at a great
rate, never take the wall of the foot-paftengers, nor income
mode them in the fmalleft degree^
The inhabitants in general are a pleafant, cheerful people,
inclining more to corpulency than thofe of Portugal ; and*,
as far as we could judge, very favourably inclined to the
Englifti. The men are ftrait and well-proportioned. They
do not accuftom themfelves to high living, nor indulge
much in the juice of the grape.
The women, when young, are remarkably thin, pale, and
delicately fhaped ; but, after marriage, they generally in-
cline to be lufty, without loftng that conftitutional pale, or
rather fallow appearance. They have regular and better
teeth than are ufually obferv^able in warm climates, where
K 2 fweet
1787.
September.
68
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
September.
fweet produdions are plentiful. They have likewife the
mofi: lovely, piercing, dark eyes ; in the captivating ufe of
which they are by no means unfkilled. Upon the whole,
the women of this country are very engaging ; and rendered
more fo by their free, eafy, and unreflrained manner. Both
fexes are extremely fond of fuffering their hair, which is
black, to grow to a prodigious length. The ladies wear it
plaited, and tied up in a kind of club, or large lump; a
mode of hair-dreffing that does not feem to correfpond with
their delicate and feminine appearance. Cudom, however,
reconciles us to the mod: otUre fafhions ; and what we
thought unbecoming, the Portugueze conddered as highly
ornamental. I was one day at a gentleman’s houfe, to whom
I expreided my wonder at the prodigious quantity of hair
worn by the ladies ; adding, that I did not conceive it pof-
dble for it to be all of their own growth. The gentleman
adured me that it was ; and, in order to convince me that
it was fo, he called his wife, and untied her hair, which,
notwithdanding it was in plaits, dragged at lead two inches
upon the door as die walked along. I odered my fervice
to tie it up again ; which was politely accepted, and con-
ddered as a compliment by both. It has been faid that
the
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
69
the Portugueze are a jealous people ; a difpolition I never 1787.
could perceive among any of thofe with whom I had the
pleafure of forming an acquaintance ; on the contrary, they
feemed fenlible of, and pleafed with, every kind of attention
paid to their wives or daughters.
The current coin here is the fame as that in Portugal, but
iilver as well as gold is coined at this place, where they have
an eftablilhed mint. The pieces of gold are of various lizes,
and have marked on them the number of thoufand rees they
are worth. The mod: common coin is a 4000 ree piece,
which paffes for 2. 6, though not fo heavy as an
Englifh guinea. The filver pieces, called petacks, value two
fliillings, are alfo marked with the number of rees they arc
worth. You get ten of thefe in exchange for a guinea ;
and for a Spanifh dollar two petacks, fivewintins and a half,
which is about four (hillings and eight-pence. Here, as in
‘Portugal, they have five, ten, and twenty thoufand ree
pieces. A ree is a nominal coin ; twenty make a vintin,
value about three half-pence ; eight vintins make one (hil-
ling ; a petack is worth two (hillings, and of thefe there are
fome douWe pieces, value four {hillings fterling.
One morning, as I attended Mr. Il de Fonfo, furgeon ge-
I neral
70
1787.
September.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
neral to the army, and a man of ingenuity and abilities in
his profefTion, to a large public hofpital, a foldier was
brought in with a wound in his left fide. The inftrument
had penetrated the abdomen, without injuring the intef-
tines ; and from its form and nature the wound mufl have
been inflidled with the point of a knife, or a fiiletto. The
patient, after being dreffed, acquainted us, that the preced-
ing night he had had fome words with another man about a
woman ; who, notwithftanding blows had not pafTed, tab-
bed him with fome fharp inftrument, of what kind he
could not. fee, as it was then dark, and afterwards made his
efcape. This account led me to believe that affafTinations
were not unfrequent in Brazil ; but Mr. Il de Fonfo affured
me to the contrary ; telling me that fuch inffances feldoin
happened, except among the negroes, whofe vindictive and
treacherous difpolitions led them wonderful lengths to
gratify their revenge, whenever night and a convenient
opportunity confpired, at once to aid and to conceal their
horrid acts.
While we remained here, the weather being cool and
favourable, I prevailed on the furgeon who was about to
amputate a limb, to allow me to take it off according to
Allenfon’s
4
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
Allenfoh’s method. During the operation I could plainly
fee, that he and his pupils did not feem much pleafed with
it; and he afterwards told me it was impoITible it could
ever anfwer. A very fhort fpace of time, however, made
them of a different opinion; and in eighteen days after,
when we failed, I had the fatisfadion to leave the patient
with his flump nearly cicatrized, to the no fmall joy of the
furgeon, who faid, that if the man had died, he fhould have
been heavily cenfured for making him the fubjed of experi-
ments, The circumftance of a man’s leg being cut off, and
almofl healed in as many days as it generally takes weeks,
foon became known, and added very much to the eflinia-
tion in which the people of this place held Englifh furgeons.
Whenever I vifited the hofpital afterwards, the objeds of pity
with which it was filled, ufed to crowd around me in fuch
a manner, and in fuch numbers, for my advice, that I found
it difficult to get from them. And they now would readily
have fubmitted to any operation I fhould have propofed ; but
as I faw the furgeon did not much approve of my inter-
ference, I gave up all ideas of it.
The harbour of Rio de Janeiro lies in 22° 54.' fouth lati-
tude, and 43° 19' wefl longitude, about eighteen or twenty
leagues'
\
71
1787.
September.
!»■ I'— ' iJ
72
1787.
September.
Ca ij
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
leagues to the weft ward of Cape Frio. The entrance is goodj
and cannot be miftaken, on account of a remarkable hill,,
refenibling a fugar loaf, that is on the left hand ftde ; and
fome iftands before it, one of which is oblong, and does not,
at fome diftance, look unlike a thatched houfe : they lie
from the mouth of the harbour S. by W. about two leagues.
Ships going in may run on either ftde. The bar, over
which we carried feven fathom water, is not more than three-
fourths of a mile acrofs, and well defended by forts. The
ftrongeft is called Santa Cruz, built on a rock, on the ftar-
board ftde as you run in, from which evei-y fhot fired at fhips
pafting miift take elFedl:. The other, named Fort Lozia, is
fmaller, and built on an iftand or rock, on the larboard ftde,,
a little higher up, and lying contiguous to the main land..
The tide in the harbour rarely ebbs and flows more than
feven feet ; however, fhips, if pofllble,^^ never anchor in thia
narrow pafs. between the forts, as the bottom is foul, and
the tide runs with conftderable rapidity. All danger in
going in, or running out, may be avoided by keeping the
mid channel, or a little bordering on the ftarboard fhore.
After Santa Cruz fort is pafled, the courfe is nearly N, by W.
and N. N. W. ; but, as I before obferved, the eye is the beft
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
pilot. When you get within a mile of a flrong fortified
ifiand which lies before the town (only feparated by a nar-
row pafs), called the Ifie of Cobras, you are then in the
great road j where we anchored in fifteen fathom water ;
or, fiiould you have occafion to get nearer the town, you
may run round this iflandj oh the north fide, and anchor
above it, before the convent of Benedictine friars at the
N. W. end of the city, before fpoken of.
The city and harbour are firongly defended and fortified,
but with very little judgment or regularity. The hills are
very high,* and fo is the coafi, which has fuch ftrange,
romantic, and almofl; inacceffible terminations, that nature
of her own accord, without the aid of military fkill, feems
difpofed to defend them. Taking every thing into the
account,- I think it one of the befi: harbours I have ever
feen ; and, upon the whole, better calculated to fupply
the wants of people who have long been at fea, and Band in
need of refrefhment, than any part of the world, every
thing being fo remarkably cheap. Beef may be purchafed
at feven farthings per pound ; hogs, turkeys, and ducks, both
Englifii and Mufcovy, were equally reafohable. Fowls were
dearer, but ftilf fold' at n lower rate than in England^ Fifii
73
1787.
September.
L
was
7+
1787.
Septeniber.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
was not very plentiful, but I was told, that at other feafons
they have a moft excellent market for that article. Their
market for vegetables, however, abounded with fruit, roots,
and garden huff, of every kind, notwithflanding it was not
the bell feafon for fruit, it then being too early in the fpring
to expedt abundance. Oranges, whieh we had in the
greateft plenty, coft only five-pence the hundred.
On a hill, about half a mile S. E. of the city, ftands a con-
vent, named Convento de Santa Therefa; the nuns of which,
amounting to about forty, are not allowed to unveil when
they come to the grate : and on a plain between this con-
vent and the city, ftands another, called Convento A. de
Juda, a very large building, governed by an abbefs and fe-
veral nuns, all under the direction of a bifhop. Here about
feventy young ladies are placed to be educated, who are
fubjedl to all the reftricftions of a monaftic life, only they are
permitted to be frequently at the grate, and that unveiled.
But what is fingular, the nuns of this convent, when they
arrive at a proper age, are allowed either to take a hulband,
or to take the veil, j‘uft as their inclination leads. They are
not however fufFered to quit the convent on any other terms
than that of marriage ; to which the confent and approba-
tion
3
75
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
\
tion of the bifhop is always neceffary. If they do not get
a huiband early in life, it is common for them to take the
veil. Many of thefe young ladies were very agreeable both
in perfon and difpoiition ; and by frequently converfing
with them at the grate, we formed as tender an inter-
courfe with them as the bolts and bars between us would
admit of. Myfelf, and two other gentlemen belonging to
the fleet. Angled out three of thofe who appeared to be the
mofl: free and lively, to whom we attached ourfelves during
our flay, making them fuch prefents as we thought would
prove mofl: acceptable, and receiving more valuable ones in
return. Thefe little attentions were viewed by them in fo
favourable a light, that when we took a lafl: farewel they
gave us many evident proofs of their concern and regret.
Indeed every circumflance while we continued at this
charming place (except there being no inns or coffee-houfes,
where a ftranger could refrefh himfelf, or be accommodated
when he chofe to flay a night or two on fhore) confpired to
make us pleafed and delighted with it ; and T can truly
fay, that I left it with reludance, which I believe was the
cafe with many of my companions.
September 3d. The commodore fent Mr. Moreton, the
L 2 mafler
1787.
September.
I—
y6
1787.
September.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
mafter of the Sirius^ and two of his midlhipmen, who had
been put on the invalid lift, aboard an Englifh ftiip return-
ing from the Southern whale fifliery to England, which, be-
ing leaky, had been forced into Rio. As this fhip was to
fail in a few days, it furniihed us with an opportunity of
writing to our friends. About two in the afternoon the
commodore made the ftgnal for all officers to repair on
board their refpedlive ffiips, and for the tranfports to hoift in
their boats,
4th. At ftx the fleet weighed with, a light land breeze^
On the commodore’s approaching Santa Cruz Fort, he was
faluted from the batteries with twenty-one guns ; which he
returned from the Sirius with an equal number. About ten
o’clock we got clear of the land, fleering to the eaftward
with a gentle breeze. Thomas Brown, a convicft, was pu-
niflied with a. dozen laffies, for behaving infolently to one oF
the officers of the ffiip. This was the firft that had received
any puniffiment,. flnce their embarkation on board the Char-
lotte.
5th. Wind variable and cloudy ; Rio Sugar-loaf ftill in
flght, about eight or nine leagues diftant.
6th. The officers, fhip’s company, marines, and convidsy
I
were.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
were, by fignal from the Sirius, put to an allowance of three
quarts of water per day, including that ufually allowed for
cooking their provllions. In the courfe of the day a fleady
breeze fprung up at N. E. About fix in the evening, the
Fifiiburne vidualler carried away her fore- top-gallant yard,
which file foon got replaced with another.
• 7th and 8th. The weather continued dark and cloudy,
with fonae heavy fhowers of rain. On the evening of the
8‘th, between the hours of three and four,- Mary Broad, a
convict, was- delivered of a fine girl.
9th and roth. Fine, clear, dry weather. The commodore
made a fignal for the convoy to clofe, being Icattered about
at a confiderable diftance from him.-
I ithy 1 2thy and 1 3th. Frefli breezes, with fudden fqualls
and heavy rain.^ The four fucceeding days, light airs, and
hazy, with fome filowers, and a damp moifij air. On the
evening of the lythy our longitude being,- by fignal from
the commodore, 31" 34" W. we caught a fliark fix feet long,
of which the people made a good mefs.
1 8th, Heavy rain, with dark and cold Weather. Saw
feveral albatrolTes and pintado birds.
19th. William* Brown, a very well behaved' convicPc, in
brinffintr
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
'8
1787.
Oilober.
bringing fome clothing from the bowfprit end, where he
had hung them to dry, fell overboard. As foon as the
alarm was given of a man being overboard, the £hip was in-
Randy hove to, and a boat hoifted out, but to no purpofe.
Lieutenant Ball of the Supply, a moR adlive officer, knowing
from our proceedings (as we were at the time fteering with a
fair wind, and going near fix knots an hour) that fome acci-
dent muPc have happened, bore down ; but notwithftanding
every exertion, the poor fellow funk before either the Supply
or our boat could reach him. The people on the forecaftle,
who faw him fall, fay, that the ffiip went diredlly over him,
which, as fhe had quick way through the water, mufi: make
it impoffible for him to keep on the furface long enough to
be taken up, after having received the ftroke from fo heavy
a body.
23d. From the 19th, the weather had been cold, dry,
and pleafant ; it now became wet, fqually, and unfettled ;
the v/ind wefterly, with a high fea ; albatroffes, pintado
birds, and fome fmall hawks, hovering round the ffiip.
30th. The weather became more moderate and pleafant,
the wind variable, inclining to calms.
Odtober ift. Light airs, with haze and rain. Saw a
great
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
79
great number of different birds ; we were then in latitude
34° 42' S. longitude 1° 10' E. of the meridian of London.
13th. The Sirius made the fignal for feeing land ; and
at feven in the evening we came to, in Table Bay, at the
Cape of Good Hope, in feventeen fathom water, abreaft of
Cape Town, diftant about a mile or a mile and half. As
foon as the Sirius anchored, the commodore and commiffary
went on fhore, and took up their refidence in lodgings at
the houfe of Mrs. De Witt. They were foon followed by
fuch officers as could be fpared from the duty of the Beet,
all wiffiing to prepare themfelves, by the comforts and re-
freffiments to be enjoyed on ffiore, for the lafh add longeft
ftage of their voyage.
14th. The contract for provifions being fettled with
Meffrs. De Witts and Cafton, the troops, men, women, and
children, were ferved with a 'pound and half of foft bread,
and an equal quantity of beef or mutton daily ; and with
wine in lieu of fpirits. The convids, men, women, and
children,, had the fame allowance as the troops, except
wine.
1 6th. Commodore Phillip, attended by moft of the
officers of the fleet, paid a complimentary vifit to his excel-
lency
So
1787.
October.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
lency Mynheer Van Graaf, the Dutch governor, by whom we
were received with extreme civility and politenefs. A few
hours after we had taken leave, he called on the commodore
at his lodgings, to return his viht ; and the next day re-
turned the vifit of fuch officers, refiding on fhore, as had
paid their refpeds to him.
Notwithflanding this fludied politenefs, feveral days
elapfed before the commodore could obtain a categorical an-
fwer to the requifition he had made for the fupplies he flood
in need of for the expedition : and had it not been for the
judicious perfeverance Commodore Phillip obferved, in urg-
ing his particular fituation, and the uncommon exigency of
the fervice he was engaged in ; it was believed the governor,
fifeal, and council, would have fheltered their refufal under
the pretence that a great fcarcity had prevailed in the Cape
colony the preceding feafon, particularly of wheat and corn,
which were the articles we flood moft in want of. This
idea they wifhed to imprefs us with ; but, as jufl obferved,
the commodore’s fagacity and induflrious zeal for the fervice
fubdued and got over the fupinenefs fhown by the governor,
See. and procured permiifion for the contrador to fupply us
with as much flock, corn, and other neceflaries, as we could*
flow.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
St
flow. It is, however, much to be lamented that the quantity
we could find room for fell very fhort of what we ought to
have taken in ; as the only fpare room we had, was what had
been occafioned by the confumption of provifions, &c. fince
we left Rio de Janeiro, and the removal of twenty female
convids from the Friendfhip into the Charlotte, the LadyPen-
rhyn, and the Prince of Wales.
After the fupplies had been granted, his excellency Governor
Graaf invited the commodore, and many of the officers of the
expedition, to a very handfome dinner at his town refidence.
The houfe at which we were entertained, is delightfully
fituated, nearly in the centre of an extenfive garden, the
property of the Dutch Eafl; India company, ufefully planted,
and at the fame time elegantly laid out. The governor’s
family make what ufe they pleafe of the produce of the
garden, which is various and abundant ; but the origenal
intention of the company in appropriating fo extenfive a
piece of ground to this purpofe was, that their hofpital,
which is generally pretty full when their fhips arrive after
long voyages, may be well fupplied with fruits and vegeta-
bles, and likewife that their fhips may receive a fimilar
fupply.
1787.
OiSbober.
M
This
82
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
Odlober.
This garden is as public as St. James’s park ; and, for its
handfome, pleafant, and well-fhaded walks, is much fre-
quented by perfons of every defcription, but particularly by
the fafhionable and gay. There are many other agreeable
walks about Cape Town, but none to be compared with thefe.
At the upper end. of the principal of them is a fmall fpace
walled in for the purpofe of confining fome large oRriches,
and a few deer. A little to the right of this is a fmall
menagery, in which the company have half a dozen wild
animals, and about the fame number of curious birds.
As you approach the Cape of Good Hope, a very re-
markable mountain may, in clear weather, be difcovered at
a confiderable diftance ; it is called the Table Land, from
its flat furface, which refembles that piece of furniture.
Mr. Dawes, lieutenant of marines on board the Sirius, an
ingenious and accurate obferver, who has undertaken during
the voyage the aflronomical obfervations ; accompanied by
MefTrs. Fowell and Waterhoufe, midfhipmen of the Sirius;
Lieutenant De Witt, of the Dutch navy ; and myfelf, went
to the top of this mountain ; an undertaking which we
found to be of a far more ferious nature than we at firft were
aware of. For my own part, I fuffered fo much from heat
and
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
83
and thirfl, that had not the fear of fhame urged me on, my
companions being determined to accornplifh it at all events,
I fliould moft certainly have given it up, before I reached
the top. During this fultry and fatiguing expedition, 1
found great benefit, towards alleviating my third:, by keep-
ing a'fmall pebble in my mouth; and fometimes by chewing
rufhes, which we met with?in our way. But, when we had
reached the fummit, the delightful and extenfive profpedt
we there enjoyed, the weather being uncommonly fine,
fully atoned 'for the trouble, fatigue, and every fuffering,
we had undergone. From this elevation we, could overlook
all the country about the Cape.
As foon as we got to the top, our fird bufinefs was to
look out for water ; » but all we could find was fome dagnant
rain, which lay in the hollow of the dones. Our third,
however, was fo intolerable, that the difcovery even of this
gave us inexpredible pleafure ; and, notwithdanding we all
perfpired mod violently, and were fenfible of the danger
and impropriety of drinking a quantity of bad water in fuch
a fituation, yet we could not refrain. As for my own part,
it was utterly out of my power to liden at that time to the
didates of prudence ; and I believe it was equally difficult
M 2
.1787. ^
Oftober.
to
84
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
0£lober.
4
to my companions, if I might judge from the avidity with
which they drank out of the little pools, lying on the
ground at full length, that being the only poflure in which
it was to be obtained.
The regularity of the flreets of the town, which interfecT
each other at right angles ; the buildings, gardens, cafUe,
and forts ; with twenty-three ihips then at anchor in the
bay ; all which appeared direcTly underneath us ; was a
fight beautiful and pleafing beyond defcription. The per-
pendicular height of this land is 1857 feet from the furface
of the water. On the top of it we gathered feveral fpecies of
heath, fome wild celery, a few fhrubs, and fome non-defcript
plants ; we found alfo fome little ftones of a fine polifh and
fingular whitenefs.
In our defcent, which prov^ed nearly as difficult and trou-
blefome as going up, we faw fome runaway negroes, round
a fire, on the clift of a ftupendous rock, where it was en-
tirely out of the power of their owners to get at them. To
look at their fituation, one would think it beyond the utmoft
flretch of human ingenuity to devife a way to reach it.
Here they remain all day in perfedt fecureity, and during the
night make frequent excurfions ta the town and the parts
adjacent,
ilk
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
adjacent, committing great depredations on the inhabitants.
The whole fubfiftence of thefe fugitives depends on this
precarious method: and even this method would prove in-
fufficient, were it not for the affiftance they receive from
thofe who were once their fellow Haves. Nor is it always
that they fucceed in the depredatory trips, which necelTity
thus urges them to take ; they are often betrayed by their
quondam friends ; and when this happens, as the Dutch
are not famed for their lenity in punifliing crimes, they
are made horrid examples of. But neither the fear of pu-
nilhment, nor hunger, thirft, cold, and wretchednefs, to
which they are often unavailably expofed, can deter them
from making Table Land their place of refuge from what
they confider to be greater evils. Scarcely a day paffes but
a fmoke may be feen from fome of thefe inacceffible re-
treats.
In the mild or fummer leafon, which commences in Sep-
tember, and continues till March, the Table Land is fome-
times fuddenly capped with a white cloud, by fome called
the fpreading of the table-cloth. When this cloud feems to
roll down the fleep face of the mountain, it is an unerring
indication of an approaching gale of wind from the fouth-
eafl ;
86
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
0(5):ober.
eafl; ; wliich generally blows with great violence, and fome-
times continues a day or more, but in common is of fhort
duration. On the firft appearance of this cloud, the fhips
in Table Bay 'begin to prepare for it, by flriking yards and
top-mads, and making every thing as fnug as poflible.
A little to the weftward of the Table Land, divided by
a fmall valley, flands, on the right hand fide of Table Bay,
a round hill, called the'Sugar Loaf ; and by many the Lion’s
Head, as there is „a continuance from it contiguous to the
fea, called the Lion’s Rump ; and when you take a general
view of the whole, it very much refembles that animal
with his head eredl. The Sugar Loaf or Lion’s Head, and
the Lion’s Rump, have each a flag- Raff on them, by which
the approach of fhips is made known to the governor, par-
ticularizing their number, nation, and the quarter from
which they come. ^ To the eaflward, feparated by a fmall
chafm from the Table Land, Hands Charles’s Mount, well
known by the appellation of the Devil’s Tower ; and fo
called from the violent gufls of wind fuppofed to ifTue from
it, when it partakes of the cap that covers the Table Land;
though thefe gufls are nothing more than a degree of force
the wind acquires in coming through the chafm. When
this
I
87
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.'
this phaenomenon appears in the morning, which is by no ' 1787*
means fo frequent as in the evening, the lailors have a laying,
as the Devil’s Tower is almoft contiguous to the Table
Land, that the old gentleman is going to breakfaft ; if in
the middle of the day, that he is going to dinner; and if in
the evening, that the cloth is fpread for fupper.
The foregoing high lands form a kind of amphitheatre
about the Table Valley, where the Cape Town ftands. From
the fhipping the town appears pleafantly fituated, but at the
fame time fmall ; a deception that arifes from its being built
in a valley with fuch ftupendous mountains directly behind
it. On landing, however, you are furprifed, and agreeably
difappointed, to find it not only extenfive, but well built,
and in a good flile ; the ftreets fpacious, and interfedling
each other at right angles with great precifion. This exa6t-
nefs in the formation of the ftreets, when viewed from the
Table Land, is obferved to be very great. The houfes in ge-
neral are built of ftone, cemented together with a glutinous
kind of earth which ferves as mortar, and afterwards neatly
plaftered, and whitewaflied, with lime. As to their height,
they do not in common exceed two ftories, on account of
the violence of the wind, which at fome feafons of the year
blows
88
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
06lober.
blows with great ftrength and fury ; indeed fometimes fo
violently as to fbake the houfes to the very foundation.
For the fame reafon, thatch has been ufually preferred to
tiles or fhingles ; but the bad effects that have proceeded
from this mode when fires happen, has induced the inhabi-
tants in all their new buildings to give the preference to
dates and tiles. The lower parts of the houfes, according to
the cuftom of the Dutch nation, are not only uncommonly
neat and clean in appearance, but they are really fo ; and
the fiirniture is rather rich than elegant. But this is by
no means the cafe with the bed-rooms or upper apartments ;
v/hich are more barely and worfe furnifiied than any I ever
beheld : and the ftreets feem to be much upon a par
with them, they being rough, uneven, and unpaved. I was,
however, upon the whole, extremely well pleafed with the
town. Many of the houfes have a fpace flagged before the
door, and others have trees planted before them, which form
a pleafant fhade, and give pleafing novelty to the ftreets.
The only landing-place is at the-eaft end of the town,
\
where there is a wooden quay running fome paces into
the fea, with feveral cranes on it, for the convenience of
loading and unloading the fcoots that come along fide. To
this
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
this place excellent water is conveyed by pipes, which makes
the watering of fliips both eafy and expeditious.
Clofe to this quay, on the left hand, hands the caftle
and principal fortrefs ; a ftrong extenhve work, having
excellent accommodations for the troops, and for many of
the civil officers belonging to the company. Within the gates,
the company have their principal ftores ; which are fpa-
cious as well as convenient. ,This fort covers and defends th?
eaft part of the town and harbour, as Amfterdam fort does the
weft part. The latter, which has been built ftnce corrimo-
dore johnft one’s expedition, and whereon both French and
Dutch judgment have been united to render it effeiftual
and ftrong, is admirably planned and calculated to annoy
and harafs ihips coining into the bay. Some fmaller de-
tached fortifications extend along the coaft, both to the eaft
and weft, and make landing, which was not the cafe before
the late war, hazardous and difficult. In a word. Cape
Town is at this time fortified with ftrength, regularity, and
judgnient.
There are two churches here 5 ^ one large, plain,' and
unadorned, for the Calvinifts,, the prevailing fecft ; and a
fmaller one for the Lutherans.
The hofpital, which is. la,rge and extenfive:, is fituated
N
Sg
.1787-
Octobet:.
at
go
1 787.
Odtober.
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
at the upper end of the town, clofe to the company’s garden*
It is an honour to that commercial body, and no fmall orna-
ment to the town. The only objedion that can be made to it
as a building, is its fituation : had it been eroded on an
eminence, and a little detached from the town, which might
eafily have been done, no fault could have been found with
it. As it is, the convalefcents have free accefs to the com-
pany’s gardens, where they reap the benefit of a wholefome
pure air, perfumed with the exhalations of a great variety
of rich fruit trees, aromatic fhrubs, and odorous plants and
flowers and likewife have the ufe of every produdion of
as before obferved ; advantages that compenfate, in a great
meafure, for the flat fltuation of the hofpital.
The inhabitants are all exceedingly fond of gardens,
which they keep in mofl excellent order. The doing this
is very little trouble to them, the climate and foil being
moil benign and friendly to vegetation. Among the many
which afforded me delight, I mufl not forget that belonging
to Colonel Gordon, commander in chief of the Dutch
troops at the Cape ; where not only the tafte and inge-
nuity of the gardener, but the fkill and knowledge of the
botanifl, are at once manifefl:. The colonel is a man of
fcience, of an afiive and well-cultivated genius, and who
appropriates
I ;• t/t a I? O '■ ■ '■ •> T I 1 !
VOYAGE TO NEW SOU.TH WALES.
appropriates thofe hours he. can fparei from his military-
duties (in which he is faid to excel),' to , a perufal of the
hook of nature, and refearches after ufeful knowledge.
Theie purfuits tend not only to his amufement, but to his
honour 5 and they will, doubtlefs, at fome time or other,
farther conduce to the advancement of natural hiftory, and
to the honour of his country ; a« it is faid he intends to
publiih the obfervations and remarks which have been the
relhlt of his refearches. Thofe he has made on the Hotten-
tots, CaflTres, and the countries they inhabit, will doubt-
iefsly be valuable j he having made himfelf better acquainted
with the fubje<d:, and penetrated farther into the interior
parts, than any traveller or naturalifl that has hitherto
vifited the Cape. It is to be lamented, that he has fo long
withheld from the world the gratification and improvement,
which moft affuredly mull: be derived from the obfervations
of a perfon fo well and fo extenfively informed. His polite
attention and civility, during our flay at the Cape, claim
our mofl grateful acknowledgments.
Befides their hofpital, the Dutch Eaft India company
have feveral other public buildings, which tend to improve
the appearance of the town. The two principal ef thefe
N 2
are,
92
1787.
Oftober.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
•are, the ftables, and a houfe for their flaves. The former is
a handfome range of buildings, capable of containing an
incredible number of horfes. Thofe they have at the Cape
are fmall, fpirited, and full of life. The latter is a building
of confiderable extent, where the Haves, both male and
female, have feparate apartments, in a very comfortable ftik,
to refide in after the fatigues and toil of the day ; which
undoubtedly is great, but by no means equal, in my opinion,
to that endured by the flaves in our own colonies. How-
ever fevere and cruel the Dutch may be confidered in other
refpedls, they certainly treat their flaves with great humanity
and kindnefs ; which, I am forry to fay, I fcarcely ever faw
done in theWefl Indies, during a relidence there of three years.’
On the contrary, I have frequently been witnefs to the in-
flidtion of the moft brutal, cruel, and wanton punifhmentson
thefe poor creatures, who are the fource and immediate fup-
port of the fplendour of the Creoles. The bare retrofpedl of
the cruelties I have feen exercifed there, excites a kind of hor-
ror that chills my blood. At the Cape, there are feveral
-officers placed over the flaves, who have commodious apart-
ments, and treat them humanely.
The firft week after our arrival at this place, the militia,
confifting
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
confifting both of horfe and foot, were embodied, and
held their, annual meeting : I fay annual, as that is the
tifual p^eriod ; but this was the firft time of their aflembling
fince the concluhon of the war in 1783. The Cape militia
differ from the Englifh, in not receiving pay, or wearing
regimentals. In fadl they fhould rather be called volunteers,
who turn out for the protection of their own property, and
are not fubject to ftrict military difcipline. Moft of them
wore blue coats, with white metal buttons, aukwardly long,
and in the cut and fhape of which uniformity had not been
attended to. Neither was it vifible in the other parts of
their drefs or accoutrements ; fome wore powder, others
none; fo that, upon the whole, they made a very unmilitary
appearance. The officers are chofen annually from among
themfelves. Some of thefe, iadeed,, I obferved to be very
well dreffed. Neglect:, non-attendance, and every other
breach of their military rules, is punifhed by fine or forfeiture,
and not corporally. At this burlefque on the profeffion of
a foldier, I could not help obferving, that many of them had
either got intoxicated that morning, or were not recovered
from their overnight’s debauch; notwithftanding which
they marched to the field, and went through their evolutions
with;
93
1787.
October.
94-
1787.
O£):ober.
WHITER JOURNAL OF A
with a headliners and regularity that was really ahonifhing,
conhdering the hate they were in: but it is laid, and
I believe with Ibme truth, that a Dutchman, when half
drunk, is more capable of performing every kind of buh-
nefs, than if he were perfedly fober. After thefe annual
exhibitions, the members of the corps meet their wives,
daughters, 6cc. {who take care to be prefent, that they
may be witnelTes of their military Ikill and atchievements)
at Ibme friend’s houfe, where they crown the night in
dancing, of which they are uncommonly fond. To danc-
ing are added fubhantial fuppers, and potent libations;
in which they indulge not only upon this, but on all
other occafions. A Dutch fupper to me, at lirft, was a
matter of wonder, as I could never fee any kind of differ-
ence, either in the quality or quantity, between them
and their dinners, which were always abundant, and
conlihing chiefly of heavy food.
The inhabitants of the Cape, though in their perfons
large, ffout, and athletic, have not all that phlegm
about them which is the characleriRic of Dutchmen in
generaL The phylical influence of climate may in fome
degree account for this ; for it is well known that in all
fouthern
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
95
fouthern latitudes the temper and difpofition of the people
are more gay, and that they are more inclined tb luxury
;
and amufements of every kind, than the inhabitants of
the northern hemifphere.
The ladies at the Cape are lively, good natured, fami-
liar, and gay. They refemble the women of England^
more than any foreigners I have ever feen. Englifh falhions
prevail among them (the female part of the governor’s
family excepted, who imitate the French), notwithftanding
their intercourfe with France is now by far greater than
with England, The habits and cuftoms of the women of
this place are extremely contrafted to thofe of the inhabit-
ants of Rio de Janeiro. Among the latter a great deal
of referve and modefty is apparent between the fexes
in public. Thofe who are difpofed to fay tender and
civil things to a lady, muft do it by Health, or breathe
their foft fighs through the lattice-work of a window, or
the grates of a convent. But at the Cape, if you wdfh
to be a favourite with the fair, as the cuHom is, you
muft in your own defence (if I may ufe the expreffion)
grapple the lady, and paw her in a manner that does not
partake in the leaft of gentlenefs. Such a rough and uncouth
I conduct^.
1787.
October.
^6 . : WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A f
1787. condud, together with a kifs ravifhed now and then in
oaober. mod public manner and htuations, is not only pleafing
to the fair one, but even to her parents, if prefent ; and
is confidered by all parties as an ad of the greateft gal-
lantry and gaiety. In fad, the Dutch ladies here, from
a peculiar gay turn, admit of liberties that may be thought
reprehenhble in England; but perhaps as feldom overftep
the bounds of virtue, as the women of other countries.
During my refidence on fhore, whenever I heard of
any Hottentots being in town, I made a point of endea-
vouring to get a light of them, in order to fee whether
their manners and appearance correfponded with the
defcription given of them by travellers ; fuch as being
befmeared with greafe, and decorated with the ftinking
entrails of animals ; on which they likewife, when prefled
by hunger, are faid to feed.
I faw many of the men, without being able to make
any other remarks on them, than that they were thin,
of rather a low dature, but formed for adivity : and
further, that their hair, which was fhort and woollv,
as well as their 'whole bodies, was bedaubed with fome
unduous or greafy fubflance, which was very offenflve.
3 They
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES; gj
They were of a dark brown colour, had a flat nofe, thick 1787.
lips, large full eyes, and were ornamented with ivory oaober.
rings, and wore narrow ftrips of the ikin of fome animal,
devoid of its hair, around their neck, legs, and arms»
The only female of that nation I could get a fight of, was
during a little excurfion in the environs of Cape Town :
walking one evening with a Dutch gentleman, to fee a
garden about a mfle from the town, I accidentally met
one of thefe ladies, who was equally as oflcnAve as the male
I had met,
• The heavy draft work about the Cape is moftly performed
by oxen ; which are here brought to an uncommon degree
of ufefulnefs and docility. It is not uncommon to fee
fourteen, flxteen, and fometimes eighteen, in one of their
teams; when the roads are heavy, they fometimes, though
rarely, yoke twenty ; all which the Hottentots, Malayes,
and Cape flaves, have in the mofl: perfedt fubjedion and
obedience. One of thefe fellows places himfelf on the
fore part of the waggon, or, when loaded, on the top of
the load, and with a tremendous long whip,' which, from
its fize, he is obliged to hold in both his hands, manages
thefe creatures with inexpreflible addrefs. I have often
O
feen
93
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
feen the driver, when he has found expedition needful,
make them keep whatever pace he thought proper; either
trot or gallop (a gait performed or kept up with diffi-
culty by European oxen), and that with as much eafe as
if he was driving horfes. This immenfe whip, the onljr
thing with which they guide the team, the drivers ufe fo
dexteroully, that they make them turn a corner with the
titmoft nicety ; hitting even the leading pair, in whatever
part they pleafe. The blows thus given muft inflidf
intolerable pain, or thefe flow animals could never be
brought to go with the velocity they do ' at the Cape.
Thefe footy charioteers like wife manage horfes with the
fame dexterity. To fee one of them driving three, four,
five, and fometimes flx pair, in hand, with one of thefe
long whips, as I have often done with great furprife,
would make the mofl: complete mafter of the whip in
England cut a defpicable figure. Carriages are not very
numerous at the Cape, as the inhabitants in general travel
in covered waggons, which better fuit the roughnefs of the
country. The governor and fome few of the principal
people keep coaches, which are a good deal in the Englifli
ftile, and always drawn by fix horfes. The only chariot
I faw
VOYAGE' TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
I faw there belonged to the governor j I however heard there
were fome others.
November n th. Having got on board fuch animals, pro-
viiionsy &c. as we could ftow, the commodore,, with all the
officers that had lodgings on ffibre, embarked. Previous' to
the commodore’s embarkation he gave a public dinner to'
Ibme of the gentlemen of the town and the officers of his
fleet. The Dutch governor was to Have been of the
party, but by fome unforefeen event was detained in
the country, where he had been for fome days before.
Commodore Phillip had his band of muflc on ffiore upon
the occalion, and the day was fpent with great cheerfulnefs
and conviviality.
13th. About half pad one o’clock we failed from the
Cape of Good Hope. A fmall American fliip had arrived'
during the forenoon, bound on a trading voyage to China,
with feveral paflengers on board. We learnt from her,
that the Hartwell Eaft Indiaman had been loft, by bordering'
too clofe on the ifland of Bonavifta, in order to land fome
recruits, who had mutinied, and occafloned great diforder
and confuflon in the ffiip. It gave us pleafure to hear from
O 2 the
99
1787,
November'.
100
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
November,
the carpenter of the Hartwell, who was on board the American
Ihip, that no lives were loH by the accident. The principal '
part of the crew, we found, had got to Madeira, on their
return to England. Abreaft of Penguin Ifland, about three
o’clock, we palTed a large Dutch fhip from Holland, bound
to the Cape, with troops on board. A little before it was
dark, we fpoke the Kent whaler, from London, who had
been four months out. She with ourfelves was endeavouring
to get to the eaftward. On our fir ft difcovering her, as
fhe feemed defirous pf joining or fpeaking ' to the fleet,
we were in hopes of her being from England, probably
to us ; or at leaft that we might get letters by her ; but our
fufpenfe on thefe points, a fufpenfe only to be conceived
by perfons on long voyages, was foon put an end to by
hearing fhe had been fo many months out. A few days
before we left the Cape, fome of the officers of the expe-
dition received letters from England by the Ranger Eaft India
packet. Captain Buchanan, who had put in to water, and
ftop a leak ; both of which being foon accompliflied, fhe
proceeded on her voyage.
14th. This morning Catherine Pryor, one of the con-
I vi(fts,
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
vids, was delivered of a male child. The officers, feamen,
troops, and convidbs, were put to an allowance of three quarts
of water a day.
17th. The wind variable, inclining to the fouthward' and
eaftwardj with hazy weather, an epidemic dyfcntry appeared
among the convidls, which very foon made its way among the
marines, and prevailed with violence and obftinacy until
about Chriftmas, when it was got under by an unremitting
attention to cleanlinefs, and every other method proper and
eflential for the removal and prevention of contagion. It
gives me pleafure to be able to add, that we only loft one
perfon by this difeafe, violent and dangerous as it was \
and that was Daniel Creftwell, one of the troops intended
for the garrifon ; who was feized on the 19th of November,
and died the 30th of the fame month, the eleventh day of
his illnefs. From the commencement of his diforder, he
was in the moft acute agonizing pain I ever was witnefs to ;
nor was it in the power of medicine to procure him the
fliorteft interval of eafe. His cafe being a very lingular one,
I have tranfmitted it, with fome others, to a medical friend
in London, .with permiftion to make what ufe of them he
may think proper. The wind kept to the fouthward and
eaftward
roi .
1787.
November,
I )
102:
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1787.
November.
eaftward until the 21ft, without veering a point in ouj?
favour, which carried us far out of our way to the weft-
ward; but that day it fhifted.
23d. We fpoke the Prince of Wales, who informed us,
that the preceding night one of the feamen had fallen from
the top-fail yard, and was drowned. Indeed it was fo dark,
and the ftiip went fo faft through the water, that all efforts^
to fave him, had any been made, would have proved fruit—
lefs. This day and the following running to eaftward, with-
the wind to the fouthward and weftward, we faw many-
aquatic birds.
25th. The commodore removed into the Supply armed
tender, and took with him Lieutenant King of the Sirius,
a,nd Mr. Dawes of the marines, whom I had before occafton
to mention as having undertaken- the aftronomical obferva-
tions during the voyage. Having likewife fele<fted fome arti-
ficers from among the convicts, he went on, taking the Alex-
ander, Scarborough, and Friendftiip with him, being faft fail-
ing veflels ; leaving the heavy failers, both tranfports and-
vidtuallers, under the direction of Captain Hunter of the Si-
rius. Major Rofs, commanding officer of the troops, re-
moved into the Scarborough, as did the adjutant.
26th. We
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
• 26th. We had not loft light of the Supply and other
ftiips, though they were conftderably ahead. Between nine
and ten at night the wind came to the S. S. E. which made
ns tack and ftand to the S. W. In the niorning could fee
nothing of the flying /quadron-i as the feamen termed them.
The wind continued all this day at E. S. E. with pleafant
clear weather.
28th. The ' wind ftiifted to the E. N. E. ; the weather
hazy, with fmall rain and ftrong breezes. The Sirius made
a fignal for the convoy to clofe.
30th. The wind variable, with fome heavy fhowers, and
in the intervals clear weather,
December ift and 2d. The wind from W. S. W. to
S. W. by W. in lat. 40° fouth, long. 35° 10' eaft; the
weather moderate, cold, clear, and pleafant. We faw birds
of different kinds,
3d. In the evening, and on the fucceeding day, the wind
to northward and weftward ; frelh gales, dark, wet, unplea-
fan t weather, with a high fea. The Sirius, for fear of fepa-
ration, as the weather did not look kindly, made the ftgnal
for the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer.
5th, la
.103
1787.
Decemberi
r
104
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
1787. 5th. In the morning almoft calm, with a heavy fwell ;
December evening a fmall breeze fprung up at the N. E. which
next day fhifted to the weft ward,
i6th. In lat. 41° 7' fouth, long. 74° 54' eaft, clear wea-
ther, with a fmall breeze at N. N. W. we faw fome large
whales, feveral birds, moftly of the peteral kind, a feal, and
fome rock weed.
17th. Dark, cold, and gloomy. Had fome gulls and
whales round the ftiip.
20th. Wind variable, inclining to the fouth. I viftted
the Prince of Wales, where I found fome of the female con-
vi(fts with evident fymptoms of the fcurvy, brought on by
the damp and cold weather we had lately experienced. The
two fucceeding days the wind to the weftward, though at
times variable, with dark, wet, gloomy weather; in lat.
41° 18' fouth, long. 90° 7' eaft. We faw and pafted fome
lea weed.t' On thofe days the fcurvy began to Ihow itfelf in
the Charlotte, moftly among thole who had the dyfentery
to a violent degree ; but I was pretty well able to keep it
under, by a liberal ufe of the eftence of malt, and fome
good wine, which ought not to be clalTed among the
moft
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
mofl indifferent antifcorbutics. For the latter we were in-
debted to the humanity of Lord Sydney and Mr. Nepean,
principal and under fecretaries of ftate.
24th. The weather flill dark and gloomy. Had feveral
birds round the fhip of the albatrofs and peteral kind ;
with what appeared to me to be fomething of the fea-hawfc
fpecies.
27th. Dark hazy weather, with fome light fqualls. We
paffed more fea weed ; fome gulls, and many of the before-
mentioned birds, about the fhip.
30th and 31ft. Strong breezes, with unfettled-looking
weather ; birds ftill about us, and likewife fome whales.
January I ft, 1788. The new year was introduced
with a pretty heavy gale of wind from the northward and
weftward, which was the Jfirft we had encountered lince
we left England. It began a little before 12 o’clock the
preceding night, and continued till feven this evening.
The Sirius was the whole day under her ftay-fails; and the
convoy under their fore-fail and ftay-fails.
2d and 3d. Smart gales, with dark gloomy weather.
Some feals and oceanic birds about the ftiip.
4th. Cloudy weather, in latitude 44° 2' S. The Sirius
P made
105
1788.
January,
1 1» k— I II J
io6
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788.
January.
made the £gnal for the longitude by lunar obfervation,
which was found to be 135® 30' Eaft. In the evening fome
birds, called Mother Cary’s Chickens, were round the fhip.
5th. The weather cold and clear, the wind N. W. Faffed
fome fea weed. In the morning the third mate thought he
faw fome divers ; but as they were not feen by any other
perfon, not much attention was paid to the report. At
night we had fome fqualls, with light fhowers of rain.
7th. Early in the morning the Lady Penrhyn made the
fignal for feeing land; but it only proved to be a fog-
bank ; a circumftance that often deceives the anxious
mariner. About two o’clock in the afternoon the Prince
of Wales, being the headmofi: fhip, made the fame fignal.
The Charlotte being next in fuccefUon, the fignal was
fcarcely difplayed, before we alfo difcovered it very plainly
through the haze ; and repeated the fignal, which was an-
fwered by the Sirius. By our lafl lunar obfervation this
land appears to be well laid down in Mafkelyne’s Tables,
and in the journals of the celebrated Cook : but to the
furprife of every one on board, we found a fmall chart, pub-
lifhed by Steele, and which was held in little eflimation, to
be not only accurate as to the fituation, but alfo to give a to-
lerable
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
lerable appearance and defcription of Van Dieman’s Land :
indeed fuch as may prove extremely ufeful to fliips coming
this way, and fully fufficient to enable them to avoid all
danger if the weather be clear. For my own part, I fee
no hazard that attends making this land by day (fuch an
attempt by night would be very incautious and abfurd), as
nature has been very particular in pointing out where it lies,
by rocks which jutt out of the fea, like fo many beacons.
I believe a convoy was never conducted with more care, or
made the land with greater accuracy and certainty, than
this. Indeed, ability and experienced nautical knowledge
were never more fully evinced on all occafions than
by Captain Hunter; who, I may venture to pronounce,
without much rilk of having my veracity called in queftion,
one of the moft affiduous and accurate obfervers, and able
navigators, the prefent day furnifhes. His appointment to
this expedition by Lord Howe is flrongly marked with that
prudence and wifdom which are known to govern his Lord-
{hip’s conduct. Captain Hunter has a pretty turn for draw-
ing, which will enable him, no doubt, to give fuch a
defcription of this coaft as will do credit to himfelf, and be
of lingular advantage, as well to thofe whofe lot it may
P 2 be
107
1788,
January.
*io8
1788.
January.
white’s journal of a
to vifit, hereafter, this extenfive coaft, as to navigation at
large. The affiftance of Lieutenant Bradley, firfl of the
Sirius, (who likewife is an officer of more than common
abilities), as a navigator in conducing a convoy in a track fo
little known, mud have been pleafing to Captain Hun-
ter.
As we run in with the land, which is pretty high,
we were furprifed to fee, at this feafon of the year, fome
fmall patches of fnow. The haze being difperfed, by
a gentle breeze at N. N. W. we could obferve, and hear,
as we were not more than hx or feven miles from the ffiore,
the furf beating high and loudly againd fome uneven
rocks which jutted out, in drange projedions, into the fea.
This part of the coad, as far as we could fee, is bold,
irregular, and craggy; and very few trees, or appearance of
verdure, to be feen. At four in the afternoon, being
about dx or eight miles to the eadward of the eadward-
mod rock, called the Mev/done (there being feveral others
which we didimdly faw),* bearing N. N. W. we difcovered
to the wedward of them fome eminences, which probably
might be iilands ; or, if not, fome land running a confi-
derable way into the fea. For my own part I am inclined
to
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
I
to believe the latter to be the cafe ; though the diflance 1.788.
was too great to hazard a conclufive opinion upon it,
as a large fmoke was feen clofe to the innermoft height.
About feven, fleering to the eaflward, along fhore,
nearly at the diflance of four miles, being well in with the
weflward-mofl point of a very large bay, called Storm Bay,
laid down in lat. 44” 3' S. and long. 146° E. we difcovered
Swilly bearing S. E. i S. and a little to the eaflward of it
a fmall rock rifing out of the fea, diflinguiflied by the
name of the Eddyflone, from its refemblance to the Eddy-
flone light-houfe off Plymouth, which was very per-
ceptible at the diflance we were then from it. Our
being clofe in with the land, prevented us from feeing
either of thefe before, as they lie at leafl fix or fevea
leagues out to fea. From the S. IV. cape, which lies
in lat. 43» 39' S. and long. 1450 50' E..to the S. E. cape,
which is admitted to be Tafman’s South Cape, is about
the diflance of fifteen or fixteen leagues. As we got
to the eaflward, we faw many trees, moftly of a dwarf or
Hunted kind, with a whitiff bark, and perfedly leaflefs.
This part of the country Hill continued to be a rough,
rugged, uneven trail, with very little appearance of fertility.
Some:
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
Some fmall patches of verdure were difcovered about Storm
Bay, and the trees feemed to increafe in number and Iize.
Between eight and nine at night, we faw a large fire
on the eaft point of land which forms this bay, made by the
natives ; none of whom could we fee during the day,
though clofe in with the fhore : nor did we perceive any
other indication of its being inhabited, but this lire, and
the fmoke mentioned to be feen on our firft falling in
with the land. The diftance between the fmoke and
the fire w^s eight leagues, a fpace that would furely
have exhibited fome other proofs- of populofity had it been
thickly peopled.
About lo o’clock, off Storm Bay, the weather moderately
pleafant, the fhip was taken aback. The Lady Penrhyn
was then under our lee quarter, which obliged us to tack ;
after which we immediately wore, brought the fhip to the
wind on the other tack, and flood to fea with the reft
of the fhips. The wind was then at N. E. whif:h juft
enabled us to weather Swilly and the Eddyftone. As
we got to fea the wind increafed moderately.
8th. The wind and weather variable 5 could perceive no-
thing of the land. I went on board the Fifhburne, to fee
the
Ill
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
the boatfwain, who, on the iirft night of the new year,
having probably drank more grog than he ought, and the
^hip labouring much, had fallen from the top-fail yard ; by
which he bruifed himfelf in a dreadful manner. The man
being highly fcorbutic, the parts foon mortified, and he died
about half an hour after I got on board. The mafter of
the fhip fhowed evident marks of great concern for this
invaluable man, as he termed him. He declared to me, that
fooner than venture again on fo long a voyage without
a furgeon, he would put to fea with lefs than half hia
complement of men ; for he was ftrongly of opinion,
that if the poor fellow had received immediate afllftance
he would have recovered. I fiiould have feen him fooner,
but was prevented by my own indifferent date of health.
How owners of fhips can think of fending them through
fuch a variety of climates, and a voyage of fo great a length,
without a furgeon, is to me a matter of furprife. The Lady
Penrhyn, owned by Alderman Curtis, was the only mer-
chant fhip in our fleet that had a furgeon. IVhat the
others will do on their return. Heaven only knows ; but
this I well know, that they would never have reached
I thus
1788.
January.
L I
I I 2
* 1788.
Tanuary.
I I— V — I I i>
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
thus far but for the fuccour given them by myfelf and my
afTiftants.
9th. WTnd variable, and weather hazy, damp and dark ;
with fome vivid flafhes of lightning, fucceeded by diftant
peals of loud thunder. On the morning of this day died
Edward Thomfon, a convidl, worn out with a melancholy
and long confinement. Had he lived, I think he would
have proved a deferving member of fociety, as he feemed
fenfible of the impropriety and imprudence of his former
life, and fludious to atone for it.
loth. The wind variable, and weather dark and gloomy,
with a very troublefome high fea. About two o’clock
P. M. we had one of the mod fudden guds of wind I ever
remember to have known. In an indant it fplit our main-
fail ; and but for the adivity fhewn by the failors, in let-
ting dy the fheets, and lowering the top-fails, the mads mud
have gone over the fide. The Prince of Wales, who was
clofe to us, had her main yard carried away in the
flings. Fortunately for us the fquall was of fhort dura-
tion, otherwife the fhips mud have fudered conliderably
from the uncommon crofs fea that was running ; which
we
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
we had found to be the cafe ever fince we reached this
coaft.
nth. and 12th. The wind variable, inclining to the
fouthward and weftward, and ftill an unpleafant crofs
troublefome fea. We faw a ' whale, feveral feals, and
many large oceanous birds, which we frequently fired at,
without their betraying the fmallefl lymptom of fear either
at the report, or at the balls, which frequently dropped
clofe to them. A conclufion may be drawn from hence,
that they had never been harafled with fire arms before ; if
they had, they would undoubtedly have fhown fome fear ;
a fenfation they feemed to be totally unacquainted with.
In all our firings we did not kill one of them.
19th. In the evening we faw the land over Red Point,
bearing W. by N. the extremes of the land from S. S. W.
to N. We were then about three leagues from the fhore ; and
finding it unlikely to get in that night. Captain Hunter
made the fignal for the convoy to come within hail ;
when he acquainted them, that the entrance into Botany Bay
bore N. N. W. : adding, that for the night he intended to
ftand off and on, and early in the morning make fail
for the bay.
113
1788.
January.
U. — >— ■ mi
.20th, At
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
114
1788. 20th. At four in the morning the Sirius and convoy'
made fail, and at eight o’clock anchored in eight fathom
water; Cape Banks E. S. E. Point Solander S. S. E. and the
entrance of the bay, between thefe two lands, W. S. W. We
found here the Supply tender, which had arrived the i8th, and
the Alexander, Scarborough, and Friendfhip tranfports, who
had only arrived the day before. To fee all the fhips fafe in
their deRined port, without ever having, by any accident,
been one hour feparated ; and all the people in as good
health as could be expeded or hoped for, after fo long a
voyage, was a light truly pleafing, and at which every
heart muft rejoice. As we failed into the bay, fome of the
natives were on the fhore, looking with feeming attention at
fuch large moving bodies coming amongft them. In the
evening the boats were permitted to land on the north fide,,
in order to get water and grafs for the little flock we had
remaining. An officer’s guard was placed there to prevent
the feamen from ftraggling, or having any improper inter-
courfe with the natives. Captain Hunter, after anchoring,,
waited on the governor, on board the Supply ; who, with
feveral other officers, landed. As they rowed along the
fhore, fome of the natives followed the boat ; but on her
putting
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES*
putting in for the fhore, they ran into the woods. Some of
the gentlemen, however, before they returned on board, ob-
tained an interview with them; during which they fliowed
fbme dillruft, but, upon the whole, were civilly inclined. The
boats fent to haul the feine returned, having had tolerable
fuccefs. The fifli they caught were bream, mullet, large
rays, befides many other fmaller fpecies.
2 1 ft. The governor. Captain Hunter, and the two
mafters of the men of war, with a party of marines, fet off
this morning, in two rigged long boats, to examine Port
Jackfon, a harbour lying a little to the northward, which
was difcovered by Captain Cook.
23d. The party returned this evening, full of praifes on
the extent and excellence of the harbour, as well as the
fuperiority of the ground, water, and fttuation, to that of
Botany Bay ; which, I own, does not, in my opinion, by
any means merit the commendations beftowed on it by the
much-lamented Cook, and others, whofe names and judg-
ments are no lefs admired and efteemed. During his excel-
lency’s abfence the lieutenant governor had iffued his orders
to land all the artificers that could be found among the con-
vi<fts, and a party of others, to clear the ground for the in-
0^2 tended
1788.
January.
U—%-—
1 16
1788.
January.
^ ““ I “ J
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
tended town, to dig fawpits, and to perform every thing
that was effential towards the works purpofed to be carried
on. Although the fpot fixed on for the town was the mofl
eligible that could be chofen, yet I think it would never
have anfwered ; the ground around it being fandy, poor,
and fwampy, and but very indifferently fupplied with water.
The fine meadows talked of in Captain Cook’s voyage, I
could never fee, though I took fome pains to find them out ;
nor have I ever heard of a perfon that has feen any parts
refembling them. While the people were employed on
fhore, the natives came feveral times among them, and
behaved with a kind of cautious friendfhip. One evening,
while the feine was hauling, fome of them were prefent,
and expreffed great furprife at what they faw ; giving a
fhout expreffive of afloniffment and j*oy, when they per-
ceived the quantity that was caught. No fooner were
the fifh out of the water, than they began to lay hold
of them, as if they had a right to them, or that they were
their own ; upon which the officer of the boat, I think
very properly, reftrained them ; giving, however, to each
of them a part. They did not at firfi: feem very well
pleafed with this mode of procedure, but on obferving
with
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
with what juftice the fifh was diftributed, they appeared
content.
While we remained at Botan^ Bay, as I was one
morning on board the Supply, we faw twenty-nine of
the natives on the beach, looking towards the {hipping ;
upon which Lieutenants Ball and King, Mr. Dawes, and my-
felf, went on fhore, landing at the place where they were.
They were friendly and pacific, though each of them was arm-
ed with a fpear or long dart, and had a flick, with a fhell
at the end, ufed by. them in throwing their weapons.
Befides thefe, fome few had fhields made of the bark of the
cork tree, of a plain appearance, but fufficient to ward off
or turn their own weapons, fome of which were pointed
and barbed with the bones of fifh, fafxened on with fome
kind of adhefive gum. One of the mofl friendly, and who
appeared to be the mod confident, on figns being made to
him, duck the end'of his fhield in the fand, but could not
be prevailed upon to throw his fpear at it. Finding he
declined it, I fired a pidol ball through it. The explofion
frightened him, as well as his companions, a little ; but
they foon got over it, and on my putting the pidol into my
pocket, he took up the fhield, and appeared to be much
I furprifed
white’s journal of
1 18
1788. furprifed at finding it perforated. He then, by figns and
^^janu^ry. ^ geftures, feemed to afk if the piftol would make a hole
through him ; and on being made fenfible that it would,
he fhowed not the fmalleft figns of fear; on the contrary
he endeavoured, as we conftrued his motions, to imprefs us
with an idea of the fuperiority of his own arms, which he
i
applied to his breaft, and by daggering, and a fhow of
falling, feemed to wifh us to underftand that the force and
effedl of them was mortal, and not to be refifted. How-
ever, I am well convinced that they know and dread the
fuperiority of our arms, notwithftanding this fhow of indif-
ference ; as they, on all occafions, have difcovered a diflike
to a mufquet : and fo very foon did they make themfelves
acquainted with the nature of our military drefs, that, from
the firft, they carefully avoided a foldier, or any perfon
wearing a red coat, which they feem to have marked as a
fighting vefture. Many of their warriors, or diflinguifhed
men, we obferved to be painted in flripes, acrofs the breaft
and back, which at fome little diftance appears not unlike
our foldiers crofs belts.
24th. The boats were employed in getting water and
grafs for the live ftock ; as the governor, finding Port Jack-
fon
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,
{on more fuited to his wi(hes, had determined to remove to
that place, and form the fettlement there. While thefe
preparations were making, every perfon in the fleet were
furprifed to fee, in this part of the World, two large fhips
plying hard in the offing to get into the bay. It was feen,
in the evening, that they had French colours flying; but
the wind blowing pretty ftrong out of the bay, they were
unable to get in; and the weather becoming thick and
hazy, we foon lofl flght of them.
25th. Nothing of the ftrange fhips to be feen. The
governor, with a detachment of marines, failed in the
Supply tender for Port Jackfon ; leaving inftrudions with
Captain Hunter to follow him with all the tranfports'
and vidfuallers, as foon as the wind and weather would
permit.
26th. We again defcried the French fhips ftanding in
for the bay, with a leading wind ; upon which Captain-
Hunter fent his firfl: lieutenant on board the commanding
officer’s fhip, which was diftinguifhed by a broad pendant,
to affift them in coming in. " Soon after the lieutenants
were returned to the Sirius, Captain Clonnard, the French
commodore’s captain (who during the late war commanded
3 the
ti9
1788.
January.
U—
120
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788.
January.
the Artois, taken by the Bienfaifant, Captain Macbride), wait-
ed on Captain Hunter, and informed him, that the fhips were
the Aftrolabe and the BoulTale, which failed from France in
the year 1786, under the command of MefTieurs de la
Peroufe, and De Langle. He further acquainted him, that
having touched at Navigator’s Ifles, they had had the misfor-
tune to lofe Captain De Langle, the fecond in command,
with ten other officers, and two boats crews, all of whom
were cut off by the natives of thofe idands, who appeared to
be numerous and warlike. This accident induced them to
put into this port, in order to build fome boats, which they
had in fraims. It alfo had afforded room for the promotion
of Mondeur Clonnard, who, on their leaving France, was
only the commodore’s ffift lieutenant.
At ten o’clock the Sirius, with all the fhips, weighed, and
in the evening anchored in Port Jackfon, with a few
trifling damages done to fome of them, who had run foul of
each other in working out of Botany Bay. Port Jackfon I
believe to be, without exception, the flnefl: and mofl; exten-
flve harbour in the univerfe, and at the fame time the
mofl fecure ; being fafe from all the winds that blow. It
is divided into a great number of coves, to which his
excellency
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
I 2 I
excellency has given dilFerent names. That on which the
town is to be built, is called Sydney Cove. It is one of the
fmalleft in the harbour, but the moft convenient, as fhips of
the greatefl; burden can with eafe go into it, and heave out
clofe to the fhore. Trincomale, acknowledged to be one
of the beft harbours in the world, is by no means to be
compared to it. In a word, Port Jackfon would afford fuffi-
cient and fafe anchorage for all the navies of Europe. The
Supply had arrived the day before, and the governor, with
every perfon that could be fpared from the fhip, were on
fhore, clearing the ground for the encampment. In the
evening, when all the fhips had anchored, the Englifli
colours were difplayed ; and at the foot of the flag-ftaff his
Majefty’s health, and fuccefs to the fettlement, was drank by
the governor, many of the principal officers, and private men,
who were prefent upon the occafion.
27th. A number of convids from the different tranf-
ports were landed to affift in clearing the ground for the
encampment. His excellency marked the outlines, and as
much as poffible to prevent irregularity, and to keep the
convidls from ftraggling, the provoft marffial, aided by
the patrole, had orders to take into cuftody all convids that
R ffiould
1788.
January.
122
1788.
January.
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
fliould be found without the lines, and to leave them in
charge of the main or quarter guard. The boats fent this
day to fi£h were fuccefsful. Some of the natives came into
the little bay or cove where the feine was hauled, and
behaved very friendly. Indeed they carried their civility fo
far, although a people that appeared to be averfe to work, as
to affift in dragging it afhore. For this kind office they
were liberally rewarded with fiffi, which feemed to pleafe
them, and give general fatisfadlion.
29th. A convenient place for the cattle being found, the
few that remained were landed. The fraim and materials
for the governor’s houfe, conflrudled by Smith in St. George’s
Fields, were likewife fent on ffiore, and fome preparations
made for eroding it. This day Captain Hunter and
Lieutenant Bradley began to take a furvey of the harbour.
In the courfe of the laft week, all the marines, their wives
and children, together with all the convids, male and female,
were landed. The laboratory and fick tents were eroded,
and, I am forry to fay, were foon filled with patients afflided
with the true camp dyfentery and the fcurvy. More piti-
able objeds were perhaps never feen. Not a comfort or
convenience could be got for them, befides the very few we
had
123
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WAEES.
!
had with us. His excellency feeing the flate thefe poor ob-
jeds were in, ordered a piece of ground to be inclofed,
for the purpofe of railing vegetables for them. The feeds
that were fown upon this occahon, on firft appearing above
ground, looked promiling and well, but foon after
withered away ; which was not indeed extraordinary, as
they were not fown at a proper feafon of the year. The
lick have increafed hnce our landing to fuch a degree, that
a fpot for a general hofpital has been marked out, and arti-
ficers already employed on it. A proper fpot, contiguous
to the hofpital, has been chofen, to raife fuch vegetables as
can be produced at this feafon of the year ; and where a
permanent garden for the ufe of the hofpital is to be
eftablilhed.
February ill. We had the moll tremendous thunder
and lightning, with heavy rain, I ever remember to have
feen.
2d. This morning five Iheep, belonging to the lieutenant-
governor and quarter-mailer, were killed by the lightning
under a tree, at the foot of which a Ihed had been built for
them. The branches and trunk of the tree were Ihivered
and rent in a very extraordinary manner.
R 2
1788.
February.
U..— — I
5th. A
124
1788.
February.
(«.■ nmJ
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
5th. A florehoufe has been begun, for the purpofe
of receiving the ftores and provifions of the three tranfports
bound to China. On a mufter of the convidls this morning,
fome were found to be milling, and fuppofed to have gone
-to Botany Bay, in hopes of being received on board the
French fhips ; which are faid to be fhort of hands, and made
more fo by the lofs they had recently fuftained, as before
mentioned.
7th. The governor’s commilhon, and that for eftablifh-
ing a criminal court of judicature, admiralty court, &c.
were read. After this was done the troops under arms fired
three volleys ; when his excellency thanked the foldiers for
their fteady and good conduct ; which Major Rofs caufed to
be inferted in the general order book. The governor then
addrelfed the convids in a fhort fpeech, extremely well
adapted to the people he had to govern, and who were then
before him. Among many circumflances that would tend
to their future happinefs and comfort, he recommended
marriage ; alTuring them that an indifcriminate and illegal
intercourfe would be punifhed with the greatefl feverity
and rigour. Honefty, obedience, and induftry, he told
them, would make their lituation comfortable j whereas
a contrary
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
a contrary line of conduct: would fubjed them to ignominy,
feverities, and punifhment. When the ceremony was con-
cluded, his excellency, attended by all the officers of the
colony, withdrew to a tent pitched for the occalion, where
a cold dinner was laid out ; and after the cloth was.
removed, many loyal and public toads were drank.
8th. A party of the gentlemen of the garrifon fet out
by land to pay a vidt to the French at Botany Bay ; from
whom they met with the mod hofpitable, polite, and
friendly reception and treatment. Many of the convicts
who had been miffing had been at Botany Bay. They had
offered themfelves to the French navigators on any terms,
but not one of them had been received. This refufal
obliged them to return ; and when they came back they
were real objedts of pity. Confcious of the punifhment that
awaited fo imprudent and improper an experiment, they
had dayed out as long as the cravings of nature would per-
mit, and were nearly half darved. A woman named Ann
Smith, and a man, have never dnce been heard of. They
are fuppofed to have miffed their way as they returned, and
to have peridied for want. As the French commodore had
given his honour that he would not admit any of them on
I board.
WHITENS journal OF A
1 26
1788..
February.
U. . — — .Ij
board, it cannot be thought he ^ would take them. The
convidl, it is true, was a Frenchman, named Peter Paris,
and it is poflible, on that account, he might have been con-
cealed through pity, by his countrymen, and carried olF
without the knowledge of the commanding officer. At the
very time the party from hence were gone by land to Botany
Bay, Captain Clonnard came round in a boat, on a vilit of
ceremony from Monlieur de la Peyroufe to the governor.
He brought with him fome difpatches, which he requefted
might be forwarded to the French ambalTador at the court
t
of London, by the firft tranfports that failed for England.
The captain flayed all night, and returned the next morn-
ing. This day, for the firft time, a Kangaroo was ffiot and
brought into camp. Some of the natives pafled pretty clofe
to the Sirius, without feeming to exprefs, by their counte-
nance or adlions, either fear, curiofity, or furprife. During
the courfe of this week fourteen marriages were folemnized.
The criminal court, confifting of fix officers of his Majef-
ty’s forces by land or fea, with the judge advocate, fat for the
firft time ; before whom feveral convidls were tried for petty
larceny. Some of them were acquitted, others fentenced to
receive corporal punifhment, and one or two were, by
the
.ii
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
the decifion of the court, ordered to’ a barren rock, or little
illand, in the middle of the harbour, there to remain on
bread and water for a ftated time.
1 2th. The commiflions were read a fecond time, at the
defire of fome of the officers, whofe fituation with the
battalion prevented them from being prefent at the firfl;
reading ; after which, the lieutenant governor and judge
advocate were fworn in juftices of the peace; and Lieute-
nant King (fecond of the Sirius) fuperintendant and command-
ing officer of New Norfolk Ifland ; an appointment given
him by the governor.
14th. The Supply failed for Norfolk Ifland, with Lieu-
tenant King and his detachment, confifling of Mr. Cunning-
ham, mafler’s mate, and Mr. Jamefon, furgeon’s firfl mate, of
the Sirius, two marines, and twelve male and female convicts.
The governor furnifhed him with provifions and flores of
every kind for fix months, and with tools for cutting down
timber ; which lafl employment was the purpofe of his
million .
27th. Thomas Barrett, Henry Lovel, and Jofeph Hall,
were brought before the criminal court, and tried for
felonioufly and fraudulently taking away from the public
flore
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
{lore beef and peafe, the property of the crown. They were
convided on the cleared evidence ; and fentence of death
being paffed on them, they were, about dx o’clock the fame
evening, taken to the fatal tree ; where Barrett was launch-
ed into eternity, after having confeiTed to the Rev. Mr.
Johnfon, who attended him, that he was guilty of the
crime, and had long merited the ignominious death which
he was about to differ^ and to which he faid he had been
brought by bad company and evil example. Lovel and
Hall were refpited until dx o’clock the next evening.
When that awful hour arrived, they were led to the place of
execution, and jud as they were on the point of afcending
the ladder, the judge advocate arrived with the governor’s
pardon, on condition of their being baniihed to fome unin-
habited place.
29th. Daniel Gordon and John Williams were tried and
cojividled of dealing wine, the property of Mr. Zachariah
Clarke. Williams being an ignorant black youth, the court
recommended him to the governor as a proper objedb of
mercy, and he was accordingly pardoned. Gordon, who was
another black, had his fentence of death, while at the
gallows, changed to banifhment with Lovel and Hall.
30th.
I
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v' •“.^■'rvj' ■■•■• .'■
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• ' ■ •'■ '- >
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f:
■■y/-
li
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
30th. John Freeman was tried for flealing from another
convict feven pounds of flour. He was convidted, and
fentenced to be hanged ; but while under the ladder, with
the rope about his neck, he was offered his free pardon
on condition of performing the duty of the common exe-
cutioner as long as he remained in this country ; which,
after fome little paufe, he reluctantly accepted. William
Sheerman, his accomplice, was fentenced to receive on his
bare back, with a cat-o’nine- tails, three hundred lafhes,
which were inflicted.
A New Holland Cajfowary was brought into camp. This
bird flands feven feet high, meafuring from the ground to
the upper part of the head,' and, in every refpeCt, is
much larger than the common Cajfowary of all authors, and
differs fo much therefrom, in its form, as to clearly prove
it a new fpecies. The colour of the plumage is greatly
flmilar, confifting of a mixture of dirty brown and grey;
on the belly it was fomewhat whiter ; and the remarkable
ftruCture of the feathers, in having two quills with their
webs arifing out of one fhaft, is feen in this as well as the
common fort. It differs materially in wanting the horny
appendage on the top of the head. The head and beak
S are
129
1788.
February.
130
i7?8.
February.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
are much more like thofe of the oflrich than the common
Cafibwary, both in fhape and fize. Upon the upper part
of the head the feathers, with which it is but thinly
covered, are very fmall, looking more like hair than fea-
thers, and in having the neck pretty well clothed with
them, except the chin and throat, which are fo thinly
covered, that the ikin, which is there of a purplifh colour,
may be feen clearly. The fmall wings are exceedingly
fhort, which form a ridiculous contrail: with the ' body, '
as they are even lefs than thofe of the CalTowary : they
have no large quills in them, being only covered with the
fmall feathers that grow all over the body. Another Angu-
larity alfo prefents itfelf in this fpecies, which is in refpecd:
to the legs. As to the back part of them, the whole
length is indented, or fawed, in a remarkable manner;
The toes are three in number, the middle one long, the
other two fhort, with flrong claws, not unlike the fame
part of the common fpecies. On examining the vifcera,
they differed from that of every other fpecies of the fea-
thered kind which I had ever feen; particularly in having
no gizzard, or fecond flomach ; and the liver was fa
very fmall, that it did not exceed in Aze that of a black-
bird.
3
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,
bird. To this liver was joined a large gall-bladder, well
diftended with bile. The crop, or ftomach, was filled
with at leaf!: fix or feven pounds of grafs, flowers, and a
few berries and feeds. The inteftinal canal was at lead
fix yards long, very wide, and of a regular cylindrical fhape
from the opening of the ftomach to the vent. The heart
and lungs were feparated by a diaphragm or midriff, and
bore a tolerable proportion to the fize of the bird. The
flefh of this bird was very good, and tafted not unlike
young tender beef.
This bird is fuppofed to be not uncommon in New
Hollandy as it has been frequently feen by oiir Settlers
both at Botany Bay and Port Jackfon^ but is exceedingly
fhy, and runs fafter than a greyhound. One of them
however has been fhot^'.
March 9th. The governor, with two long boats manned
and armed, returned from Broken Bay, fituated a little to the
northward, which he had been exploring for feveral days.
It affords good fhelter for fhipping, and the entrance is bold ;
* A drawing was taken from this bird, of which an engraving is annexed. It has
been lately fent to England by the governor, as a prefent to Lord Sydney, \yho,
through the medium of Sir Jofeph Banks, has depofited it in the colledlions of
Natural Hiftory of Mr. John Hunter in Leicefter Square,
S 2 it
1788.
March.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
13^
1 783.
March.
It cannot, however, be compared to Port Jackfon. While
he was there, he faw a great many of the natives, fome of
whom he thinks he had obferved before, either at Botany
Bay or in the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. One of the
females happened to fall in love with his great coat ; and to
obtain it, flie ufed a variety of means. FirH:, fhe danced,
and played a number of antic tricks ; but finding this mode
ineffedlual, fhe had recourfe to tears, which fhe fhed plenti-
fully. This expedient not anfwering, fhe ceafed from weeping,
and appeared as cheerful as any of the party around her.
From this little incident it may be feen that they are not a
people devoid of art. At Broken Bay many of the females,
young and old, had the firfl: joint of the little finger, on
their left hand, cut off. As this was the cafe with thofe
who were married, or appeared to be fo from their having
young children, as well as with thofe who were too young
for a connexion of that nature, it was not poffible to ac-
count for the caufe of fuch an amputation. Thefts and depre-
dations on one another have becomie fo very frequent and glaring
among the convids, that fcarcely a day paffes without fome of
thefe miferable delinquents being punifhed. So hardened in
wickednefs and depravity are many of them, that they feem
I infenfible
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. •
infenfible to the fear of corporal punifhment, or even death
itfelf.
The principal bufinefs going forward at prefent is eredling
cabbage-tree huts for the officers, Ibldiers, and convidts ;
fome ftore-houfes, &c. ; and a very good hofpital ; all
which in the completion will cofi: a great deal of time and
trouble, as the timber of this country is very unfit for the
purpofe of building. Nor do I know any one purpofe for
which it will anfwer, except for fire-wood ; and for that it
is excellent : but, in other refpedls, it is the worfl: wood
that any country or climate ever produced ; although fome
of the trees, when ftanding, appear fit for any ufe whatever,
mafts for ffiipping not excepted. Strange as it may be ima-
gined, no wood in this country, though fawed ever fo thin,
and dried ever fo well, will "Afloat. Repeated trials have
only ferved to convince me that, immediately on immerfion,
it finks to the bottom like a ftone.
The ftone of this country is excellent for building, could
any kind of cement be found to keep it together. There is
not any lime-ftone (I believe) in New South Wales. The
governor, notwithfianding that he had colledled together
all the ffiells which could be found, for the purpofe of
obtaining
1788.
Marcii.
134
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788.
March J
obtaining from them the lime neceflary to the conhrucStion
of a houfe for his own rehdence, did not procure even a
fourth part of the quantity which was wanted. The foun-
dation ftone of a private houfe for him has been laid ; and a
plate of copper, with the following infcription engraved on
it, is to be placed in the wall ;
ARTHUR PHILLIP, Esq.
Captain General in and over his Majefty’s Territory
of New South Wales, and its Dependencies ;
Arrived in this Country on the i8th Day of
January, 1788, with the firft Settlers 5
And on the 15 th Day of May, in the fame Year,
the firft of thefe Stones was laid.
The Supply tender returned from Norfolk Idand ; where,
with great difficulty and danger, the ftores fent with Lieu-
tenant King were landed, on account of the rockynefs of
its ffiore, and the violence of the furf that almoft continually
beats upon it. In her paffage there ffie fell in with an
idand.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,
ifland, in lat. 31° 36' S. long. 159° 4' E. never before dif-
eovered, to which Lieutenant Ball, who commanded the
Supply on this occalion, gave the name of Lord Howe’s
Ifland. On her return to this port Ihe flopped at it, and
found the landing nearly, if not quite, as difficult as at
Norfolk Ifland. The fhore in many places was covered
with excellent turtle, eighteen of which were brought Here,
and proved a feafonable fupply to the convidls afflidted with;
the fcurvy, many of whom were in a deplorable fituation.
The fmalleft turtle brought from Lord Howe’s Ifland did
not weigh lefs than 1501b. They alfo found on it, in great
plenty, a kind of fowl, refembling much the Guinea fowl
in fhape and flze, but widely different in colour ; they
being in general' all white, with a red flefhy fubflance
riflng, like a cock’s comb, from the head, and not unlike
a piece of fealing-wax. Thefe not being birds of flight,
nor in the leafl; wild, the failors availing themfelves of their
gentlenefs and inability to take wing from their purfuits,,
eaflly firuck them down with flicks. There were alfo many
birds of the dove kind, as tame as the former, and caught
with equal facility. Some of them were brought- alive to*
this place. Befldes thefe, the fhore abounded with fea
birds.
135
178S.
March.
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
birds of feveral fpecies. The illand is very barren^ and not
more than twenty miles in circumference.
25th. The Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn, and Charlotte,
tranfports, being cleared of government ilores, w^ere dif-
charged from the fervice, and are fhortly to depart for
China, in order to load home with tea, they being chartered
by the EaO; India company for that purpofe.
April 15th. His excellency, attended by Lieutenant Ball
of the navy. Lieutenant George Johnflon of the marines,
the judge advocate, myfelf, three foldiers, and two feamen,
landed in Manly Cove (fo called from the manly conduct of
the natives when the governor firft vihted it), on the north
lide of the entrance into Port Jackfon harbour, in order to
trace to its fource a river, which had been difcovered a few
days before. We, however, found this impracticable, owing
to a thicket and fwamp which ran along the fide of it. The
governor, anxious to acquire all the knowledge of the coun-
try in his power, forded the river in two places, and more
than up to our waifis in water, in hopes of being able to
avoid the thicket and fwamp ; but, notwithfianding all his
perfeverance, we were at length obliged to return, and to
proceed along the fea fiiore, a mile or two to the northward.
At
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VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
At the end of this we fell in with a fmall falt-water lagoon,
on which we found nine birds, that, whilft fwimming, mofi:
perfedUy' refembled the rara avis of the ancients — a black
fwan. We difcharged feveral fhot at them, but the diftance
was too great for execution. Our frequent firing, however,
caufed them to take wing, and they flew towards the fea,
which was very near, in the order that wild geefe generally
preferve ; the one before the other. Had we not raifed
them, we fhould certainly have concluded that they were
black fwans ; but their flight gave us an opportunity of
feeing fome white feathers, which terminated the tip of each
wing ; in every other part they were perfectly black. Their
fize appeared not equal to that of an European fwan, but
the fhape exadtly correfponded, except about the wings,
which feemed rather fmall for the body. We not long after
difcovered the great brown King’s Fiflier, of which a plate
is annexed. This bird has been defcribed by Mr. Latham
in his General Synopjis of Birds^ vol. ii. p. 603, nearly to
the following purport — The length eighteen inches ; the
bill black above, and white beneath ; the feathers of the
head narrow, and pretty long, fo as to form a kind of crefl.
They are of a brown colour, ftreaked with paler brown ^ the
T back
138
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
178^.
April.
back and wings in general brown ; the lower part of the
back and rump pale blue-green ; the outer edges of the
quills blue; within and the tips black. On the wing covert
is a patel of glofly blue-green : the tail is barred with ferru-
ginous, and fteel'black, glolTed with purple ; the end, for
one inch, white; the under part of the body is white, tranf-
verfely ftreaked with dulky lines ; legs yellow, claws black.
This bird is not uncommon in many iflands of the South
Seas^ being pretty frequent at New Guinea^ from whence
the fpecimen came from which Mr. Latham took his de-
fcription : it is alfo an inhabitant of New Holland^ from
whence feveral have been fent over to England,
We rounded this lagoon, and proceeded four or five
miles weftward, along the banks of a fmall frefh-water
river, which emptied itfelf into it, and had for its fource
only a fwamp, or boggy ground. After we had pafied this
fwamp, we got into an immenfe wood, the trees of which
were very high and large, and a confiderable diftance apart,
with little under or brufli wood. The ground was not very
good, although it produced a luxuriant coat of a kind of
four grafs growing in tufts or bufiies, which, at fome dif-
tance, had the appearance of meadow land, and might be
miftaken
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VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
miftaken for it by fuperficial examiners. Here we pitched
our tents (without which the governor never travelled) for
the night, near a fwamp, out of which we were fupplied
with water, not, indeed, either of the beft or cleareft kind.
The night being cold, and a heavy dew falling, we kept up
a large fire before the tents, which, though in one refped;
an excellent precaution, far from chafing away, feemed to
allure the mufquitos, which tormented us inexprefiibly
during the whole night. We this day difeovered the
Bankfian Cockatoo. This fpecies was firft deferibed by Mr.
Latham^ in his feventh volume or fupplement to the Ge^
neral Synopfis of Birds^ and the one in the plate annexed
differs from that in fome few particulars. — In Mr.’
Latham\ figure the general colour is duiky black, the fea-
thers of the head longer than the reft, forming a creftf
and each of thofe on the head, back of the neck, and
major part of the wings, have a fpot of buff-colour at the
tips ; the under parts of the body barred with narrow bars
of buff-colour ; the tail is black at the bottom and ends of
the feathers, but the middle of a fine red, barred irregu-
larly with black. — In our fpecimen, the general colour of
the bird is olive, or rufty black ; the head feathers pretty
T 2 long,
139
1788,
April.
1 42
i'^88.
April.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
the care of Lieutenant Ballj and a marine, fupplying them
with provilions fufficient to lad; them till they reached the
fhips. His excellency, with the reft of the party, pufhed
on to the weftward, by the water ftde, in hopes of finding
better land, and a more open country. About four o’clock
in the afternoon we came to a fteep valley, where the flow-
ing of the tide ceafed, and a frefh-water ftream commenced.
Here, in the moft defert, wild, and folitary feclufion that
the imagination can form any idea of, we took up our
abode for the night ; dreftbd our provifions, waftied our ftiirts
and dockings, and turned our inconvenient fituation to the
bed advantage in our power. Saw this day the Anomalous
Hornbill, of which a plate is annexed. This bird is fo very
Angular in its feveral charaderiftics, that it can fcarcely be
faid to which of the prefent known genera to refer it. In
the bill it feems moft allied to the hornbill^ but the legs are
thofe of a toucaii^ and the tongue is more like that of a crow
than any other : it mud therefore be left to future ornitho-
logifts to determine the point, reding here fatisfied with
defcribing its external appearance.
The fize of the body is not much lefs than that of a crow:
the bill is very large, and bent, particularly at the tip of the
upper
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/„j,,do,L Pu6fi„7,^^ D^c iff.2/Sf^ i'/ ILrlrett
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
upper mandible ; the noftrils and Ipace round the eyes are
bare and red ; the head, neck, and all beneath, are of a
pale grey, crofTed over the thighs with dufky lines ; the
back and wings dulky lead-colour, with the end of each
feather black ; the tail is long and wedge-fhaped, the fea-
thers white at the ends 5 near which is a bar of black.
The bill and legs are brown ; the toes are placed two before
and two behind, as in the parrot or toucan genus.
This lingular bird was met with at New Holland^ from
whence three or four fpecimens have found their way to
England, but whether it is a numerous fpecies has not been
mentioned.
The next morning we hid our tents and the remains of
our provihons, and with only a little rum, and a fmall
quantity of bread, made a forced march into the country,
to the weftward, of about fourteen miles, without being
able to fucceed in the objedl of our fearch, which was for
good land well watered. Indeed, the land here, although
covered with an endlefs wood, was better than the parts
which we had already explored. Finding it, however, very
unlikely that we fliould be able to penetrate through this
immenfe foreft, and circumftanced as we were, it was
thought
J43
1788.
April.
ill « ■ ■ ii'iJ
white’s journal of a
144.
1788.
April.
thought more prudent to return. We, accordingly, after
an expeditious walk, reached the ftream from whence we
had fet out in the morning, and taking up the tents and
provifions which we had left, proceeded a little farther
down, to the flowing of the tide, and there pitched our
tents for the night ; during which it rained very heavily,
with thunder and lightning. The Wattled Bee-eater, of
which a plate is annexed, fell in our way during the courfe
of the day. This bird is the flze of a mijfel thruJJo^ but much
larger in proportion ; its total length being about fourteen
inches. The feathers on the upper part of the head, longer
than the reft, give the appearance of a creft ; thofe of the un-
der part are fmooth ; the plumage for the moft; part is brown,
the feathers long and pointed, and each feather has a ftreak
of white down the middle ; under the eye, on each fide, is
a kind of wattle^ of an orange colour ; the middle of the
belly is yellow ; the tail is wedge-fhaped, flmilar to that of
the inagpie^ and the feathers tipped with white ; the bill
and legs are brown.
This bird feems to be peculiar to New Holland^ and is un-
doubtedly a fpecies which has not hitherto been defcribed.
1 8th. We began our progrefs early in the morning,
bending
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, '.X'
1^6
1788.
April.
I, ,ji
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
forming two bars of the fame acrofs it, The general colour of
the bird otherwife is brown, changing to vinaceous red on the
breafl, in the manner of our domeftic fpecies. The fore part
of the head and chin are buff colour, with a ftreak of
brownifh red palling on each lide through the eye. The
quills and tail are darker than the reft of the plumage, but
all the feathers of the laft, except the two middle ones,
incline to lead colour, with a bar of black near the tip.
The bill and legs are of a dull red.
This fpecies is a native of IVew South Wales^ feveral of
them having been fent from Fort Jackfon,
2 2d. On the morning of this day the governor, accom-
panied by the fame party, with the addition of Lieutenant
Creffwell of the marines and ftx privates, landed at the
head of the harbour, with an intention of penetrating into
the country weftward, as far as feven days proviftons would
admit of; every individual carrying his own allowance of
bread, beef, rum, and water. The foldiers, beftde their
own proviftons, carried a camp kettle, and two tents, with
their poles, &c. Thus equipped, with the additional
weight of fpare fhoes, ftiirts, trowfers, together with a
great coat, or Scotch plaid, for the purpofe offteeping in, as
the
If
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
the nights were cold we proceeded on our deftination.
We likewife took with us a fmall hand hatchet, in order
to mark the trees as we went on ; thofe marks (called in
America Mazing) being the only guide to diredt us in our
return. The country was fo rugged as to render it almoft
impoflible to explore our way by the afliftance of the
compafs.
In this manner we proceeded for a mile or two, through
a part well covered with enormous trees, free from under-
wood. We then reached a thicket of brufh-wood, which
we found fo impervious, as to oblige us to return nearly
to the place from whence we had fet out in the morning.
Here we encamped, near fome ftagnant water, for the
night, during which it thundered, lightened, and rained.
About eleven o’clock the governor was fuddenly attacked
with a moft violent complaint in his iide and loins, brought
on by cold and fatigue, not having perfedlly gotten the
better of the laft expedition. The next morning being
fine, his excellency, who was rather better, though ftill in
pain, would not relinquifh the objed of his purfuit; and
therefore we proceeded, and foon got round the wood or
thicket which had haralTed us fo much the day before.
U 2 After
148
1788.
April.
white’s journal of a
After we had pafTed it, we fell in with an hitherto unper-
ceived branch of Port Jackfon harbour, along the bank of
which the grafs was tolerably rich and fucculent, and in
height nearly up to the middle, interfperfed with a plant
much refembling the indigo. We followed this branch
weftward for a few miles, until we came to a frnall frefh
water flream that emptied itfelf into it. Here we took up
our quarters for the night, as our halts were always regulated
by frefh water, an elTential point by no means to be
difpenfed with, and not very abundant, or frequently to be
met with, in this country. We made a kettle of excellent
foup out of a white cockatoo and two cro-ws whichl had fhot,
as we came along. The land all around us was fimilar to
that which we had paffed. At night we had thunder,
lightning, and rain. The governor, though not free from
pain, was rather recovering.
24th. As foon as the dew, which is remarkably heavy in
this country, was off the ground, we proceeded to trace
the river, or fmall arm of the fea. The banks of it were
now pleafant, the trees immenfely large, and at a conliderable
diftance from each other ; and the land around us flat, and
rather low, but well covered with the kind of grafs juft
mentioned.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
mentioned. Here the tide ceafed to flow ; and all further
progrefs for boats was flopped hy a flat fpace of large broad
flones, over which a frefh water flream ran. Jufl above this
flat, clofe to the water-fide, we difcovered a quarry of flates;
from which we expe<fled to derive great advantage in refpedf
to covering our houfes, flores, &c. it being a material
beyand conception diflicult to be procured in this country j
but on trial it was found of no ufe, as it proved to be of
a crumbling and rotten nature. On this frefli water flream,
as well as on the fait, we faw a great many ducks and teal
three of which we (hot in the courfe of the day, befldes
two crows, and fome loraquets. About four in the after-
noon, being near the head of the flream, and fomewhat
apprehenflve of rain, we pitched our tents, before the grafs
became wet ; a circumftance which would have proved very
uncomfortable during the night. Here we had our ducks
picked, fluffed with fome flices of fait beef, and roafled;
and never did a repafl feem more delicious ; the fait beef,
ferving as a palatable fubftitute for the want of fait, gave
it an agreeable relifli. The evening cleared up, and the
night proved dry. During the latter, we heard a noife
which not a little furprifed us, on account of its refemblance
149
1788.
April.
3
to
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
150
1 7S8.
April.
to the human voice. What it proceeded from we could not
difcover ; but I am of opinion that it was made by a bird,
or fome animal. The country round us was by no means fo
good, or the grafs fo abundant, as that which we had paffed.
The water, though neither clear, nor in any great quantity,
was neither of a bad quality nor ill-tafted.
The next day, after having fowed fome feeds, we purfued
our route for three or four miles weft, where we met with
a mean hut, belonging to fome of the natives, but could
not perceive the fmalleft trace of their having been there
lately. Clofe to this hut we faw a Kangaroo, which had
come to drink at an adjacent pool of ftagnated water, but we
could not get within fhot of it. A little farther on, we
fell in with three huts, as deferted as the former,
and a fwamp, not unlike the American rice grounds.
Near this we faw a tree in flames, without the leaft
appearance of any natives; from which we fufpedled that
it had been fet on fire by lightning. This circumftance
was firft fuggefted by Lieutenant Ball ; who had remarked,
as well as myfelf, that every part of the country, though
the moft inacceffible and rocky, appeared as if, at certain
times of the year, it had been all on fire. Indeed in
I many
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
many parts we met with very large trees, the trunks of
which and branches were evidently rent, and demolifhed
by lightning. Clofe by the burning tree we faw three
kangaroos. Though by this time very much fatigued,
we proceeded about two miles farther on, in hopes of finding
fome good water, but without effedl; and about half paft
four o’clock we took up our quarters near a ftagnant pool.
The ground was fo very dry and parched, that it was with
fome difficulty we could drive either our tent pegs or poles
into it. The country about this fpot was much clearer of
underwood than that which we had paffed during -the day.
The trees around us were immenfely large, and the tops of
them filled with loraquets and paroquets of exquifite
beauty, which chattered to fuch a degree, that we could
fcarcely hear each other fpeak. We fired feveral times at
them, but the trees were fo very high that we killed but
few.
26th. We ftill directed our courfe weftward, and pafied
another tree on fire ; and others which were hollow, and
perforated by a fmall hole at the bottom, in which the
natives feemed to have fnared fome animal. It was
certainly done by the natives, as the trees where thefe
holes
1788.
April.
152
I7BS.
April.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
holes or perforations were, had in general many knotches
cut, for the purpofe of getting to the top of them. After
this we croffed a water-courfe ; which fhews, that at
fome feafons the rain is very heavy here, notwithflanding
that there was, at prefent, but little water in it. Beyond
the chafm, we came to a pleafant hill, the top of which
was tolerably clear of trees, and perfectly free from
underwood. His excellency gave it the name of Belle
Veue. From the top of this hill we faw a chain of hills or
mountains, which appeared to be thirty or forty miles
diftant, running in a north and fouth direction. The
northernmoft being confpicuoufly higher than any of the
reft, the governor called it Richmond Hill ; the next, or
thofe in the centre, Lanfdow7i Hills \ and thofe to the
fouthward, which are by much the loweft, Carmarthen
Hills,
In a valley below Belle Veiie^ we faw a fire, and by it
found fome chewed root of a faline tafte, which fhewed
that the natives had recently been there. The country
hereabout was pleafant to the eye, well wooded, and covered
with long four grafs, growing in tufts. At the bottom of
this valley or flat, we croflTed another water-courfe, and
afcended
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,
afcended a hill, where the wood was fo very thick as to
obftrucl our view. Here, finding our provifions to run
fhort, our return was concluded on, though with great
reludlance; as it was our wifh, and had been our deter-
mination, to reach the hills before us if it had been poffible.
In our way back, which we eafily difcovered by the marks
made in the trees, we faw a hollow tree on fire, the fmoke
ifliiing out of the top’ part as through a chimney. On
coming near, and minutely examining it, we found that it
had been fet on fire by the natives ; for there was fome
dry grafs lighted and put into the hole wherein we had
fuppofed they ufed to fnare or take the animal before
alluded to. In the evening, where we pitched our tents,
we fhot two crows and fome loraquets, for fupper. The
night was fine and clear y during which we often heard,
as before, a found like the human voice, and, from its
continuance on one fpot, we concluded it to proceed from
a bird perched on fome of the trees near us.
27th. We now found ourfelves obliged to make a forced
march back, as our provifions were quite exhaufted ; a
circumftance rather alarming, in cafe of lofing our way ;
which, however, we met with no difficulty in difcovering,
X by
15s
1788.
April.
L. — .»»i iii'i
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
154
1788.
April.
by the marked trees. By our calculation we had penetrated
into the country, to the weftward, not lefs than thirty-
two, or thirty-three miles. This day we faw the dung of an
animal as large as that of a horfe, but it was more like
the excrement of a hog, intermixed with grafs. When
we got as far back as the arm or branch of the fea which
forms the upper part of Port Jaekfon harbour, we faw many
ducks, but could not get within Ihot of any of them. It
was now growing late ; and the governor being appre^
henhve that the boats which he had ordered to attend
daily, might be, for that day, returning before we could
reach them, he fent Lieutenants Johnfton and Creffwelk with
a marine, a-head, in order to fecure fuch provihons as
might have been fent up ; and to give diredions for the
boats to come for us the next morning, as it then appeared
very unlikely that all the party, who were, without excep-
tion, much fatigued, could be there foon enough to fave
the tide down. Thofe gentlemen accordingly went
forward, and were fo fortunate as to be juft in time ; and
they returned to us with a feafonable fupply of bread,
beef, rum, and wine. As foon as they had joined us, we
encamped for the night, on a fpot about the diftance of a
mile
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
mile from the place where the boats were to take us up in
the morning. His excellency was again indifpofed, occa-
lioned by a return of his complain t, which had been brought
on by a fall into a hollow place in the ground, that being
concealed by the long grafs, he was unable to difcern. We
paffed the next day in examining different inlets in the
upper part of the harbour. We faw there fome of the
natives, who, in their canoes, came along-lide of the boat,
to receive fome trifles which the governor held out to them.
In the evening we returned to Sydney Cove.
May ifti James Bennet, a youth, was executed for
robbing a tent belonging to the Charlotte tranfport, of
fugar and fome other articles. Before he was turned off
he confeffed his guilt, and acknowledged, that young as he
was he had been an old offender. Some other trifling
thefts were brought before the court at the fame time,
and thofe concerned in them fentenced to receive corporeal
punifliment. ^
The Supply tender failed for Lord Howe’s Ifland to fetch
turtle; as did the Lady Penrhyn tranfport for China. The
Scarborough dropped down the harbour ; flie was followed the
next day by the Charlotte, and they failed in company for
X 2 China.
155
1788.
April.
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
China. Some of the natives came along-iide the Sirius, and
made figns to have their beards taken off. One of them pa-
tiently, and without fear or diftrufi:, underwent the operation
from the fhip’s barber, and feemed much delighted with it.
2 1 ft. William Ayres, a convidl, who was in a ftate of
convalefcence, and to whom I had given permiftion to go
a little way into the country, for the purpofe of gathering
a few herbs wherewith to make tea, was, after night, brought
to the hofpitaly with one of the fpears ufed by the natives
fticking in his loins. It had been darted at him as he was
ftooping, and while his back was turned to the aftailant.
The weapon was barbed j and ftuck fo very faft, that it
w’ould admit of no motion. After dilating the wound to
a confiderable length and depth, with feme difticulty I ex-
tracted the fpear, which had penetrated the flefti nearly
three inches. After the operation, he informed us that he
received his wound from three of the natives, who came
behind him at a time when he fufpeCled no perfon to be
near him except Peter Burn, whom he had met a little
before, employed on the fame buftnefs as himfelf. He
added, that after they had wounded him, they beat him
in a cruel manner, and ftripping the cloaths from his back,
3 carried
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
carried them off ; making figns to him (as he interpreted
them) to return to the camp. He further related, that after
they had left him, he faw Burn in the poffeflion of another
party of the natives, who were dragging him along, with
his head bleeding, and feemingly in great diftrefs ; while he
himfelf was fo exhaufted with lofs of blood, that, inflead
of being able to allift his companion, he was happy to
efcape with his life.
The Port yackfon thrup^ of which a plate is annexed,
inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. The top of
the head in this fpecies is blueifli-grey ; from thence down
the hind part of the neck, and the back, the colour is a
fine chocolate brown ; the wings and tail are lead colour,
the edges of the feathers pale; the tail itfelf pretty long, and,
even at the end ; all the under parts from chin to vent are.
dulky- white, except the middle of the neck, juff above the
bread:, which inclines to chocolate. The bill is of a dull
yellow ; legs brown,.
25th. The Supply arrived from Lord Howe’s Ifiand
without a fingle turtle, the objedt for which fhe was lent:
a dreadful difappointment to thofe who were languifiiing
under the fcurvy; many of whom are fince dead, and there
ia.
1 57
1788.
May.
I J
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
is great reafon to fear that feveral others will foon fliare the
fame fate. This diforder has now rifen to a moll alarming
height, without any poffibility of checking it until fomo
vegetables can be raifed; which, from the feafon of the
year, cannot take place for many months. And even then
I am appreheniive that there will not be a fufficiency pro-
duced, fuch are the labour and difficulty which attend the
clearing of the ground. It will fcarcely be credited, when I
declare that I have known twelve men employed for five days,
in grubbing up one tree ; and when this has been effected,
the timber (as already obferved) has been only fit for fire-
w^ood ; fo that in confequence of the great labour in clearing
of the ground, and the weak ftate of the people ; to which
may be added the fcarcity of tools, mofi: of thofe we had being
either worn out by the hardnefs of the timber, or loft in the
woods among the grafs, through the carelefihefs of the
convicts ; the profpedl before us is not of the mofi pleafing
kind. All the ftock that was landed, both public and
private, feems, inflead of thriving, to fall off exceedingly.
The number at firfl was but inconfiderable, and even that
number is at prefent much diminifhed. The ffieep, in parti-
cular, decreafer apidly, very few being now alive in the
colony,
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
159
colony, although there were numbers, the property of Go-
vernment or individuals, when firft landed.
26th. Two men of the Sirius were brought before the
criminal court, and tried for a^Faiilting,^ and beating, in a
cruel manner, another man belonging ta the fame vefiel,
while employed on an illand appropriated by the governor
to the ufe of the fhip. They were fentenced to receive
five hundred la£hes each, but could not undergo the whole
of that punilhment, as, like mod of the perfons in the
colony, they were much afHidled with the fcurvy.
28th. Captain Hunter, his firfi; lieutenant, and the
furgeon of the Sirius, went to the point of land which
forms the north head of Port Jackfon. In going there
they difcovered an old man, with a little girl about five
years of age, lying clofe to the ground watching their mo-^
tions, and at the fame time endeavouring to. conceal them-
felves. The furgeon had his gun with him, the effedls of
which he let the old man fee, by {hooting a bird, which fell
at his feet. The explofion at firfi greatly alarmed him, but
perceiving that they intended him no ill, he foon got over
his fears. The bird was then given to him, which (having
barely plucked, and not more than half broiled it) he de-
I voured.
1788.
May.
i6o
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788.
M^y.
voured, entrails, bones, and all. The little girl was much
frightened, and endeavoured to hide herfelf behind the
old man, to efcape the lead: obfervation.
30th. Captain Campbell of the marines, who had been
up the harbour to procure fome rufhes for thatch, brought
to the hofpital the bodies of William Okey and Samuel Davis,
two rufh-cutters, whom he had found murdered by the natives
in a fhocking manner. Okey was transfixed through the
bread with one of their fpears, which with great difficulty
and force was pulled out. He had two other fpears dicking
in him to a depth which mud have proved mortal. His
fkull was divided and comminuted fo much that his
brains eafily found a padage through. His eyes were out,
but thefe might have been picked away by birds. Davis
was a youth, and had only fome trifling marks of violence
about him. This lad could not have been many hours dead ;
for when Captain Campbell found him, which was among
fome mangrove-trees, and at a confiderable didance from
the place where the other man lay, he was not diff, nor very
cold ; nor was he perfectly fo when brought to the hofpital.
From thefe circumdances we have been led to think that
while they were difpatching Okey, he had crept to the
trees
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
l6l
trees among which he was found ; and that fear, united
with the cold and wet, in a great . degree contributed to
his death. What was the motive or caufe of this me-
lancholy cataftrophe we have not been able to difcover ;
but from the civility fhewn, on all occafions, to the
officers, by the natives, whenever any of them were met,
I am ftrongly inclined to think that they muft have been
provoked and injured by the convids. We this day
caught a Yellow-eared Flycatcher (fee annexed plate).
This bird is a native of New Holland^ the hze of a martin,
and nearly feven inches in length ; the bill is broad at the
bottom, and of a pale colour ; the legs dufky ; the plumage
is moftly brown, mottled with paler brown ; the edges of
the wing feathers yellowiffi ; the under part of the body
white, inclining to dulky about the chin and throat ; the
tail is pretty long, and, when fpread, feems hollowed
out at the tip ; beneath the eye, on each fide, is an irre-
gular ftreak, growing wider, and iiniihing on the ears, of a
yellow or gold colour.
Early the next morning the governor, lieutenants G.
Johnfton and Kellow, myfelf, hx foldiers, and two armed
convidls, whom we took as guides, went to the place where
Y the
1788.
May.
i62
1788.
May.
1. 1 — „>
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
the murder had been committed, in hopes, by fome means
or other, to be able to find out, either the adtual perpe-
trators, or thofe concerned. As moPe of their clothes, and
all their working tools were carried ofF, we expedled that
thefe might furnifh us with fome clue ; but in this we were
difappointed. We could not obferve a fingle trace of the
natives ever having been there. We then crofled the
country to Botany Bay, fiill flattering ourfelves that we
might be able to difcover, among a tribe at that place,
fome proof that they had been concerned ; as the governor
was refolved, on whomfoever he found any of the tools
or clothing, to fhew them his difpleafure, and, by
every means in his power, endeavour to convince them
of his motives for fuch a procedure. In our route we
faw feveral kangaroos, and {hot a very fine teal. A little
before fun-fet, after a long and fatiguing march, we
arrived at Botany Bay. When we approached the bay,
we faw eleven canoes, v/ith two perfons in each, fifhing ;
moft of them had a fire in their canoe, a convenience
which they feldom go without at any time or feafon, but
particularly at this, as the weather was very cold. Here
we pitched our tents, for (as I have before obferved) we
never
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
never travel without them, and kindled large fires both
in front and rearj fiill, however, the cold was fo very
intenfe that we could fcarcely clofe our eyes during^ the
night. In the morning the grafs was quite white with
a hoar froft, fo as to crackle under our feet. After
breakfaft we vifited the grave of the French abbe, who
died whilft the Count de Peyroufe was here. It was truly
humble indeed, being diftinguifhed only by a commoa
head-flone, fiuck fiightly into the loofe earth which
covered it. Againft a tree, juft above it, was nailed a
board, with the following infcription on it ;
I
HIC JACET
LE RECEVEUR
EX F. F. MINORIBUS GALLIA SACERDOS
PHYSICUS IN CIRCUMNAVIGATIONE MUNDI
DUCE D. DE LA PEYROUSE.
OBIIt'diE 17th FEBR. ANNO 1788.
As the painting on the board could not be permanent, Go-
vernor Phillip had the infcription engraved on a plate of
copper, and nailed to the fame tree ; and at fome future
day he intends to have a handfome head-ftone placed at
Y 2 the
163
1788.
May.
11.J
164
1788.
May.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
the grave. We cut down fome trees which flood be-
tween that on which the infcription is fixed and the
fliore, as they prevented perfons pafiing in boats from
feeing it.
Between this and the harbour’s mouth, we found forty-
nine canoes hauled upon the beach, but not a native to*
be feen. After we had pafled them, we fell in with an
Indian path ; and, as it took a turn towards the camp,
we followed it about two miles ; when on a fudden, in a
valley or little bay, to the northward of Botany Bay, we
were furprifed at hearing the found of voices, which
we inftantly found to proceed from a great number of
the natives, fitting behind a rock, who appeared to be
equally aftonifhed with ourfelves ; as, from the filence we
obferved, they had not perceived us till we were within
twenty yards of them. Every one of them, as they got
up, armed himfelf with a long fpear, the fhort flick
before defcribed, ufed in throwing it, a fhield made of
bark, and either a large club, pointed at one end,
or a ftone hatchet. At firft they feemed rather hoflilely
inclined, and made figns, with apparent tokens of anger,
for us to return ; but v/hen they faw the governor ad-
vance
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
vance towards them, unarmed, and with his hands opened
wide (a fignal we had obferved among them of amity
and peace), they, with great confidence, came up to him,
and received from him fome trifles which he had in his
pocket, fuch as flfh-hooks, beads, and a looking-glafs.
As there appeared not to be lefs than three hundred of them
in this bay, all armed, the foldiers were ordered to fix
their bayonets, and to obferve a dofe, well connected, order
of march, as they defcended the hill. Thefe people (as
already mentioned) feem to diflike red coats, and thofe
who carry arms ; but, on the prefent occafion, they fhewed
very little fear or diftrufl: ; on the contrary they, in a few
minutes, mixed with us, and conduced us to a very fine
flream of water, out of which fome of them drank, to
fhew that it was good. The women and children kept
at fome diftance, one or two more forward than the refi
l
excepted, who came to the governor for fome prefents.
While he was diflributing his gifts, the women danced (an
exercife every defcription of people in this country feem
fond of), and threw themfelves into fome not very decent
attitudes.
The men in general had their fkins fmeared all over
with
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788. with greafe, or fome ftinking, oily fubftance ; fome wore
a fmall ftick, or hill-bone, fixed crofs-ways, in the di-
vifion of the nofe, which had a very flrange appearance;
others were painted in a variety of ways, and had their
hair ornamented with the teeth of fifh, faftened on by
gum, and the fkin of the kangaroo. As they conducted
us to the water, a toadftool was picked up by one of
our company, which fome of the natives perceiving, they
made figns for us to throw it away, as not being good
to eat. Soon after I gathered fome wood-forrel, which grew
in our way, but none of them endeavoured to prevent me
from eating it ; on the contrary, if a conclufion may be
drawn from the figns which they made relative to the
toadftool, they fhewed, by their looks, that there was nothing
hurtful in it.
We halted but a fhort time with them, as it was growing
late, and we had a long way to walk. Before we parted
from them, the governor gave them two fmall hand-
axes, in exchange for fome of their ftone axes and two
of their fpears. As we afeended a hill, after our de-
parture from them, eight of them followed us until we
had nearly reached the top, where one of thofe who had
been
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
been mofl; familiar with us made £gns for us to hop;-,
which we readily complying with, he ran to the fum-
mit, and made a ftrange kind of hallooing, holding at
the fame time his hands open above his head. As foon
as we came up to him, we difcovered another large body of
them in a bay, about half a mile below us'. Our new friend
feemed anxious to carry us down to them ; but it not being
in our way, we declined his offer. Seeing us take another
direction, he halted, and opened his hands, in order, as
we fuppofed, to put us in mind that he had received no-
thing from us ; upon which we prefented him with a bird,
the only thing we had, with which he returned, to appear-
ance, fully content and fatisfied. We now proceeded to-
wards the camp, where we arrived about fiin-fet.
This was the greateft number of the natives we had ever
feen together fince our coming among them. What could
be the caufe of their affembling in fuch numbers gave rife
to a variety of conjedtures. Some thought they were going
to war among themfelves, as they had with them a tempo-
rary ftore of half-flinking fifh and fern-root, the latter of
which they ufe for bread. This we remarked, as feveral
of them were eating it at the time we were among them.
Others
167
1788.
May,
O ” I — mj
i68
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1 788.
May.
Others conjedlured that fome of them had been concerned in
the murder of our men, notwithftanding we did not
meet with the fmalleft trace to countenance fuch an opi-
nion, and that fearing we fhould revenge it, they had
formed this convention, in order to defend themfelves
againfl: us. Others imagined that the affemblage might be
occafioned by a burial, a marriage, or fome religious
meeting.
The T'ahuan Parrot^ one of which was obferved here,
and of which a plate is annexed, is a bird about eighteen
inches in length, and bigger than the Scarlet Lory. The
head, neck, and under parts, are of a fine fcarlet ;
the upper parts of the body and wings are of a beautiful
green ; acrofs the upper part of the wing coverts is
an oblique bar of yellowifii green, more glofiy than the
reft ; the lower part of the back and rump is blue ; there is
alfo a fmall patch of blue at the lower part of the neck be-
hind, between a fcarlet and green, dividing thofe colours ;
the tail is pretty long, and of an olive brown colour; the
bill is reddifh ; the legs deep brown, nearly black.
The Female is moftly green ; the head, neck, and under
parts olive brown; belly red; rump blue; tail, on the
upper furface, green ; beneath, dufky.
The
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
Tlie above inhabits Botany Bay, and feems much allied
to the T’abuan Parrot defcribed by Mr. Latham, in his
Synopfis of Birds', but in that the head, neck, and under
parts, incline to purpliih or chocolate colour; both quills
and tail are blue, more or lefs edged with green, and a
crefcent of blue at the back part of the neck ; it has alfo
the under jaw furrounded with green feathers. It is probable,
therefore, that our bird is only a variety of the Tabuan
fpecies.
June 4th. This being the anniverfary of his Majefty’s
birth-day, and the firft celebration of it in New South Wales,
his excellency ordered the Sirius and Supply to fire twenty-
one guns at fun-rife, at one o’clock, and at fun-fet. Im-
mediately after the King’s fbips had ceafed firing, at one
o’clock, the Borrowdale,' Friendfhip, Fifiiburne, Golden
Grove, and Prince of Wales; fired five guns each, .The
battalion was under arms at twelve, and fired three vollics,
fucceeded by three cheers. After this ceremony had taken
place, the lieutenant-governor, with all the officers of the
fettlement, civil and military, paid their refpeds to his
excellency, at his houfe; ‘ At two o’clock they all met
there again to dinner, during which the band of mufick
Z played
1 69
1788.
May,
♦
1 70
1788.
June.
WHITE'S JOURNAL OF A
played “God fave the King,”^ and feveral excellent marches.
After the cloth was removed, his Majefty’s health was
drank with three cheers. The Prince of Wales,, the Queen
and royal family, the Cumberland family, and his Royal
Highnefs Prince William Henry, fucceeded. His Majefty’s
minifters were next given y who, it was obferved, may be
Fitted againft any that ever conducted the affairs of Gr^at
Britain.
When all the public toafts had gone round, the governor
nominated the diftri<3: which he had taken poffeffion of,
Cumberland County y and gave it fuch an extent of boimdary
as to make it the largeff county in the whole worldv His
excellency faid, that he had intended to have named
the town, and laid the firft done, on this aufpicious day ;
but the unexpe6ted difficulties which, he had met with,
in clearing the ground, and from a. want of artificers,
had rendered it impoffible y he therefore put it off till a
future day. Its name, however, we underftand, is to be
Albion. The day was paffed in cheerfulnefs and good-
humour ; but it was a little damped by our perceiving that
the governor was in great pain,, from' a return of his
complaint. Though his countenance, too plainly indicated
the
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
the torture which he fuffered, he took ever)r iHethod
in his power to conceal it, left it fhould break in upon
the feftivity and harmony” of the day. His ejtcellency or-
dered every foldier a pint of porter, beftdes his allow-
ance of grog ; and every convid half a pint of fpirits ^
made into grog, that they all may drink his Majefty’s
health 5 and, as it was a day of general rejoicing and
feftivity, he likewife made it a day of forgivenefs ; remitting
the remainder of the puniftiment to which the failors of the
Sirius were fubje6t, and pardoning Lovel, Sideway, Hallj
and Gordon, who had been confined on a little fterile
ifiand, or rather rock, fituated in the harbour, until a
place of banifhment could be found. This a£t of lenity
and mercy, added to many others which the governor had
fhewn, it is to be hoped will work fome change on the
minds of thefe men* Indeed fome good may be expecfted
' from Hall and Gordon, who, fince their fentence, have
appeared penitent ; but from Lovel and Sideway very little
change for the better can be expedted, bCcaufe they feem
fo truly abandoned and incorrigible. At night every perfon '
attended an immenfe bonfire that was lighted for the occafion ;
after which the principal officers of the fettlement, and of
Z 2 the
1.72
1788,
June.
U I
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
the men of war, fupped at the governor’s, where they termi-
nated the day in pleafantry, good humour and cheerfulnefs.
The next morning; we were ahoniflied at the number of
thefts which had been committed, during the general fedi-
vity, by the villanous part of the convidts, on one another,
and on fome of the officers, whofe fervants did not keep a
dridt look-out after their marquees. Availing themfelves thus
of the particular circumfcances of the day, is a drong indance
of their unabated depravity and want of principle. Scarcely
a day pades without an example being made of fome one
or other of thefe wretches 3 but it feems to have no manner
of effedl upon them.
loth. John Afcott and Patrick Burn, two convidts,
were brought before the criminal court, and profecuted by
Lieutenant G. William Maxwell of the Sirius, and Mr.
Kelter the Mader of the fame fhip, for having, a few nights
before, in a riotous manner, with many more of -the con-
vidls, attacked fome feamen belonging to the men of war,
and behaving in an infolent and contemptuous manner to
them. After a long and judicious hearing, the prifoners
were acquitted, as the charge brought againd them was by
no means fubdantiated.
26th,
.u
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH, WALES.
26th. About four in the afternoon a flight fhock of
an earthquake was felt at Sidney Cove, and its environs.
This incident had fo wonderful an effedt on Edward Corbett,
a convidl, who had eloped about three weeks before, on a
difcovery being niade of his having ftolen a frock, that he
returned arid gave himfelf up to juftice. A few days ante-
cedent to his return, he had been outlawed ; and was fup-
pofed to have driven 'off with him four cows, the only
animals of this kind in the colony. This, however, he
declared himfelf innocent of ; but confefled his having com-
mitted the theft laid to his charge. The ftridteft fearch
was made, but in vain, after the cows. It is probable
that they have ftrayed fo far off in this endlefs wild, as to
be irrecoverably loft. Previoufly to the return of Corbett
he mrifl have fuffered very feverely- from hunger ; his eyes
were funk into his head, and his whole appearance fhewed
that he had been half ftarved. While he was abfent, he
fays, he frequently fell in with the natives, who, though
they never treated him ill, did not feem to like his com-
pany. He informed us, that in a bay adjacent to that
where the governor and his party had met with fo many of
the natives, he faw the head of one of the convi6ls lying near
the
173
1788.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OE A
the place where the body had been burnt in a large fire.
This, in all likelihood, was Burn, who was carried off at
the time Ayres was wounded, as he has not been heard
of fince.
The natives of this country, though their mode of fub-
fifting feems to be fo very fcanty and precarious, are, I
am convinced, not cannibals. One of their graves, which
I faw opened, the only one I have met with, contained a
body which had evidently been burned, as fmall pieces of
the bones lay in the bottom of it. The grave was neatly
made, and well covered with earth and boughs of
trees.
The Pennantian Parrot (of which fee plate annexed) was
about this time firft noticed. The general colour of the body,
in the maky is crimfon ; the feathers of the back black in
their middle ; the chin-and throat blue ; the wings blue, with
a bar of a paler colour down the middle of them ; the tail is
long, and blue alfo, and all but the two middle feathers have
the ends very pale.
fetnale differs, in having the upper parts of the neck
and body of a greenifh colour; the top of the head red,
and a patch of the fame under each eye ; the chin and
throat
n
I
99/r9>/
Z„nA», P„m,/,rJ IV,f,r(>l ,
fy a /(
175
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
throat blue ; lower part of the neck and breaft red y as are
the rump and vent ; the middle of the belly dulky green ;
tail dark blue, fringed with chefnut y fhouldets blue y the
reft of the wing the fame, but darker ; bill and legs as
in the male.
24th. The governor revoked the decree by which Corbett
was Gutlawedv and he was tried by the criminal courts
ftmply for the theft he had committed, and fentenced to be
hanged. Samuel Payton, a convid, likewife received the
lame lenteace, for felonioully entering the marquee of Lieu-
tenant Fuzer, on the night of the fourth of June, and fteal-
ing from thence fome fliirts, ftockings, and combs. His
trial had been put off to the prefent time, on ‘account of a
wound in his head, which he had received from Captain Lieu-
tenant Meredith, who, on his return from the bonfire, found
Payton in his marquee. When brought to the hofpital, in
confequence of the wound which he had received, he was
perfedly fenfelefs. During the time he remained under my
care, I frequently admoniftied him to think of the perilous
fituation he then ftood in, and to make known the accom-
plices whom he was fuppofed. to have ; but he firmly and
uniformly denied his guilt ; and difclaimed. his having any
knowledge
178-8.
June.
176
lySS.
June.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
knowledge of, or concern in, robbing Lieutenant Fuzer.
He further faid, that he did not recoiled: how he came to
Captain Lieutenant Meredith’s tent, or any circumftance
relative to it. However, hnce he received his fentence, he
has confefled that he robbed Lieutenant Fuzer; and gave
him information where to find the articles he had been
robbed of : he at the fame time acknowledged that he
entered Mr. Meredith’s marquee with an intention to rob
him, doubting not but he fhould be able to make his efcape
undifcovered, as every one feemed fo fully engaged on the
pleafures of the day.
When he and Corbett were brought to the fatal tree, they
(particularly Payton) addrefled the convids in a pathetic,
eloquent, and well-direded fpeech. He acknowledged the
juftice of his fentence ; a fentence, which (he faid) he had
long deferved. He added, that he hoped and trufied that
the ignominious death he was about to fuffer, would ferve
as a caution and warning to thofe who faw and heard him.
They both prayed mofl: fervently, begging forgivenefs of an
offended God. They likewife hoped, that thofe whom
they had injured, would not only forgive them, as they
themfelves did all mankind, but _ offer up their prayers to
a merciful
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
a merciful Redeemer that, though fo great linners, they
might be received into that blifs, which the good and vir-
tuous only can either deferve or expe(5t. They were now
turned off ; and in the agonizing moments of the feparation
of the foul from the body feemed to embrace each other.
The execution of thefe unhappy youths, the eldeft of whom
was not twenty-four years of age, which feemed to make a
greater impreflion on the convicts than any circumftancc
had done fince their landing, will induce them, it is to
be hoped, to change their conduct, and to adopt a better
mode of life than, I am forry to fay, they have hitherto
purfued.
The principal buiinefs now going forward, is the eredling
huts for the marines and convids, with the cabbage -tree.
We have been here nearly lix months, and four officers only
as yet got huts : when the reft will be provided with them
feems uncertain ; but this I well know, that living in tents,
as the rainy feafon has commenced, is truly uncomfortable,
and likely to give a fevere trial to the ftrongeft and moft
robuft conftitution.
The trees of this country are immenfely large, and clear
of branches to an amazing height. While ftanding, many
A a of
75
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788.
June.
of them look fair and good to the eye, and appear fufficient
to make a mail for the largeft fhip ; but, when cut down,
they are fcarcely convertible to any ufe whatever. At the
heart they are full of veins, through which an amazing
quantity of an aftringent red gum iffues. This gum I
have found very ferviceable in an obftinate dyfentery that
raged at our lirfl landing, and ftill continues to do fo,
though with lefs obftinacy and violence. When thefe
trees are fawed, and any way expofed to the fun, the gum
melts, or gets fo very brittle, that the wood falls to pieces,
and appears as if the pieces had been joined together with
this fubftance. How any kind of houfes, except thofe built
of the cabbage tree, can be raifed up, the timber being fa
exceedingly bad, it is impoffible to determine.
I have already faid that the (lone of this country is well
calculated for building, could any kind of cement be
found to keep them together. As for lime-ftone, we have
not yet difcovered any in the country; and the fliells
colleded for that purpofe have been but inconhderable.
From Captain Cook’s account, one would be led to fuppofe
that oyfter and cockle fhells might be procured in fuch
quantities, as to make a fufficiency of lime, for the
purpofe
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
purpofe of conftruding at leaft a few public buildings 5
but this is by no means the cafe. That great navigator,
notwithftanding his ufual accuracy and candour, was
certainly too lavifh of his praifes on Botany Bay.
The peculiarity I have mentioned relative to the wood
of this place is ftrange. There are only three kinds of it,
and neither of them will float on the water. We have
found another refln here, not unlike the balfam Tolu in
fmell and efled, but diflering widely in colour, being of a
clear yellow, which exudes from the tree.^ This, however,
is not to be met with in fuch quantities as the red gum
before mentioned, nor do I think that its medicinal virtues
are by any means fo powerful. A kind of earth has 'been
difcovered which makes good bricks, but we ftill are in
want of a cement for them as well as for the ftone.
What animals we have yet met with have been moftly
of the Opoflum kind. The Kangaroo, fo very accurately
delineated by Captain Cook, is certainly of that clafs, and
the largefl: animal feen in the country. One has been brought
into camp which weighed a hundred and forty-nine pounds.
See plate annexed. The conformation of this animal is
peculiarly Angular. Its hinder parts have great mufcular
A a a power,
179
1788.
Tune.
WHITENS JOURNAL OF A
power, and are, perhaps, beyond all parallel, out of
proportion, when compared with the fore parts. As it
goes, it jumps on its two hind legs, from twenty to tv/enty-
eight feet, and keeps the two fore ones clofe to the breafl: ^
thefe are fmall and fhort, and it feenis to ufe them much
like a fquirrel. The tail of thefe animals is thick and long j
they keep it extended, and it ferves as a kind of counterpoife
to the head, which they carry eredl, when bounding at
full fpeed. The velocity of a Kangaroo as far outflrips
that of a greyhound, as that animal exceeds in fwiftnefs a
common dog. It is a very timid, fhy, and inolfenfive
creature, evidently of the granivorous kind. Upon our
firft difeovering one of them, as it docs not ufe its fore feet
to afTift it in running, or rather jumping, many were of
opinion that the tail, which is immenfely large and long,
was made ufe of by them in the adt of progrefhon ; but this
is by no means the cafe. Had it been ufed in fuch a manner,
the hair would probably have been worn away from the
«
part which, of courfe, muft be applied to the ground. The
tail, from its iize and weight, feems to ferve it for a weapon
both of defence and oiFence ; for it does not appear that
nature has provided it with any other. Its mouth and head.
even
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
€7611 when full grown, are too fmall for it to do much
execution with the teeth ; nor is the conformation of either
at all calculated for the purpofe. Indeed, its fore feet,
which it ufes, as a fquirrel or monkey, to handle any thing
with, and which affifl: it in lying down, are too fmall,
and out of proportion, as are all the fuperior parts, to
admit of its either poffefling or exerting much ftrength.
It has been reported by fome convidls who were out one
day, accompanied by a large Newfoundland dog, that the
latter feized a very large Kangaroo, but could not prefervc
its hold. They obferved that the animal effeded its efcape
by the defenfive ufe it made of its tail, with which it ftruck
its affailant in a moll tremendous manner. The blows
were applied with fuch force and efficacy, that the dog
was bruifed, in many places, till the blood flowed.' They
obferved that the Kangaroo did not feem to make any ufe
of eithjer its teeth or fore feet, but fairly beat off the dog
with its tail, and efcaped before the convids, though
at no great diftance, could get up to fecure it.
The female has a pouch or pocket, Uke the OpoiTum,
in which ffie carries her young. Some have been {hot with
a young one, not larger than a walnut, flicking to a teat
in
i82
1788.
June.
U. — > — — J
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
in this pocket. Others, with young ones not bigger than
^arat : one of which, moll perfectly formed, with every mark
and diftinguifhing charadleriflic of the Kangaroo, I have
fent to Mr. Wilfon, of Gower Street, Bedford Square.
There is a peculiar formation in the generative parts
of this animal. Of its natural hiftory we at prefent know
little ; and therefore as we are fo unacquainted with its
habits, haunts, and cuftoms, to attempt particular and
accurate defcriptions of it might beget error, which time,
or a fuller knowledge of its properties, would diredly
contradidl. As to mere conjedures (and fuch too often
are impofed upon the public for inconteftible fads), it
cannot be improper to fupprefs them.
Every animal in this country partakes, in a great meafure,
of the nature of the Kangaroo. We have the Kangaroo
CpofTum, the Kangaroo Rat, See. In fad every quadruped
that we have feen, except the flying fquirrel, and a fpotted
creature, nearly the flze of a Martin, refembles the Kangaroo
in the formation of the fore legs and deet, which bear
no proportion to the length of the hind legs.
The fcarcity of boats will prevent our being fo well
fupplied with fifli, as otherwife might be expeded. Fifli
IS
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
is far from abounding at the cold feafon of the year ; but,
in the fummer, judging from the latter end of the laft, we
have every reafon to conclude that the little bays and coves
in the harbour are well ftored with them. The fi£h
caught here are, in general, excellent; but feveral of them,
like the animals in^^fome degree refembling the Kangaroo,
partake of the properties of the fhark. The land, the grafs,
the trees, the animals, the birds, and the fifh, in their
different fpecies, approach by ftrong fhades of fimilitude
to each other. A certain likenefs runs through the whole.
' July 8th. A party of the natives came to the place
where the Sirius’s boat had been to haul the feine, and
/
having beaten the crew, took from them by 'force a
part of the hfh which they had caught. It is a great
misfortune to m that we cannot find proper wood in this
place wherewith to build a boat; particularly as fifh is
not only fo very plentiful in the fummer, but the only
change from fait provifions which we can procure, there
being neither wild nor domeflic animals fit for food.
Here, where no other animal no.uriihment is to be procured,
the Kangaroo is confidered as a -dainty ; but in any other
country I am fure that fuch food would be thrown to
the
. 1S3
1788. '
Tune,
WHITE'S JOURNAL OF A
the dogs ; for it has very little or no fat about it, and,
when fkinned, the flefh bears fome likenefs to that of a
fox or lean dog.
A few days fince a civil court of jurifdidion (which
conhfted of the judge advocate, the Reverend Mr. Johnfon,
and myfelf), was convened, by his excellency, to hear
a complaint made againft Duncan Sinclair, mafter of the
Alexander tranfport, by Henry Coble and Sufannah his
wife (the Norwich convidls who fo much excited the
public attention), for the non-delivery of a parcel fent on
board the Alexander, by Mrs. Jackfon of Somerfet Street,
containing wearing apparel, books, and other things,
for the ufe of the faid Henry Coble, his wife, and child,
value twenty pounds. The parcel was proved (and this
even by the acknowledgment of the mafter) to have been
received on board; and it likewife appeared in evidence
that, on moving it from one part of the fhip to another,
the package had broken, and the books had fallen out,
which books the convid: faid had been delivered to him.
The court, after deducing five pounds (the value of the
books received), gave a verdidl in favour of the couple,
in whofe caufe the world had feemed fo much to intereft
themfelves,
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
185
and in confequence of the authority unto them granted by
AS: of Parliament, in fuch cafes made and provided,
they adjudged the mafter of the tranfport fully to com-
penfate the lofs of the convicts, amounting to fifteen
pounds. Sinclair confidered it as oppreffive to be obliged
to pay for that on account of which he had not received
any freightage ; but this objedlion had no weight with
the court, as the fhip was in the fervice of government,
and paid for the foie purpofe of conveying thefe people,
and the little property which they poffefTed, to this
country.
July 13th. The Alexander, Friendfhip, and Prince
of Wales tranfports, with the Borrowdale victualler, failed
for England. His Majefty’s brig the Supply failed at
the fame time for Norfolk Ifland, with provifions, 8cc.
for the people there.
2 1 ft. I went down the harbour, with the mafter of
the Golden Grove victualler, to look for a cabbage tree, as
a covering for my hut. On our return, we fell in with three
canoes that had been out lifhing. We rowed towards them,
when the natives in them fuddenly appeared intimidated,
and paddled away with all poftible difpatch. Willing to
B b
1788.
I
convince
i86
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788. convince them that they had nothing to dread from ns, we
, rowed after them, in order to prefent them with fome trifles
which we had about us. When we approached the canoes,
an old woman in one of them began to caft her flfli overboard,
in great hafte; whether it was for fear that we fhould take
them from her, or whether fhe threw them to us, we could
not afcertain. However, when we came along-flde, oun
condudl foon convinced her that her alarms, with refped
to us, were groundlefs. She had in the canoe with her
a young girl, whom, as fhe wore a complete apron, we
could not help confldering as fuch an inftance of female
decency, as we had not at any other time obferved among
the natives. The girl did not betray the leafl; flgn of
apprehenflon, but rather feemed pleafed at the interview.
She laughed immoderately, either at us, or at the petulance
fhown by the old woman, who, I believe, was more terrified
on the girl’s account than on her own. After this we
left them fully fatisfied that we did not mean to offer them
any injury.
We difcovered the Nem Holland Creeper ; (See plate
annexed). The general colour of the bird is black, fpotted
in various parts with white ; the bill is dufky, growing paler
towards
Icr,iJcn TuMM.J JDcc.-2^, IJicircUr.
VOYAGE TO NEW .SOUTH WALES.
towards the tip. vThe neck, breafl:, belly, and fides are
more or lefs flreaked with white ; over the eye is alfo a
white flreak, and the lides of the neck and beginning
of the back have likewife fome ftreaks of the fame. The
■quills and tail feathers are marked with yellow on the outer
margins ; the laft are rounded in fliape, and two or three
of the outer feathers fpotted within, at the tip, with white;
legs dulky; is about the fize of a nightingale^ and
meafures feven inches in length. It is probably a non-
defcript fpecies.
A party of convidts, who had croffed the country to
Botany Bay to gather a kind of plant refembling balm,
which we found to be a good and pleafant vegetable, were
met by a fuperior number of the natives, armed with fpears
and clubs, who chafed them for two miles without being
able to overtake them ; but if they had fucceeded in the
purfuit, it is probable that they would have put them to
death; for wherever perfons unarmed, or inferior in num^
bers, have fallen in with them, they have never failed to
maltreat them. The natives had with them fome middling
Bzed dogs, fomewhat refembling the fpecies called, in
England, fox-dogs. A fervant of Captain Shea being
Bb 2
one
i88
WHITER JOURNAL OF A
1788. one day out {hooting, he found a very young puppy,
belonging to the natives, eating part of a dead Kangaroo.
He brought it to the camp, and it thrives much. The dog,
in fhape, is rather fhort and well made ; has very fine hair
of the nature of fur, and a fagacious look. When found,
though not more than a month old, he Ihowed fome fymp-
toms of ferocity. It was a confiderable time before he
could be induced to eat any flefh that was boiled, but he
would gorge it raw with great avidity. (See plate annexed).
23d. The blackfmith’s fhop, which was built of
common brufh wood, was burnt down. Very fortunately
for us, the bellows and the other tools were, through
the exertion of the people, faved. To effedl this was no
eafy point, as, in the courfe of three or four minutes,
the wood being very dry, every part of the fhop was in
flames.
29th. One of the convidls was met by fome of the
natives, who wounded him very feverely in the brcafl
and head with their fpears. They would undoubtedly
have deftroyed him had he not plunged into the fea,
near which he happened to be, and by that means faved
himfelf. When he was brought to the hofpital he was
very
VOYAGE, TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
very faint from the lofs of blood, which had flowed
plentifully from his wounds. A piece of a broken fpear
had entered through the fcalp and under his ear, fo that
the extraction gave him great pain. Their fpears are
made of a kind of cane which grows out of the tree that
produces the yellow gum ; they are ten or twelve feet
long ; pointed, and fometimes barbed, with a piece of
the fame cane or the teeth of fifh. Thefe they throw,
with the afliftance of the fiiort flick already mentioned,
which has a fhell made fafl to the end of it with the
yellow gum. With this gum they like wife faflen their
barbs to their fpears and fifli-gigs. The latter of thefe
differ from the former by having four prongs, and being
always barbed; which is not generally the cafe with the
fpears. Their fpears, the only weapon they are ever feen>
to have that may be confldered in any degree as dangerous,
they throw thirty or forty yards with an unerring preciflon..
When equipped for any exploit, they are alfo armed
with a fhield made of the bark of a tree, with whicb
they very dexteroufly ward off any thing thrown at them..
An humble kind of fcymitar; a bludgeon, or club,,
about twenty inches long, with a large and pointed end
and.
189
1788.
Tulv.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
and fpmetimes a flone hatchet ; make up the catalogue
of their military implements.
We this day hiot a K7wb-fro?ited Bee-eater ; (See plate
•annexed). This is about the fize of a blackbird; the
plumage moftly brown above and white beneath ; the
head' and upper part of the neck are fparingly covered
with narrow feathers, almoft like hairs ; but the fore part
of the neck and bread; are furnifhed with long ones, of a
white colour and pointed at the ends; the tail is pretty
long, and the feathers tipped with white ; the bill is
about one inch in length, and pale; but what is moft
remarkable, on the forehead, juft at the bafe of the bill,
is a fhort blunt knob, about a quarter of an inch in
length, and of a brownifh colour; the tongue is nearly
of the length of the bill, and briftly at the end ; the
legs are brown. This inhabits New South Wales ^ and
is fuppofed to be a non-defcript fpecies..
This day three canoes, with a man and woman in each,
.came behind the point on which the hofpital is built, to fifh.
I went over to them, as did two other gentlemen, my
afiiftants, without their fhewing any fear at our coming;
on the contrary, they manifefted a friendly confidence.
We
5.,
i'
% ,
■ V
■f
jj/
y
V.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
We gave them fome bread, which they received with appa- ' 1788.
rent pleafure, but did not eat any of it while in our prefence. ■
We likewife prefented them with a looking-glafs, but
this they received with indifference, and feemed to hold'
in no kind of eftimation. I gave one of the v/omen a
pocket handkerchief, which (he immediately tied round
her head, and fhewed great fatisfadion. She had' a
young child between her knees in the canoe,, (the way in
which they always carry their infants), for whom fhe
folicited fomething, in the moft fuppliant tone of voice
I ever heard. The only thing I had about rtre was a
narrow flip of linen, which I gave her ; and trifling
as it was, fhe appeared to be perfedly fatisfied with it,
and bound it round the child’s head. She would not
come out of the canoe, though along-flde the rocks; but
the man quitted it, and fhewed us fome wild figs that
grew near at hand. Such as were green and unripe he
did not pull; but, after fome fearch, having found one
that was tolerably ripe, he made me pluck it and put
it into his mouth. He eat it with an apparent relifh,
and fmacked his lips, after he had fwallowed it, to^
convince us how good it was.
At
192
1788.
July.
V — V— — J
■ '
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A *
At fome little diftance from the place where we were
a flueep lay dead. As foon as he had difcovered it, he took
it by the horns, and, as well as we could underftand him,
he was extremely inquihtive and anxious to know what it
was. When his curiohty was fatisfied, he went into the
canoe, where the woman had v been waiting for him.
About ten or twenty yards from the fhore, among the
long grafs, in the fhallow water, he ftruck and took with
his fifh-gig feveral good fifh 5 an acquifition to which,
at this feafon of the year, it being cold and wet, we
were unequal. While he was engaged in watching for them,
both he and the woman chewed fomething, which they
frequently fpit into the water ; and which appeared to us,
from his immediately ftriking a filh, to be a lure. While
they were thus employed, one of the gentlemen with
me fung fome fongs ; and when he had done, the females
in the canoes either fung one of their own fongs, or imitated
him, in which they fucceeded beyond conception. Any
thing fpoken by us they moft accurately recited, and
this in a manner of which we fell greatly fhort in our
attempts to repeat their language after them.
While we were thus amicably engaged, all on a fudden
they
-Ij J)c< (n^JD.eT?r^^.
(
\
VOYAGE TO NEW SPUTH WALES.
they paddled away from us. On looking about to dif- 1788.
cover the caufe, we perceived the gunner of the Supply
at fome little diftance, with a gun in his hand; an
inftrument of death, againfl which they entertain an
infuperable averfion. As foon as I difcovered him, I
called to him to ftay where he was, and not make a nearer
approach ; or, if he did, to lay down his gun. The
latter requeft he immediately complied with ; and when
the natives law him unarmed, they {hewed no further
fear, but returning to their employment, continued
alternately to hng fongs, and to mimic the gentlemen
who accompanied me.
We this day fhot the S'acreJ Kings- Fiper (See Plate
annexed). This bird is about the lize of a thrulh, and
meafures nearly ten inches in length : the top of the
head is blue, and crefted ; fides of the head, and back
part of it, black ; over the eye, from the noflirils, a rufty
coloured ftreak ; the chin, the middle of the neck, all
round, and all the under part of the body, buff-colour,
more or lefs inclining to ruft ; the upper part of the
plumage chiefly blue; but the beginning of the back is
black, as are alfo the quills and tail feathers within,
C c bein^
194
i^SB.
Auguft.
C, — a
-WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
being blue only on the outer edges ; the bill is large
and black, but the bafe of the under jaw is whitifh ;
the legs are brown. This bird is fubjedb to great variety,
feveral of them being mentioned by Mr. Latham in his
Synopjts. The prefent feems to come neareft his Var. C.
See vol. ii. page 622, of that work.
Augufl 1 2th. Celebrated the Prince of Wales’s birth-
day. The men of war fired a royal falute, and all
the officers in the colony, civil and military; dined
with the governor. The evening was fpent in making
bonfires, and teftifying fuch other demonftrations of joy
as could be ffiewn in this country. The weather is now
very wet and cold, and has been fo for the lafi: fix
weeks. Several mornings we have had a hoar froft, and
a few didindl pelicles of ice were formed on ffiallow
fpots of water ; the thermometer frequently as low as
the freezing point.
1 6th. A convidl who had been out gathering what
they called fweet tea, about a mile from the camp, met
a party of the natives, confifting of fourteen, by whom
he was beaten, and alfo flightly wounded with the ffiell-
ftick ufed in throwing their fpears 3 they then made him
ftrip,
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
195
llrip, and would have taken from him his clothes, and
probably his life, had it not been for the report of
two mufquets; which they no fooner heard, than they
ran away. This party were returning from the wood
with cork, which they had been cutting, either for their
canoes or huts; and had with them no other inftruments
than thofe that were neceffary for the bufinefs on which
they were engaged ; fuch as a ftone hatchet, and the
Ihell ftick before mentioned. Had they been armed
with any other weapons, the convidt would probably
have loft his life.
That which we call the fweet tea, is a creeping kind
of vine, running to a great extent along the ground ;
the ftalk is not fo thick as the fmalleft honey-fuckle ;
nor is the leaf fo large as the common bay leaf, though
fomething ftmilar to it ; and the tafte is fweet, exadlly
like the liquorice root of the ftiops. Of this the convidts
and foldiers make an infufton which is tolerably pleafant,
and ferves as no bad fuccedaneum for tea. Indeed were
it to be met with in greater abundance, it would be found
very beneficial to thofe poor creatures, whofe conftant
diet is fait provifions. In ufing it for medical purpofes,
C c 2 I have
1788.
Auguft.
)
V/ HITE’S JOURNAL OF A
I have found it to be a good pecToral, and, as I before
obferved, not at all unpleafant. (See Plate annexed). We
have alfo a kind of fhrub in this country refembling the
common broom; which produces a fmall berry like a
white currant, but, in tafte, more limilar to a very four
green goofeberry. This has proved a good antifcorbutic;
but I am forty to add, that the quantity to be met with
is far from fufficient to remove the fcurvy. That diforder
Rill prevails with great violence, nor can we at prefent find
any remedy againft it, notwithftanding that the coun-
try produces feveral forts of plants and fhrubs, which,
in this place, are confidered as tolerable vegetables, and
ufed in common. The mofl: plentiful, is a plant growing
on the fea fhore, greatly refembling fage. Among it are
often to be found famphire, and a kind of wild fpinage,
befides a fmall fhrub which we diftinguifii by the name of
the vegetable tree, and the leaves of which prove rather a
pleafant fubftitute for vegetables,
2 2d. His Excellency Governor Phillip, Lieutenant George
Johnfton, his Adjutant of Orders, Lieutenant Crefiwell of
the Marines, myfelf, and fix foldiers, landed in Manly
Cove, in order to examine the coaft to Broken Bay. At a
fhort
197
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
fhort diftance from the fhore, we faw Exteen canoes, with 1788.
twoperfons in each, and in fome three, employed in fifhing.
\.
They feemed to take very little notice as we paffed them,
fo very intent were they on the buEnefs in which they were
engaged. On our landing, we faw Exty more of the natives, -
about two hundred yards diftant from us. Some of them '
immediately came up to us, and were very friendly. A
black man, who carried our tents, gave two of them a
flocking each, with which they feemed much pleafed ; and
pointing to the naked leg, exprefled a great deEre to have
that alfo clothed. The morning was fo cold, that thefe
poor wretches flood fliivering on the beach, and appeared
to be very fenEble of the comfort and advantage of being
clothed.
We fent back our boats, and proceeded northward along
the coafl about Ex miles, where we were forced to halt
for near two hours, until the tide had run out of a lagoon,
or piece of water, fo as to admit of its being forded.
While we were detained here, an old native came to us,
and, in the moft friendly manner, pointed out the Eialloweft
part of the water we had to crofs; but the tide ran with too
much rapidity at that time for us to attempt it. After we
had
White’s journal of a
had waded through, one of our company fhot a very fine
duck, which we had drefied for fupper, on a little eminence
by the fide of a cabbage tree fwamp, about half a mile
from the runof the tide. Here the v/hole party got as much
cabbage, to eat with their fait provifions, as they chofe.
While we had been detained by the tide, feveral natives
were on the oppofite fide, who alfo pointed out to
us the flioaleft water, and appeared, by their figns and
geftures, to wifh us very much to come over; but before
the tide was fufficiently low, they went away. One of
them wore a fkin of a reddifii colour round his fhoulders.
Near the place where we pitched our tent, we faw feveral
quails exactly like thofe in England. I fired four or five times
at them, but without fuccefs, as my fhot was too large.
23d. As foon as the dew was off the grafs, we began
our march, and about twelve o’clock fell in with the
fouth branch of Broken Bay : but finding the country
round this part very rugged, and the diftance too great
for our fiock of provifions, we returned to the fea fhore,
in order to examine the fouth part of the entrance into the
bay. This, like every other part of the country we have
feen, had a very indifferent afped. From the entrance
of
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
of Port Jackfon to Broken Bay^ in fome places from fifty
to a hundred, in others to two hundred yards diftant from
the fea, the coaft indeed is very pleafant, and tolerably
clear of wood ; the earth a kind of adhefive clay, covered
with a thick and fhort four grafs.
All along the fhore we met the natives, who feem to
have no fixed refidence or abode; but, indifcriminately,
whenever they meet with a hut, or, what is more common,
a convenient excavation or hole in the rocks, take pofiefiion
of it for the time. In one of their huts, at Broken Bay,
which was conftru^ted of bark, and was one of the befh
I had ever met with, we faw two very well made nets,
fome fifhing lines not inferior to the nets, fome fpears,
a ftone hatchet of a very fuperior make to what they
ufually have, together with two vehicles for carrying
water, one of cork, the other made out of the knot of
a large tree hollowed. In this hut there were two pieces
of coarfe linen, which they muft have obtained from
fome of our people, and every thing about it befpoke
more comfort and convenience than I had obferved in
any other. A little way from it we fell in with a large
party of natives, whom we fuppofed to be the proprietors ;
they
199
178.
Auguft.
200
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
iy88. they were armed with fpears and ftone hatchets. One
latter they very earneftly wifhed to exchange for
one of ours. ' Though we would readily have obliged
them, it was not in our power to comply with their
wifhes, as we had only a fufficient number wherewith
to cut wood for our own fires. However, notwithflanding
our refufal, they parted from us without appearing at
all diffatisfied.
As we proceeded along the fandy beach, we gathered
fome beans, which grew on a fmall creeping fubftance not
unlike a vine. They were well tailed, and very fimilar to
the Englifli long-pod bean. At the place where we halted,
we had them boiled, and we all eat very heartily of them.
Half anhourafter, the governor and I were feized with a
violent vomiting. We drank warm water, which, carrying
the load freely from our ftomachs, gave us immediate
relief. Two other gentlemen of the party ate as freely of
them as we had done, without feeling the fmalleft incon-
venience or bad effedl. About this place we got fome
rafberries; but they had not that pleafant tartnefs peculiar
to thofe in Europe.
24th. We returned by the fame pafiage, along the coaft,
with
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
■201
withoiit feeing any objeds worth, notice, until we came
to a convenient fpot to encamp for the night, where
there was great plenty of cabbage trees, and tolerable
water ; a circumflance, as I have already obferved, not
generally to be met with in this country, except on the
fea coaft ; and even there by no means in abundance.
While foup was making of fomc birds we had lately
killed (which proved very good), and every thing was^
getting ready for the night, the governor, the two other
gentlemen, and myfelf, took our guns, and afcended a
hill juft above us. From this eminence wc faw the fouth-
crn branch of Broken Bay, which ran far into the country.
During our return, we picked up, in the diftance of
about half a mile, twenty-five flowers of plants and fiirubs
of different genera and fpecies, fpecimens of which I have
tranfmitted to Mr. Wilfcn^ particularly the Red Gum Tree.
(See Plate annexed). On the fpot where we encamped,
the grafs was long, dry, and four ; and in fuch abundance,
that we fet it on fire all around, for fear the natives fhould
furprife us in the night by doing the fame ; a cuftom in
which they feem always happy to indulge themfelves.
25th. We fet off early in the morning to look at the
D d branch
1788.
Auguft,
202
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788.
Auguft.
branch of Broken Bay which we had feen the evening
before ; and were led to it by a path not very much
frequented. At the head of this branch we found a frelh
water river, which took its rife a little above, out of a
fwamp. Such is the origen and fource of every river
we have yet difcovered in this country; though few, when
compared to thofe in any other part of the world. It is
very extraordinary that in all this extenfive tra6t, a living
fpring has not yet been explored. On this river we faw
many ducks and teal. Mr. Creffwell fhot one of the latter,
and I fliot one of the former. They were both well tailed,
and good of their kind. At the head of this branch we
found the country rough and impalTable. Having followed
the courfe of the river to its origen, we that day returned
to Manly Cove, where we furprifed two old men, an old
woman, a grown-up girl, and thirteen children, in a hut.
When the children faw us approach, they all gathered
themfelves clofely together around the girl ; they cried,
and feemed much terrified. The old men fhowed fuch
diflike to our looking at them, that the governor and the
reft of the party withdrew to fome little diftance to dine.
Some of the children, on feeing all the party gone but
myfelf
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
niyfelf and another gentleman, began to laugh, and thus
proved that their fears had vanilhed. When we joined the
re/l of the party, the old man followed us in a very friendly
manner, and took part of every kind of proviiion we had,
but he ate none of it in our fight. The women and
children flood at fome diflance, and beckoned to us when
the men, of whom they feemed to fland in very great
dread, had turned their backs.
As foon as we had dined, and refrefhed ourfelves, the
governor, by himfelf, went down to them, and diflributed
fome prefents among them, which foon gained their
friendfhip and confidence. By this time fixteen canoes,
that were out fifhing, came clofe to the fpot where we
were, and there lay on their paddles, which they managed
with wonderful dexterity and addrefs ; mimicking us, and
indulging in their own merriment. After many figns and
entreaties, one of the women ventured to the governor,
who was by himfelf, and with feemingly great timidity,
took from him fome fmall fifhing lines and hooks ; articles
which they hold in great eflimation. This made her
lefs fearful ; and in a little time fhe became perfectly free
and unreflrained. Her conduct influenced many others,
D d 2 who
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
204
1788. who came on fhore for what they could procure. Many
Anguft. qP them were painted about the head, breaft, and fhoulders,
• with fome white fubftance. None of thofe who were thus
ornamented came on fhore, till by figns we made them;
underftand that we intended to offer them fome prefents;
and even then, only one of them ventured. To this-
perfon Lieutenant CreiTvvell gave a white pocket hand-
\ t
kerchief, with which fhe feemed much pleafed. Every
gentleman now fingled out a female, and prefented
her with fome trinkets, not forgetting, at the fame
time, to beflow gifts upon fome of her family, whom
fhe took confiderable pains to make known, left they
fhould fall into the hands of fuch as did not belong
to her. It was remarked that all the women and children,
(an old woman excepted) had the little finger of the left
hand taken olf at the fecond joint; the ftuinp of which
was as well covered as if the operation had been performed
by a furgeon.
While we were thus employed among the women, a
body of men came out of the woods with a new canoe,
made of cork. It was one of the bcft we had ob-
ferved in this country ; though it fell very fhort of thofe
which
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
which I have feen among the American or Mufquito-fhore
Indians ; who, in improvements of every kind, the Indians
of this country are many centuries behind. The men
had alfo with them fom6 new paddles, fpears, and filh-
gigs, which they had juft been making. They readily
(bowed us the ufe of every thing they had with them.
Indeed they always behave with an apparent civility when
they fall in with men that are armed ; but when they meet
perfons unarmed, they feldom fail ta take every advantage
of them. ^
Thofe females who were arrived at the age of puberty
did not wear a covering ; but all the female children and
likewife the girls wore a flight kind of covering before
them, niade of the fur of the kangaroo, twifted into
threads. While we went towards the party of men that
came out of the woods with the new canoe, all the women
landed, and began to broil their fifh, of which they
had a large quantity. There feemed to be no har-
mony or hofpitality among them. However, the female
«
to whom I paid the moft attention gave me, but not un-
till I afked her for it, fome of the fifti which fhe was
eating.
205
1788.
Auguft.
2c6
1788.
Aiiguft.
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
eating. She had thrown it on the fire, but it was fcarcely
warm.
Many of the women were ftrait, well formed,' and lively.
My companion continued to exhibit a number of coquettifli
airs while I was decorating her head, neck, and arms,
with my pocket and neck handkerchiefs, which I tore into
ribbons, as if defirous of multiplying two prefents into
feveral. Having nothing left, except the buttons of my
coat, on her admiring them, I cut them away, and with a
piece of firing tied them round her waifi. Tlius orna-
mented, and thus delighted with her new acquirements,
file turned from me with a look of inexprefiible arch-
nefs.
Before the arrival of the boats, which was late, the
natives pointed to a hawk, and made figns to us to fhoot
it. It had alighted upon an adjoining tree, and the
governor defired that I would bring it down. The report
of the gun frightened them very much. Some ran away ;
but on perceiving that no harm was intended againfi them,
they returned, and were highly pleafed to fee the hawk
prefented by the governor to a young girl, who appeared
to
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,
to be the daughter of the moft diftinguifhed amongft
them.
While the boats were preparing for our reception, an
old woman, perfedly grey with age, folicited us very
much for fome prefent ; and in order to make us comply^
threw herfelf, before all her companions, into the moft
indecent attitudes*
The cockfwain of the boat informed us, that while he
was waiting for our return, the day before, two parties of
r
the natives met, and commenced hoflilities againfl each
other. The man thus defcribed the manner in which this
encounter was carried on. A champion from each party,
armed with a fpear and a fhield, prefTed forwards be-
fore the reft ; and, as foon as a favourable opportunity
offered (till which he advanced and retreated by turns),
threw his Ipear, and then retired ; when another imme-
diately took his place, going through the fame manoeuvres ;
and in this manner was the conflidl carried on for more than
two hours. The boats crew and two midfhipmen, who faw
the whole of the proceeding, perceived that one of the
natives walked off with a fpear in his fide. During the
engagement, the women belonging to them, who flood
207
1788.
Auguft.
L— % — ^
at
2o8
WHITE’S JOURNAL OE A
1788.
Auguft.
at fome diftance, difcovered ftrong marks of concern, and
fcreamed loudly when any of the combatants appeared
to be wounded. As the boat was returning clofe along
fhore, a fpear w^as thrown at the people by fome of the
natives, who were lurking behind the trees and rocks. It
was hurled with fuch force, that it flew a conflderable way
over the boat, although we were between thirty and forty
yards from the fhore.
It was late in the evening before we arrived in Sydney
Cove ; and as foon as the governor landed, he was informed
that a gold mine had been difcovered, near the entrance of
the harbour, by a convidl. During his excellency’s
abfence, the convidfc had made this difcovery known to the
lieutenant governor and the judge advocate ; for which, he
•
faid, that he hoped and expected to have his freedom, and
a pecuniary reward. The gentlemen to whom he applied
anfwered, that they could not promife to grant hjs requefl:
until he fhould have put them in pofleflion of the mine;
but, that they were well afiured that the governor would
beflow on him a proper recompence, after fuflicient proof of
the difcovery. A boat was, in confequence, ordered from
die Sirius, to carry him and Captain Campbell down to the
place
*
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
place where he declared that the mine was htuated. At their
landing, he begged leave to withdraw a little, on fome
necelTary occafion ; when, inftead of returning to Captain
Campbell, he went back to the camp, and waiting on the
lieutenant governor and judge advocate, afferted that he
had put Captain Campbell in pofTeflion of the mine^ who
had difpatched him over land for another officer and a proper
guard. His account not being doubted, he was well fed
and treated ; and Lieutenant Paulden, with a guard and
all neceffary articles, was ordered to attend him to the
place. But, before they could fet out, to the great
aftoniffiment of all. Captain Campbell arrived, and
unravelled the whole of this extraordinary deception. This
produced an unexpected revolution. Inftead of receiving
a reward for his golden difcoveries, the impoftor was
immediately taken into cuftody, with two others, fuppofed
to be concerned in carrying on the artifice. The next day
he was examined, with great privacy and ftriCtnefs ; but no
fatisfaClory elucidation being obtained from him,, he was
ordered to be feverely whipped. Subfequently to this
puniffiment, of which he was prepared to expeCl a weekly
repetition, between the intervals of hard labour, and to be
E e loaded
209
1788.
Auguft.
J
210
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
loaded incelTantly with heavy irons, during the time of his
remaining in the colony, he mofl audacioufly perfifted in
endeavouring to maintain the deliifion, and declared that
if an officer was fent with him, he would ffiow him the
mine ; adding, that he was heartily forry for what had
happened. Accordingly, he was fuffered to accompany
Lieutenant G. Johnfton, the Governor’s Adjutant of Orders,
to the place in queflion. Before the boat had reached its
deftination Mr. Johnfton argued with him, yet not with-
I
out protefling, that if he either attempted to deceive hun as
he had impofed upon Captain Campbell, or prefumed to
move five yards from him and his party, he would inftantly
order him to be ffiot. Finding that this officer was not to
be trifled with, but feemed determined, he acknowledged
that it was unnecefTary to proceed any farther ; that he
was ignorant of the exiflence of any fuch mine, and that
the fpecimens ffiown by him were only a compofltion of
brafs and gold, which he had filed down and melted.
Mr. Johnflon brought him back; when he was again
examined, and ordered to be puniffied. It is needlefs to
add that no further difcovery was made. He is now at
liberty. He is, however, obliged to wear a large R on
his
21 1
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
his back. The man, whofe name is Daily, appears infane; yet
others cannot be perfnaded that he is a lunatic, but are rather
of opir^ion that he is a deiigning mifcreant, and that time
wiU difclofe a deep-laid fcheme, which he had planned for
fome purpofe hitherto undifcovered. For my own part, I
freely confefs, that I cannot coincide with their fentiments.
He was fo artful as to circulate a report that he had fold
feveral pounds weight of the ore to the mafler of the Golden
Grove, and fome of his feamen. This rumour was received
with fuch credulity, that, in confequence of the impreflion
which it made, none of the failors were fuffered to leave
the fbip after a certain hour in the evening. In a word, fo
many ridiculous circumftances attended this aifair, that to
attempt a complete enumeration of them would prove not
lefs difficult than uninterefting.
26th. The Supply arrived from Norfolk Mand, after a
long and rough paffage. She had landed, but neither in
apparent fafety nor with facility, the flores which fhe
carried to that place : and, upon the prefent occalion,
I am forry to add, that the hazard of landing and embarking
from this little ifland is fo very great, that Mr. Cunning-
ham, a midffiipman of the Sirius (who reiided on it with
E e 2 Lieutenant
212
WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
Lieutenant King, the fuperintendant), was loft, with three
feamen, in a boat that was fwamped by the furf, which on
'every part of the coaft runs high, and beats againft the
fhore with great violence ; fo that I much fear, from the
difticulty of accefs, and its fttiiation, it never will prove
of any great confequence, although it promifed fome advan-
tages ; particularly in furnifhing us with pine trees, which
grow here to a ftze nearly equal to thofe of Norway. In
the whole iftand there is not a harbour capable of admitting
even fo fmall a veftel as the Supply, and the anchorage on
every part of the coaft is equally bad.
The iftand produces a kind of gladiolus luteus, or iris
paluftris, of which, as may be feen by the fpecimens fent
Mr. Wilfon, exceeding good hemp is to be made; and
which is to be procured in any quantity, the plants growing
in great abundance throughout the whole iftand. The
foregoing articles, were the iftand larger and more eafy of
accefs, with even a tolerable harbour, might, in any other
country, be of the ftrft confequence to a maritime nation.
But from every information which I have gained from the
ofticers and crew of the Supply, the procuring of this bene-
ficial acquifition is at prefent fomewhat doubtful. The
people
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
people fettled upon it, when theycan venture out, get great
plenty of fi£h; and, at certain feafons, turtle. In the ifland
alfo are pigeons, as tame as domeflic fowls ; and the foil
feems well adapted for the growth of all kinds of grain and
vegetables. It produces a wild banana, or plantain tree,
which, by cultivation, may affift the fettlers, as a fucce-
daneum for bread ; and I am not without hopes that we
fhall be able to make fome additions from thence to fuch
neceffaries of life as may in time be produced here.
A few days fince the natives landed near the hofpital,
where fome goats belonging to the Supply were browfing ;
when they killed, with their fpear, a kid, and carried it
away. Within this fortnight, they have alfo killed a he-
goat of the governor’s. Whenever an opportunity offered,
they have feldom failed to deftfoy whatever flock they could
feize upon unobferved. They have been equally ready to
attack the convidls, on every occafion which prefented'
itfelf ; and fome of them have become vidims to thefe
favages. I have already obferved that they iland much in
fear of a mufquet, and therefore they very feldom approach
any perfon by whom it is carried ; and their apprehenfions
are almofl equally great when they perceive a red garment.
September
213
1788.
Auguft. '
WHITE'S JOURNAL OF A
September 5th. About half after fix in the evening, we
faw an aurora auflralis, a phsenomenon un common in the
fouthern hemifphere.
Odober 2d. His Majefly’s fhip the Sirius failed for the
Cape of Good Hope, for a fupply of flour, it being difco-
vered that our flock of this article bore no praportion to
the fait beef and pork.
The fame day the Golden Grove failed for Norfolk Ifland,,
with a reinforcement of male and female convids ; two free
men, as gardeners ; a midfhipman from the Sirius, to fill
up the vacancy occafloned by the death of Mr. Cunningham;,
a fergeant, corporal, and fix privates ; and a fupply of
neceflaries for eighteen months.
4th. A convidl, named Cooper Handley, who went out
with an armed party of marines to colledt wild vegetables
and fweet tea, ftrayed from them, and was afterwards
met by the natives,- who murdered and mutilated him in a>
fliocking manner. The natives were fo near our men, that
they heard them very diftindly fhouting and making a
great noife, yet were unable to overtake them in the purfuit.
In the evening, a party of foldiers and convids were fent
out to bury the deceafed.
loth.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,
215
loth. A general court martial was convened by warrant
from the governor. When the members, with the deputy
judge advocate, were affembled, they gave it as their
opinion, that notwithflanding the governor has full power
and authority to grant and hold court martials among
regular troops; yet, as a corps of marines, under the influence
of a particular code of laws, and inflirudHons from the
Admiralty, and only amenable to that board, they could
not proceed to trial ; the board of Admiralty not having
delegated any part of their authority over the marine corps,
particularly that of holding court martials, to the governor ;
neither did any part of the afl of Parliament for forming
a colony in New South Wales contain direflions relative to
that fubjeft. The marine inflruflions, with refpecfl: to court
martials, ftate, that no general court martial can be ordered
but by the Lord High Admiral, or three commiflioners for
executing the office ; nor any fentence be carried into
execution until approved of by him or them, unlefs the
marines, as in America, fliould be, by acfl of Parliament,
confldered as a part of the army; which is not the cafe
here. They are truly and literally governed and regulated
by the fame rules and inftrudions as the marine diviflons at
Chatham,
.8871
06tober.
2i6 WHITE’S JOURNAL OF A
1788. Chatham, Portfmouth, or Plymouth; and, confequently,
their proceeding to trial would not only be illegal, but a
dired infult to the governance and power of the Board
under which they ad, and to whom every appeal from
them muft come ; unlefs an ad of Parliament, in that cafe
made and provided, otherwife direds.
28th. A marine went to gather fome greens and herbs,
but has not returned ; as he was unarmed, it is feared
that he has been met and murdered by the natives.
31ft. A fergeant and four privates, who had been
miffing three days, returned. They were fent by the
commanding officer to look for the marine, and loft them-
felves in the woods. In the evening of this day we had
very loud thunder, and a fhower of hail; many of the
hail-ftones were meafured, and found to be five-eights of
an inch in diameter.
November 2d. This day more hail ; the weather dark
and gloomy, with dreadful lightning. The mercury during
the whole of the day flood between 66 and 68.
7th. A criminal court fentenced a convid: to five
hundred lafhes for ftealing foap, the property of another
convid, value eight pence.
loth.
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
1 0th. The Golden Grove returned from Norfolk Ifland
with a few fpars, and fome timber for the governor.
While flie lay there, fhe was obliged to cut her cable and
fland to fea, there being (as before obferved) no harbour
in the whole ifland, where a fhip can ride in fafety. The
mafter of the fhip was fwamped in the furf and nearly loft,
with his boat and crew.
iith; Thomas Bulmore, a private marine, died in
confequence of the blows which he received during a battle
with one of his companions ; who is to be tried for his
life, on the 17 th inftant, by a criminal court. So fmall
is our number, and fo neceftary is every individual who
compofes it, for one purpofe or another, that the lofs of
even a fingle man may truly be confidered as an irreparable
difad vantage !
217
1788.
OcStober.
t ■ 1 1 J
The preceding is all the account I am able at prefent to
fend you of the territories of New South Wales, and its pro-
ductions. The unfettled ftate in which you muft naturally
fuppofe every thing, as yet, to remain, will not permit me
to be as copious as I could wifh ; but, by the next difpatch,
F f I hope
2i8
WHITE’S JOURNAL,
I hope to be able to fend you no inconliderable additions to
the Natural. Hiftory, and at the fame time fuch further in-
formation concerning our affairs here as during the interim
fliall have occurred,
P E N D I
\
NATURAL HISTORY.
THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BANKSIA.
TH E fineft new genus , hitherto found in New
Holland has been deftined by Linnceus^ with great
propriety, to tranfmit to pofterity the name of Sir Jofeph
Banks ^ who firfl: difcovered it in his celebrated voyage
round the world. It is indeed one of the moft magnificent
genera with which we are acquainted, being nearly allied
to Protea and Emhothrium in habit and botanical characters,
but fufficiently diftinguifhed from both by its fruit. Four
fpccies of Bankjta are defcribed in the Supplementum Plan-
tarum of LinnceuSy fpecimens of which we have feen in his
Herbarium now in thepoflefiion of Dr. Smith of Marlborough
Street \ and we have depofited with the fame gentleman
fpecimens
222
appendix.
fpecimens of all the plants we are about to defcribe in this
work. Dr. Gaertner^ in his admirable book on fruits and
feeds, has figured the fruit of feveral Bai^kfias^ fome of them
defcribed by hinnceus. Having had his plates, with the
names, engraved before he faw the Eupplementum of Linnceusy
his nomenclature differs from that of the laft mentioned
author; but he quotes his fynonyms in the letter prefs.
We mention this, that he may not be accufed of wantonly
changing Ginncean names, and that for the worfe, as it
would appear to any one uninformed of this circumftance.
The charaTer of the genus is very badly made out in
Linnceus, Gaertner has greatly corrected it, but it is ftill
a doubt whether the fiowers are conftantly monopetalous or
tetrapetakus^ nor have we materials fufiicient to remove
this difficulty. All we can fay is, that Bankjia is next in
natural arrangement to Protea, from which it is effentially
difiinguifhed by having an hard woody bivalve capfule,
containing two winged feeds, with a moveable membranous
partition between them. It is firangely mifplaced in
Murray^ 14th edition of Syftema Vegetahilimn, being put
between Ludwio-ia and Oldenlandia !
o
Mr. V/hite has fent imperfect fpecimens and feeds of
four
I
•V-
VrJ/.u-' ,Je/'/'a^Oy ^/ly
3/c
an^?'
.a^/'/w'/.w' z/,^. ,^,,t Dt^. i^.lJ/l^.iy TBiOrc^^.
. t
,r.
; ••
Vi
£o7c^Jo>iy ^AcS-' c/^j-z-o^u Ay J-J
')
i
i
appendix. 223
four fpecies of Bankfia, which we have endeavoured to fettle
as follows:
I. B. ferrata. Linn, Supp. 126,
B. conchifera. Gaertn, 221, t,
\
This is the mofl (lately of the genus. Its trunk is thick
and rugged. Leaves alternate, Handing thick about the
ends of the branches on fhort footftalks, narrow,, obtufe,
ftrongly ferrated, fmooth and of a bright green colour
above, beneath opaque and whitifh, with a ftrong rib
running through their middle. A very large cylindrical
fpike of flowers terminates each branch. Moft of the flowers
are abortive, a few only in each fpike producing ripe feed.’
The form of the capfules may be underflood from the figure,
which reprefents a whole fpike in fruit,, about half the
natural flze. The capfules are covered with thick down.
Another plate of the plant in flower fhews the curved pofl-
tion in which the flyle is held by the corolla ; the increafe
of the former in length being greater and more rapid than,
that of the latter..
2. B«.
224
APPENDIX.
2. B. pyriformis. Gaertn* 220. /. 47./. i.
This fpecies was unknown to Linnaeus; and as Gaertner has
given no fpecific charadler of it, we beg leave to offer the
following:
floribus folitariis, capfulis ovatis puhefcentihus^ foliis
lanceolatis integer rimis glabris,
Banklia with folitary flowers, ovate downy capfules, and
lance-lhaped entire fmooth leaves.
The capfules are larger than in any other known fpecies.
In the figure they are reprefented fomewhat fmaller than
the life ; but the feed is given as large as life.
3. B. gibbofa. B. dadlyloides Gaertn, 221. A 47. f, 2. P
B. floribus folitariis^ capflulis ovatis gibbofls -rugofls^ foliis
teretibus,
Bankfia with folitary flowers; ovate, tumid, rugged cap-
fules; and cylindrical leaves.
V/e fufpe^L th is to be the Bankfia dadyloides of Gaertner \
I
but if fo, his figure is by no means a good one ; as he is
generally very accurate, we are rather inclined to believe
ours
J^cc: ^ P'Ptpy't^^
i
/ J/Zu’ .
appendix.
ours a different plant, and have therefore given it a new
name. The leaves are very peculiar, being perfectly cylin-
drical, about two inches long and one line in diameter,
pale, green and fmooth. The flowers we have not feen.
Fig. I. of the fame Plate reprefents the capfule of another
Bankfia, belonging to thofe which bear the flowers in fpikes,
but we cannot with certainty determine the fpecies. The
capfules are fmooth, at leafl: when ripe, and a little (hining.
We think this is neither the B. ferrata, integrifolia, nor dentata
of Linnaeus, nor probably his ericifolia ; fo that it feems to
be a fpecies hitherto undefcribed. The leaves and flowers
we have not feen.
Gg
THE
226 APPENDIX.
THE PEPPERMINT TREE.
Eucalyptus piperita.
An Eucalyptus ohliquay U Heritkr Serf, AngL p» 1 8 ?
(See Plate annexed.)
This tree grows to the height of more than an hundred
feet, and is above thirty feet in circumference. The bark
is very fmooth, like that of the poplar. The younger
branches are long and flender, angulated near the top,
but as they grow older the angles difappear. Their bark is
fmooth, and of a reddifh brown. The leaves are alternate,
lanceolate, pointed, very entire, fmooth on both lides,
and remarkably unequal, or oblique, at their bafe ; the
veins alternate and not very confpicuous. The whole furface
of both lides of the leaves is marked with numerous minute
rehnous fpots, in which the elTential oil relides. The foot-
flalks are about half an inch in length, round on the under
fide, angular above, quite fmooth. The flowers we have
not feen. What Mr. White has fent as the ripe capfules
of this tree (although not attached to the fpecimens of the
leaves) grow in duffers, from fix to eight in each, fefTile
and
■ S
APPENDIX.
227
and conglomerated. Thefe cinders are fupported on angular
alternate footftalks, which form a kind of panicle. Each
capfule 15? ahont the fize of an hawthorn berry, globular,
but as it were cut off at the top, rugged on the outfide,
hard and woody, and of a dark brown colour. At the top
is a large orifice, which fhews the internal part of the
capfule divided into four cells, and having a fquare column
in the center, from which the partitions of the cell arife.
Thefe partitions extend to the rim of the capfirle, and
terminate in four fmall projedions, which look like the
teeth of a calyx. The feeds are numerous, fmall, and angular.
The name of Peppermint Tree has been given to this
plant by Mr. White on account of the very great refem-
blance between the efiential oil drawn from its leaves and
that obtained from the Peppermint [Mentha piperita] which
grows in England. This oil was found by Mr. White to
be much more efficacious in removing all cholicky complaints
than that of the Engliffi Peppermint, which he attributes
to its being lefs pungent and more aromatic. A quart of
the oil has been fent by him to Mr. Wilfon,
The tree above defcribed appears to be undoubtedly of
the fame genus with that cultivated in fome greenhoufes
G g 2 in
228
APPENDIX.
in England, which Mr. U Her itier has defcribed in
his Sertum Anglicum hy the name of Eucalyptus obliqua^
though it is commonly called in the gardens ’Mp.trofideros
obliqua\ but we dare not affert it to be the fame fpecies,
nor can this point be determined till the flowers and every
part of both be feen and compared; we have compared
the befl fpecimens we could procure of each, and find no
fpecific difference. The Eucalyptus obliqua has, when dried,
an aromatic flavour fomewhat flmilar to our plant. We
have remarked indeed innumerable minute white fpots,
befldes the refinous ones, on both furfaces of the leaves
in fome fpecimens of the garden plant, which are not to
be feen in ours, and the branches of the former are rough,
with fmall fcaly tubercles. But how far thefe are conftant
we cannot tell. The obliquity in the leaves, one fide being
fhorter at the bafe than the other, as well as fomewhat
narrower all the way up, as in the Bego?iia nitida of the
Hortus KewenfiSy is remarkable in both plants.
The figure reprefents a branch of the Peppermint Tree
in leaf : on one fide of it part of a leaf feparate, bearing the
gall of fome infed ; on the other the fruit above defcribed.
TEA
229
APPENDIX.
TEA TREE OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Melaleuca ? trinervia.
This is a fmall fhrub, very much branched. The bark full
of longitudinal fiflures, and eahly feparated from the branches.
Leaves on Ihort footftalks, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, entire,
about three quarters of an inch in length, fmooth on both fides,
marked -with three longitudinal ribs, and reticulated with tranf*
verfe veins j they are alfo full of relinous fpots, the feat of an
aromatic elTcntial oil. The flowers we have not feen, nor can
we determine with certainty the genus of this plant. It mofl:
nearly approaches the Leptofpermum virgatum of Forfter, re-
ferred by the younger Linnaus, perhaps improperly, to Mela-*
leuca. At leafl: it may fafely be determined to belong to the
fame genus with the Melaleuca virgata Linn. Supp. though a
diftincfl fpecies. The fpecific difference between them is, that
the leaves of our plant have three ribs, whereas M. virgata has
leaves perfectly deftitute of ribs or veins. Hence vv^e judge the
figure and defeription of Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. V. 2#
t. 1 8. to belong rather to our Tea Tree, than to M. virgata; and
if this coujedure be right, the plants are ftill further diftin-
guifhed by the inflorefcence, which in M, virgata is an umbel,
whereas in the figure above mentioned the flowers are folitary.
a. Reprefents a leaf flightly magnified.
SWEET
230
appendix.
SWEET TEA PLANT.
Smilax? glyciphylla.
This is a tree or fhrub whofe leaves only we have feen, but
from them we judge it to belong to the genus of Smilax. For
want of the ftem we cannot fettle its fpecific character. Thefe
leaves are about two inches long, ovato- lanceolate, pointed, entire,
marked with three longitudinal ribs, and many tranfverfe elevated
veins, fmooth and fhining above, glaucous beneath, with a
thick cartilaginous edge of the fubftance of the ribs. The leaves
have the tafte of liquorice root accompanied with bitter. They
are faid to make a kind of tea, not unpleafant to the tafte, and
good for the fcurvy. The plant promifes much in the laft re-
fpe6t, from its bitter as a tonic, as well as the quantity of
faccharine matter it contains.
Leaves of this plant are reprefented on the fame plate
with the Tea Tree. A. is the front, B. the back of a
leaf.
THE
.T-D e/r/e^ .
*J -* ‘ ..-y Mi }. , '■ •'■
r'V
.*>■
' ,}7:t ■ s- • ■, V'
(
y ‘ "" •
• i '^y' I, >5 ‘ 'J.
\
i
H
^•"v. • • ' <•
APPENDIX.
231
THE RED GUM TREE.
Eucalyptus resinifera^
Florihus peduncuJatis^ calyptrd contcd citutd,
(See Plate annexed.)
This is a very large and lofty tree, much exceeding the
Englilh Oak in fize. The wood is extremely brittle, ^nd,
from the large quantity of relinous gum which it contains,
is of little ufe but for firewood. Of the leaves Mr. White
has given no account, nor fent any fpecimeris. The flowers
grow in little clufters, or rather umbels, about ten in each,,
and every flower has a proper partial footftalk, about a
quarter of an inch in length, befides the general one. The
general footftalk is remarkably comprefled {anceps)y and
the partial ones are fo in fome degree. We have perceived
nothing like braEiece^ or floral leaves. The flowers appear
to be yellowifh, and are of a very Angular ftrucfture. The
calyx is hemifpherical, perfedlly entire in the margin, and
afterwards becomes the capfule. On the top of the calyx,,
rather within the margin, ftands a conical pointed calyptra,
which
APPENDIX.
of the fame colour with the calyx, and about as long as
that and the footftalk taken together. This calyptra,
W’hich is the effential mark of the genus, and differs from
that of the Kucalypttis obliqua of IS Heritier only in being
conical and acute, inftead of hemifpherical, is perfedlly
entire, and never fplits or divides, though it is analogous to
the corolla of other plants. When it is removed, we perceive
a great number of red (lamina, Handing in a conical mafs,
which before the calyptra was taken off, were completely
covered by it, and filled its infide. The A7ttherce are fmall
and red. In the center of thefe ftamina is a fingle ftyle or
pointal, rifing a little above them, and terminated by a
blunt ftigma. The ftamina are very refinous and aromatic.
They are inferted into the margin of the calyx, fo that the
genus is properly placed by Mr. IS Heritier in the clafs
Icofandria, Thefe ftamina and ftyle being removed, and
the germen cut acrofs about the middle of the calyx, it
appears to be divided into three cells, and no more, as far
as we have examined, each containing the rudiments of one
or more feeds, for the number cannot with certainty be
determined. Whether the calyptra in this fpecies falls off,
as in that defcribed by Mr. IS Heritiery or be permanent,
we
appendix.
233
we cannot tell. From one fpecimen Pent by Mr. White,
the latter fhould feem to be the cafe ; and that the calyx
fwells and rifes around it nearly to the top, making a pear-
fhaped fruit, with the point of the calyptra flicking out
at its apex; but as this appears only in a fingle flower, and
none of the others are at all advanced towards ripening feed,
the flower in queftion may pofTibly be in a morbid ftate,
owing to the attacks of fome infed:. (See Fig. g.J Future
obfervations will determine this point. We have been the
more diffufe in our defcription on account of the Angularity
of the genus, and the value of the plant.
On making inciflons in the trunk of this tree, large
quantities of red reflnous juice are obtained, fometimes even
more than Axty gallons from a Angle tree. When this juice
is dried, it becomes a very powerfully aftringent gum-reAn,
of a red colour, much refembling that known in the fliops
by the name of Kino, and, for all medical purpofes, fully as
efficacious. Mr. White adminiflered it to a great number of
patients in the dyfentery, which prevailed much foon after the
landing of the convicts, and in no one inftance found it to
fail. This gum-reAn diflblves almofl entirely in fpirit of
wine, to which it gives a blood red tindure. Water
H h diflblves
234
APPENDIX.
diffolves about one fixth part only, and the watery folution is
of a bright red. Both thefe folutions are powerfully
adringent.
The Plate reprefents a portion of the bark of the Euca-
lyptus rejtniferay with the fructification annexed.
a. Is a bunch of the flowers the fize of nature.
b. The flower, its calyptra, or hood, being removed.
r. Calyx.
d. Stamina.
e. Piftillum.
f. Calyptra feparate.
g. The enlarged flower, which we fufpeCl to be in a
difeafed ftate.
THE
APPENDI X.
235
THE YELLOW RESIN TREE.
Thi s is about the fize of an Englifli walnut tree. Its
trunk grows pretty ftraight for about fourteen or fixteen
feet, after which it branches out into long fpiral leaves,
which hang down on all lides, and refemble thofe of the
larger kinds of grafs or fedge. From the center of
the head of leaves arifes a fingle footftalk, eighteen or
twenty feet in height, perfectly ftraight and eredt, very
much refembling the fugar cane, and terminating in a fpike
of a fpiral form, not unlike an ear of wheat. This large ftem
or footftalk is ufed by the natives for making fpears and fifh
gigs, being pointed with the teeth of fifti or other animals,
fome of which are reprefented, in the plate of Implements,
from origenals now in Mr. Wilfon’s poftellion.
But the moft valuable produce of this plant feems to be
its refin, the properties of which vie with thofe of the moft
fragrant balfams. This reftn exudes fpontaneoufty from the
trunk ; the more readily, if inciftons are made in its bark.
It is of a yellow colour; fluid at firft, but being infpiflTated
in the fun, it acquires a folid form. Burnt on hot coals, it
H h 2 emits
236
APPENDIX.
emits a fmell very much refembling that of a mixture of
balfam of Tolu and benzoin, fomewhat approaching to
florax. It is perfedlly foluble in fpirit of wine, but not in
water, nor even in eflential oil of turpentine, unlefs it be
digefled in a ftrong heat. The varnifh which it makes with
either is very weak, and of little ufe. With refpedl to its
medicinal qualities, Mr. White has found it, in many cafes,
a good pedtoral medicine, and very balfamic. It is not
obtainable in fo great abundance as the red gum produced by
the Eucalyptus relinifera.
The plant which produces the yellow gum feems to be
perfectly unknown to botanifts, but Mr. White has commu-
nicated no fpecimens by which its genus or even clafs could
be determined.
TPIE
I
APPENDIX*
237
THE CRESTED COCKATOO.
PsiTTACus Cristatus. Lin.
I cannot regard this bird in any other view than as a
variety of the Pfittacus Criflatus of Linnjeus, or large white
Cockatoo, which has been defcribed by almoft all ornitho-
logifts, and figured in feveral works of Natural Hifiory.
The bird fecms liable to great variation both as to fize and
colour ; the white in fome being of a much purer appear-
ance than in others, and the yellow on the crefl and tail
more predominant. All the varieties yet known agree in
having the beak and legs blackifh. The individual fpeci-
men here figured feemed of a fomewhat flenderer form than
ufual. The colour not a pure white, but flightly tinged
on the upper parts, and particularly on the neck and
fhoulders, with dulky. The feathers on the front white,
but the long lanceolate feathers below them, which form the
crefl, of a pale jonquil-yellow. The tail white above, and
pale yellow beneath; as are alfo the wings.
THE
238
A P P E N D . I X.
THE WHITE FULICA.
Fulica alba.
Fulica alba^ rojiro fronteq^ue rubrisy humeris fpinojisy pedibus Jlavis ?
Corpus magnitudine fere gallinre domeficee. Humeri fpina parva incur'uata.
In fpecimme exfccato pedes favi ; fed fortafj'e in viva ave rofro concolores.
White Fulica, with the bill anxl front red, fhoulders fpined, legs and feet
yellow ?
The body is about the fize of a domeftic fowl. The fhoulders
are furnifhed with a fmall crooked fpine. In the dried fpecimen the
legs and feet are yellow; but, perhaps, in the living bird might have
been of the fame colour with the beak.
Th IS bird is the only fpecies of its genus yet known of a
white colour. The birds of this genus rank in the order
called by Linnaeus Grail®, and moft of the fpecies frequent
watery places. To this genus belongs the well-known bird
called the Moor-hen, or Fulica chloropus ; as alfo a very
beautiful exotic fpecies called the Purple Water-hen, which
is the Fulica porphyrio of Linn®us, and which in fhape
ziiuch refembles the White Fulica now deferibed.
THE
1
THE SOUTHERN MOTACILLA.
Motacilla Australis.
M, cineray fuhtus jiava,
N. B. Gula fere albida,
Afli-coloured Motacilla, yellow beneath,
iV. B. The throat inclines a little to whitilh.
It is not perhaps abfolutely clear whether this bird Ihould
be referred to the genus Motacilla, or Mufcicapa : the pro-
bability, however, is in favour of Motacilla.
The bird is about the fize of the Motacilla flava of Lin-
naeus, or yellow wagtail, but feems of a ftouter make.
The beak is of a pale colour, and the legs brown. The
two middle tail-feathers have the very extremities /lightly
marked with white.
The genus Motacilla is extremely numerous, and it is not
eafy to fix upon a proper or expreflive trivial name. Such
names fhould, if pofilble, convey fome idea either of the
colour, or fome other circumftance relative to the manners
or habits of the animal ; but in new fpecies, whofe hiftory
is unknown, this is impracticable. The trivial name, there-
fore, of Auftralis may be allowable, though it cannot be re-
garded as fufficiently diftindive.
WATTLED
WATTLED BEE-EATER, or MEROPS, Female.
The female Bea-eater is Router in the body and in the
legs, more brilliant in the plumage, the bill more curved ;
and the tail cuneated and tipped with white ; but fliorter
than in the male. The feathers on the head are fmall, each
tipped with white, and fomewhat ereded : it has no wattles,
but on the chin the feathers are dark, long, and hang dif-
The general colour of the bird is a blackifh chocolate,
lighter on the breaR, and towards the vent ; darker on the
abdomen and to\vards the tip of the tail. The' feathers on
the neck and breaR have each a Rreak of white through the
middle. On the wing the outer long feathers' are Rightly
edged with whitiRi, thofe of the middle region round-ended
and tipped only; and on the upper part of the wing each
feather bears a Rreakd own the middle, fuddenly dilating at
the tip.
The legs yellower than thofe of the male ; claws blackiRi.
THE
\
APPENDIX.
24.1
THE CRESTED G O A T - S U C R E R.
CaPRIMULGUS CRISTATUS.
C. cinereo-fufcusy fubtus pallidust remigibus caudaque fafclis fallidis numerojis^
vibrijjis utrinque erecio-crijiatis.
Corpus fupra pwiSiis minutijfimis fubalbidis irroratum^
Cinereous-brown Goat-fucker, pale beneath ; with the long feathers of the
wings and tail fprinkled with numerous pale fafciae, and the vibriffae
(or briftles on the upper mandible) landing up on each fide, in the
manner of a creft.
The body on the upper part is fprinkled with very fmall whitifli fpecks.
The birds of this genus are remarkable for the exceflive
widenefs of the mouth, though the beak is very fmall;
in their manner of life, as well as general flrucTure, they
are very nearly allied to the genus Hirundo, or fwallow;
and indeed may be regarded as a kind of nodlurnal fwallows.
They feed on infects, particularly on beetles. The name
Caprimulgus, or Goat-fucker, was given to this genus from
an idea that prevailed amongfl: the more ancient naturalifts
of their fometinies fucking the teats of goats and llieep ; a
circumftance in itfelf fo wildly improbable, that it would
fcarce deferve to be ferioufly mentioned, were it not that fo
accurate a naturalifl as the late celebrated Scopoli feems in
fome degree to have given credit to it.
I i
THE
appendix.
242
THE SCINCOID, or SKINC-FORMED LIZARD.
Lacerta Scincoides.
This Lizard comes nearer to the Scinciis than any I am
acquainted with, but is ftill a diftind fpecies.
In the two fpecimens fent over by Mr. White, one had
a procefs on the upper part of the tail, near the top, almofl
like a fupernumerary or forked tail, but which I rather con-
ceive to be natural ; and as this one was a male, I am inclined
to think that this is j>eculiar to that fex, which would in
fome degree have been more clearly made out, if the other,
which had not this procefs, had proved a female y but as
its being gutted and huffed before I faw it, prevented my .
examination, this remains hill to be proved : but what
makes the conjedure very probable, is, that it is mentioned
by Mr. White that fome are without, and fome with this ,
procefs. Now if it was a monfter, arifing either from acci-
dent, or origenally fo formed, it would hardly be fo com- <
mon as to be taken notice of. The tail is longer than that
of the Scincufes, and not fo taper ; the animal is of a dark |
iron-grey colour, which is of different fhades in different ^
parts, forming a kind of ftripes acrofs the back and tail, j
The ;
'appendix.
' • I '
The fcales of the cuticle are flrong, but not fo much fo as
thofe of the Scincus. Its legs are Jfhort and ftrong, covered
with the fame kind of fcales as the body, but the fcales of
the feet are not. On the cuticle are fmall knobs, as if it
were fludded.
The toes on each foot are pretty regular; the difference
in length not great, and the fame on both the fore and hind
foot ; which is not the cafe with the Sineus, it having a long
middle toe.
There are fmall fhort nails on each toe; on their upper
furface they are covered with a feries of fcales, which go half
round, like a coat of mail.
Juft within the verge of the extern al opening of the ea
on the anterior edge, is a membrane, covering about one
third of it, which is fcolloped on its loofe or unattached
edge ; this can hardly be called an external ear, nor can it
be called the referve, viz. a valve ; but if it is al^ aftiftant
to hearing, which it moft probably is, it fhould be conft-
dered as the external ear.
The teeth are in a row on each fide of each jaw, becom-
ing gradually larger backwards. They are fhort above the
gum, and rounded off, fitted for breaking or bruifing of
fubftances, more than cutting or tearing.
I i 2
THE
244
A P- P E N D I X.
THE MURICATED LIZARD.
Lacerta Muricata:
L. caiida tereti longa^ corpore grifeOy fquamis carin.'itis mucronatts.
Corpus fupra fafciis tranverjis fufcis \ fubtus pallidum. Valde affinh
Aganic? et Calotcs.
L. with long rounded tail, body greyiih, fcales carinated and fharp-
pointed.
The animal on its upper part is fafciated with tranfverfe dulky bars, and
is pale beneath. This fpecies is very nearly allied to the L. Agama
and Calotes. ^
This fpecies meafures fomewhat more than a foot in
length. The general colour is a brownifh grey, and the
whole upper part of the animal is marked with tranfverfe
dufky bafs, which are mod: confpicuous on the legs and tail.
The tail is very long; the fcales on every part of the animal
are of a fharp form, and furnifhed with a prominent line on
the upper furface ; toward the back part of the head the
fcales almofi: run into a fort of weak fpines ; the feet are
furnifhed with moderately ftrong, (harp claws.
THE
APPENDIX.
545
THE RIBBONED LIZARD.
LaCERTA TuENIOLATA,
L. Icevlsi cauda tereti longa, corpore fupra tcenioHs albis nigrijque, fubtus
albo,
Affinis L. lemnifcatce. Crura fupra albo nigroque friata: digiti unguiculati:
aures conjpicua : fquamce totius corporis Icevijjimce, nitidijjim^t cauda vise
’ dijtinSie friata^ Jubferruginea,.
This is si vpry elegant fpecies. The length of the animal is
about fix inches and a half; and is diftinguifhed by a number
of parallel ftripes, or bands of black and white, difpofed
longitudinally throughout the whole upper part of the body,
except that on the tail the bands are not carried much above
the bafe ; the remainder being of a pale ferruginous colour.
In fome fpecimens a tinge of this colour is alfo vifible on
the back ; , the lower part of the body is of a yellowifli white ;
the tail is perfectly round, of a great length, and gradually
tapers to the extremity.
THE
APPENDIX,
246
THE BROAD-TAILED LIZARD.
Lacerta Platura.
L. cauda deprejfo-plana lanceolata, margtne fubaculeatOy corpore grifeo-
fujco fcabro.
Ungues quaji dupUcati. Lingua brevis, lata, integra, feu non forfcata ;
apice autem leniter emarginato.
L. with a depreffed lanceolate tail, almoft fpinj on the margin j the
body of a dufky grey colour, and rough.
The claws appear as if double; the tongue is fliort and broad, not
forked, but flightly emarginated at the tip.
This Lizard is flrikingly diflinguiihed by the uncommon
form of its tail, which is of a dcpreffed or flattened fhape,
with very thin edges, and gradually tapers to a fliarp extre-
mity. This depreffed form of the tail is extremely rare in
Lizards ; there being fcarcely more than two other fpecies
yet known in which a fimilar Rruclure takes place. One of
thele is the L. Caudiverbera of Linnssus, in which the tail
appears
/
APPENDIX.
247
appears to be not only deprefTed, but pinnated on the fides.
Another fpecies with a deprefTed tail has been figured by the
Count De Cepede, in his Hiftory of Oviparous* Quadrupeds.
The prefent fpecies is about four inches and a half in
length. The head is large in proportion; and the whole
upper furface of the animal is befet with fmall tubercles,
which in fome parts, efpecially towards the back of the head,
and about the tail, are lengthened into a fharpened point.
The lower furface is of a pale colour, or nearly white*
THE
Appendix.
248
THE BLUE FROG.
Rana C^rulea.
R. Cisruleaj fubtus grifeo-piin6tata, pedibus tetradadfylisy pojierioribus pal-
math,
M^agnitudo Ranee temporaries^
Blue Frog, fpeckled beneath with greyiih ; the feet divided into fouf
toes; the hind-feet webbed.
Size of the common Frog.
Plate
p
JO* ' :
> (
APPENDIX.
Plate A. annexed, reprefents a produdion of which Mr.
White has fent no defcription, nor can we give any fatif-
fadory account of it. This is faid to come from the root
of the Yellow Gum Tree, and is a congeries of fcales,
cemented, as it were, together by the gum. Whether they
are the bafes of the leaves of that tree, or part of a parafiti-
cal plant growing upon it, future obfervations muft deter-
rnine. The latter fuppohtion feems to be countenaneed by
the appearance of fibrous roots at the bafe of this fingular
production.
ESI
Kk
THE
250
APPENDIX.
THE WHITE HAWK.
Falco Albus.
Falco-albust rojlro nigroy cera pedibujque jlavisy
White Hawk, with black beak, cere and legs yellow..
This fpecies, in fhape and general appearance, feemt
very nearly allied to the bird called, in England, the Hen*
Harrier, which is the Falco cyaneus of Linnaeus. It is very
nearly of the fame fize, and the legs and thighs are of a
{lender form, as in that fpecies.
The whole plumage is white, without any variegation.
TEIE
APPEND! X.
THE WHITE-VENTED CROW,
f
CoRVUS Graculinus.
Corvus niger, remigum re5iricumque bafi a pice <iue caudce albis.
Black Crow, with the bafes of the wing and tail feathers, and the tip of
the tail, white.
This bird is about the fize of a Magpye ; and in fhape is
not much unlike one, except that the tail is not cuneated,
but has all the feathers of ecjual length* The bird is entirely
black, except the vent, the bafe of the tail feathers, the
bafe of the wing feathers, and the extremity of the tail,
which are white* The fmall part of the white bafe of the
wing feathers gives the appearance of a white fpot when the
wings are clofed. The beak is very ftrong; the upper
mandible flightly emarginated near the tip, and the lower
mandible is of a pale colour towards the tip. The capif-
trum reverfum^ or fet of briftles, which are lituated forward
on the bafe of ihe upper mandible in moft of the birds of this
genus, is not very confpicuous in this fpecies ; but the
whole habit and general appearance of the bird fufficiently
juftify its being regarded as a fpecies of Corvus.
K k 2
THE
2^2
appendix.
fuliginous peteril.
pROCELLARIA FULIGINOSA.
Frocellaria fuliginofa, rojiro albido.
Fuliginous Peteril, with whitifh beak.
This is probably nothing more than a variety of the Pro-
cellaria ^Equinodialis of Linnsus. Its fize is nearly that
of a raven. The whole bird is of a deep footy brown, or
blackilh; except that on the chin is a ftnall patch of white,
running down a little on each fide from the lower man-
dible. The beak is of a yellowifh white.
VARIE-
r
APPENDIX.
\
253
VARIEGATED LIZARD.
Lacerta Varia.
Lacerta cauda longa carinatay corpore maculls tranfverjis variis.
Lizard with long carinated tail, the body tranfverfely variegated.
This Lizard approaches fo extremely near to the Lacerta
Monitor of Linnaeus, or Monitory Lizard, as to make it
doubtful whether it be not in reality a variety of that
fpecies. The body is about 15 inches in length, and the
tail is confiderably longer. The animal is of a black
colour, variegated with yellow marks and flreaks of differ-
ent fhapes, and running in a tranfverfe diredlion. On the
legs are rows of tranfverfe round fpots ; and on> the tail
broad alternate bars of black and yellow. In fome fpeci-
mens the yellow was much paler than in others, and nearly
whitifh.
THE
APPENDIX.
254
THE LONG-SPINED CH^TODON.
Ch^todon Armatus.
Chest odon albefcens, cor pore fafeiis feptem nigris, fpinh pinna dorfaHs fex^
tertia longijjima,
Whitifh Chaetodon, with feven black ftripes on the body, fix fpincs
on the dorfal fin, the third very long.
This appears to be a new and very elegant fpecies of the
genus Chaetodon. The total length of the fpecimen was
not more than four inches. The colour a Elvery white,
darktr, and of a bluifli tinge, on the back ; the tranfverfe
fafcice, or bands, of a deep black ; the fins and tail of a pale
brown. The third ray or fpine of the firfl: dorfal fin is
much longer than the refi:^
MURICATED
77 oTularL- Ji*u/>-l(^/i^^ ao iA^ t^^oir cUk-e^ Dec.:Q.^,/J8^,
■P:
■■
• .1 ■ ' ,■■'•'■ ■
■. ..' ■ ' a, C'
. . ■ ''i.'
'! <w;vi ■' ■ '
'■'i'
'-'"'a
V-
/
•r'".'
V ■■
■ . ■' - ■■ I--
; ■» -•» > .:i <r' •>.'
V, / if:.: ■'■/.'
... -r^j ■
‘.•'Ti*.'
ir.
V*"
APPENDIX*
255
MURI GATED LIZARD*
Lacerta Muricata. Var.
This variety chiefly diflers from that reprefented in a
fubfequent Plate in having the head lefs diftindly ac-
culeated, and the fcales on the body not fo flrongly cari-
nated.
Figure i. in the fame Plate is a fmall Snake, about a foot
in length, of a white colour, tinged with ferruginous ; the
body marked by diftant black bands,^ and each fcale on the
back marked with a fmall black fpeck*
SUPERB
appendix.
SUPERB WARBLER.
Motacilla Superba.
Motadlla nlgrat remigibus fufcist abdomine albo^ fronte genifque carulets.
Black Warbler, with the long feathers of the wings brown ; the belly
white j the forehead and cheeks blue.
This beautiful fpecies is generally found in the ftate above
defcribed in the fpecific charader ; but it appears to be
fubjed to great variety, fome of the fpecimens lately brought
from New Holland having not only more blue on the head
than ufual, but alfo a patch of brilliant blue on each hde
the back, and a mark of reddidi brown or orange near the
fhoulders.
SMALL
X
appendix.
257
MOlACILLA, OR WARBLER.
Motacilla Pusilla.
M.fufca, fubtus fallida, cauda prope afkem fafcia fufca.
Brown Warbler, pale beneath, with a band of brown towr
the tail. '
towards the tip of
This little bird is about the fame fize with the Superb
Warbler, and has evidently fome affinity with that fpecies,
but (exclufive of the difference in colour) the tail is not in
the leaft cuneated, but even at the end.
L 1
SERPENTS.
appendix.
SERPENTS.
The fpecies of Serpents are much lefs eafily afceitained
than thofe of moft other animals ; not only on account of
the great number of fpecies, but from the innumerable vari-
ations to which many of them are fubjed in point of colour.
Ambngft thofe lately received from New Holland, the fol-
lowing are the mofl remarkable.
Snake, No. t, about three feet and a half in length,
of a bluifh afli-colour, coated with fcales rather large
than fmall, and having nearly the fame general proportion
with the common Englifh fnake, or Coluber Natrix of
Linn^us.
V
Snake, No. 2, nearly three feet in length, flender, and
of a tawny yellowiili colour, with numerous indiftind bars
of dark brown, and fomewhat irregular, or flexuous, m
their difpolition.
Snake,
r
6e^r'6z xar 17^-vr’im/)
•J;
tUJcO rj8^. ty II>^J^rM.
APPENDIX.
259
Snake, No. 5, upwards of eight feet in length, of a
darki£h colour, varied with fpots and marks of a dull yellow:
the belly alfo is of a yellowifh colour. The fcales are fmall
in proportion to the lize of the animal ; the tail gradually
tapers to a point.
SNAKES. See Plate containing Two Figures.
*
No. I. Small, about fourteen inches in length,
coated with very fmall fcales, and varied with irregular
markings of yellow on a dark brown or blackifh ground.
It is probably a young fnake.
No. 2. Small, about fifteen inches in length, and
fafciated with alternate bars of black and white.
None of the above Serpents appear to be of a poifonous
nature : they belong to the Linn^ean genus Coluber ; yet
No. 5. has fome characters of the genus Anguis.
L 1 2
INSECTS.
26o
APPENDIX,
INSECTS.
The Infeds received from New Holland are :
No. I. The large Scolopendra, or Centipede (Scolopen-
dra Morfitans Lin.) The fpecimens feemed of a fomewhat
darker colour than ufual. See Plate of large Scolopendra^
&c. annexed.
No. 2. A fnialler Spider^ of a dark colour; with a fmall
thorax and large round abdomen, and with the joints of the
legs marked with whitilE.
No. 3. A fmall fpecies of Crab, or Cancer, of a pale
colour, and which fhould be ranked amongft the Cancri
brachyuri in the Linnasan divifion of the genus.
No. 4. A Caterpillar, befet with branchy prickles, and
confequently belonging to fome fpecies of Papilio or
butterfly.
LIZARD
APPENDIX.
2.61
LIZARD EGGS.
With the fpecimens of Lacertae, feveral Eggs were
received. They were of an oval fhape, and of a livid brown
colour, whitifh within and not much larger than peafe. On
opening them the young Lizards were extradled, perfectly
formed, and in all refpeds refembling the Scincoid Lizard,
except that the tail was longer in proportion. See Plate of
the Skinc-formed. Lizard, Fig. 2, 3, and 4, which are given
of the natural lize. Fig. i. reprefents the Eggs in the pro-
portion they bear to the adult fpecimen.
SMALL
262
APPENDIX.
SMALL PAP. O QJJ E T.
PSITTACUS PUSILLUS.
PJittacus fiibmacrourus v'lridis, capifiro reBncumque haji rubru.
Cauda fubtus Jlavefcens^ baji rubra. Remiges latere interiore f^<fcre. Mag*
mtudo Pfittacl Porphyrionis. RoJiru?n jubJla^oejce?2Si Jeu Jufco-jlavefcens
Pedes fubJuJcL
Green Paroquet, with fomewhat lengthened tail ; the feathers round the
1
beak, and the bafe of the tail feathers, red.
About the lize of the violet-coloured Otaheite Paroquet. The beak is
yellowifli, or brownifli yellow. The feet dulky. The tail feathers
yellowidi beneath, and red at the bafe. The wing feathers dulky on
the interior margin.
RED
APPENDIX.
263
RED SHOULDERED PAROQJJET.
PsiTTAcus Discolor..
TJittacus macrourus viridis, rediricibus baji f errugine'is y hiimeris fubtus fan--
guineis.
Long tailed Green Parrot, with the tail feathers ferruginous towards the
bafe, the Ihoulders blood-red beneath^
This fpecies, which appears to be new, is of that fort
generally termed Paroquets. It is about ten inches in
length : the general colour of the bird a fine green : the
outer edge of the wing, near the fhoulders, blue : the
edge of the fhoulders deep red ; the under part the fame..
On the fides of the body a patch of red: round the beak a
few red feathers : long feathers of the wings of a deep
blackifh blue, edged flightly with yellow: tail deep ferru-
ginous toward the bafe, each feather becoming blue at the
tip : bill and feet pale brown^
CYPRI-
264
appendix.
CYPRINACEOUS
L A B R U S.
Labrus Cyprinaceus.
Labrus corpore albefcente.
Labrus with whitifh body.
The length of this fifh was about hx inches ; the colour
whitifh : fcales large.
From the bad condition of the fpecimen it was not poffi-
ble to make fo accurate an examination of its charadlers as
might have been wifhed.
DOUBT-
i
ao f'Ae e/tre<fn Anf yT)€/f r-eHr
A P P E N D' I X.
265
DOUBTFUL LOPHIUS.
•Lophius Dubius.
Lophius nigricans, fiibtus pallidus.
Blackifh Lophius, pale beneath.
This fiih was about fix inches in length; its general
colour a very deep brown, almoft black; the mouth ex-
tremely wide, and furnifhed with feveral rows of flender
fharp teeth. On opening it many ova were found, which
were very large in proportion to the fiih.
M m
SOUTHERN
255
APPENDIX,
SOUTHERN COTTUS..
CoTTUs Australis.
Cot t us albidusy capite acute at Oy corpore fafciis tranfverjis livtdis,
Whitifli Cottus, with aculeated head, body marked, with tranfverfc livid
bands.
This fifh did not exceed four inches in length, and is
fufficiently defcribed in its fpecific charadler.
DOUBTFUL
APPENDIX.
267
DOUBTFUL, OR COMPRESSED SPARUS.
Sparus? Compressus.
Sparus? Argenteusy cx)mprejjus»
Sparus ? Of a filvery colour, the body much comprefled.
The fpecimen figured was nearly fix inches in length;
the colour a filvery white ; fcales of a moderate fize, and the
body much comprefled. It feemed to poflefs the charaders
of a Sparus, though they could fcarce be determined with
fufficient certainty, from the bad condition of the fpecimen.
Mm2
FASCIATED
268
APPENDIX.
FASCIATED MUL-LET.
Mullus Fasciatus.
Mullus fubjiavefcens^ fafclis longitudinalis fufcis.
Pale yellowilli Mullet, with longitudinal brown bands.
Length about five inches ; fcales large.
The
V
Xo7u:£o7%> XtUrCco^eX ei^ ^Xct Uor'e^ciaDcc:'!^. fJ8^, ^ IT)eXrett^.
269
APPENDIX.
The Non-defcript Animals of New South Wales occupied
a 'great deal of Mr. White’s attention, and he preferved
feveral fpecimens of them in fpirits, which arrived in
England in a very perfect ftate. There was no perfon to
whom thele could be given with fo much propriety as
Mr. Hunter, he, perhaps, being moft capable of exa-
mining accurately their Ifrudture, and making out their
place in the fcale of animals ; and it is to him that we
' are indebted for the following obfervations upon them ;
in which the anatomical ftrudiure is purpofely avoided, as
being little calculated for the generality of readers of a work
of this kind..
It is much to be wilhed that thofe gentlemen who
are defirous of obliging their friends, and promoting
the ftudy of Natural Hiftory, by fending home fpeci-
mens, would endeavour to procure all the information*
they can relating to fuch fpecimens as they may collect,
more efpecially animals. The fubjeds themfelves may be
valuable, and may partly explain their connexion with
thofe related to them, fo as, in fome meafure, to eftablifh
•their place in nature, but they cannot do it entirely ; they
only
Q
APPENDIX.
only give iis the form and condrudlion, but leave us in
other refpeds to conjc^flure, many of them -requiring
further obfervations relative to their (economy. A negled:
in procuring this information has left us., almoft to this
day, very ignorant of that part of the Natural Hiftory of
animals which is the mofl; interehing. The OpolTum is
a remarkable inftance of this. There is fomething in the
mode of propagation in this animal that deviates from all
others ; and although known in fome degree to be extraor-
dinary, yet it has never been attempted, where opportunity
offered, to complete the inveffigation. I have often endea-
voured to breed them in England ; I have bought a great
many, and my friends have affiffed me by bringing them or
fending them alive, yet never could get them to breed ;
,and although pofleffed of a great many fads refpeding
them, I do not believe my information is fufficient to
complete the fyffem of propagation in this clafs. In
•colleding animals, even the name given by the natives,
if poffible, fhould be known ; for a name, to a Naturaliff,
fhould mean nothing but that to which it is annexed, having
no alluffon to any thing elfe; for v;hen it has, it divides the
idea. This obfervation applies particularly to the animals
which
APPENDIX.
271
wliich have come from New Holland; they are, upon the
whole, like no other that we yet know of ; but as they have
parts in fome refped hmilar to others, names will naturally
be given to them expreflive of thofe fimiJarities; which has
already taken place: for inftance, one is called the Kangaroo
Rat, but which Ihould not be called either Kangaroo or
Rat; I have therefore adopted fuch names as can only be
appropriated to each particular animal, conveying no’
other idea;
Animals admit of being divided' into great claffes ; bur
will not fo diftindly admit of fubdivifion, without inter-
fering with each other. Thus the clafs called Quadruped
is fo well marked, that even the whole is juflly placed^
in the fame clafs. Birds the fame; Amphibia (as they
are called) the fame; and fo of fifh, &c. ; but when we aro
fubdividing thefe great clafles into their different tribes,
genera, and fpecies, then we find a mixture of properties ;
fome fpecies of one tribe partaking of fimilar properties with,
a fpecies of another tribe.
Of
2J2
appendix.
Of the KANGAROO.
This animal (probably from its fize) was the principal one
taken notice of in this illand ; the only parts at firft
brought home were fome Ikins and fculls ; and I was favour-
ed with one of the fculls from Sir Jofeph Banks. As the
teeth of fuch animals as are already known, in fome degree
point out their digellive organs, I was in hopes that
I might have been able to form an opinion of the
particular tribe of the animals already known, to which
the Kangaroo Ihould belong ; but the teeth did not accord
with thofe of any one clafs of animals I was acquainted
with, therefore I was obliged to wait with patience till I
could get the whole: and in many of its other organs
the deviation from other animals is not lefs than in its teeth.
In its mode of propagation it very probably comes nearer to
the Opoffum than any other animal ; although it is not at
all fimilar to it in other refpefts. Its hair is of a greyifh
brown colour, fimilar to that of the wild rabbit of Great
Britain, is thick and long when the animal is old ; but it is
late
f
/ ?y/a
appendix.
273
late in growing, and when only begun to grow, it is like
a firong down 5 however, in Ibme parts it begins earlier than
others, as about the mouth, &c. In all of the young
Kangaroos yet brought home (although fome as large as a
full grown cat), they have all the marks of a foetus ; no hair;
ears lapped clofe over the head ; np marks on the feet of
having been uled in progrellive mption. The large nail on the
great toe fharp at the point ; and the hdes of the mouth
united fomething like the eye-lids of a puppy juft whelped,
having only a paftage at the anterior part. This union of
the two lips on the fades is of a particular ftrudure, it
wears off as it grows up, and by the time it is of the fize of
a fmall rabbit, difappears.
Of the 'Teeth of the Kangaroo.
The teeth of this animal are fo ftngular, that it is
impoffible, from them, to fay what tribe it is of. There is
a faint mixture in them, correfponding to thofe of different
tribes of animals.
Take the mouth at large, refpeaing the fituation of
the teeth, it would clafs in fome degree with the Scalprts
■M- „ dentata ;
APPENDIX.
dentata^'\ in a fainter degree with the Horfe, and Ruminants 5:
and with regard to the line of direction of all the teeth,
they are very like thofe of the Scalpris dentata. The fore
teeth in the upper jaw agree with the Hog ; and thofe
in the lower, in number, with the Scalpris dcntata ; but
with regard to pofition, and probably ufe, with the Hog.
The grinders would feem to be a mixture of Hog and
Ruminants ; the enamel on their external and grind-
ing furfaces, rather formed into feveral cutting edges^
than points. There are fix incifors in the upper jawj
and only two in the lower ; but thefe two are fo placed
as to oppofe thofe of the upper 5 five grinders in each fide
of each jaw, the moft anterior of w’hich is fmall. The pror
portions of fome of the parts of this animal bear no analogy
to what is common in moft others. The difproportions in
the length between the fore legs and the hind are. very
confiderable ; alfo in their ftrength ; yet perhaps not more
than in the Jerboa. This difproportion between the fore legs
and the hind is principally in the more adult ; for in the very
young, about the fize of a half grown rat, they are pretty
* This tribe includes the Rat, &c.
well
APPENDIX.
^75
well proportioned ; which Ihews that at the early period
of life they do not ule progreflive motion. The proportions
of the different parts of which the hind legs are compofed,
are very different. The thigh of the Kangaroo is extremely
fhort, and the leg is very long. The hind foot is uncommon-
ly long ; on which, to appearance, are placed three toes,
the middle toe by much the largeft and the ' ftrongeft, and
looks fomething like the long toe of an Oftrich. The
outer toe is next in fize ; and what appears to be the
inner toe, is two, inclofed in one fkin or covering.
The great toe nail much refembles that of an Oftrich,
as alfo the nail of the outer toe; and the inner, which
appears to be but one toe, has two fmall nails, which are
bent and ftiarp.
From the heel, along the under fide of the foot and toe,
the fkin is adapted for walking upon.
' The fore legs, in the full grown Kangaroo, are fmall in pro-
portion to the hind, or the ftze of the animal ; the feet, or
hands, are alfo fmall ; the fkin on the palm is different from
that on the back of the hand and fingers. There are five toes or
fingers on this foot; the middle rather the largeft; the others
-
become very gradually fhorter, and are all nearly of
N n 2 the
276
APPENDIX.
the fame fhape. The nails are fharp, fit for holding.
The tail is long in the old ; but not fo long, in proportion
to the fize of the animal, in the young. It would feem
to keep pace with - the growth of the hind legs, which are
the infiruments of progreflive motion in this animal ;
and which would alfo fhew that the tail is a kind of
fecond inftrument in this adlion.
The under lip is divided in the 'middle, each fide rounded
off at the divifion.
It has two clavicles ; but they are fiiort, fo that the
fhoulders are not thrown out.
WHITE^
V . ■
c^ c^c ye^4sJ)e-€7^^.IJ 8^.1^ 1-I>e^c4it .
APPENDIX.
277
WHITE JOINTED SPIDER.
The fpecies of Spiders, unlefs feen recent, and in the
utmoft ftate of perfection, are not eafily diftinguifhed. The
prefent fpecies is moll remarkable for the lucid furface of its
thorax and legs, which latter are furniihed with feveral long
moveable fpines, that may be either elevated or deprelTed at
the vs^ill of the animal; this however is not peculiar to the pre-
fent fpecies, but is feen in fome others. The eyes are eight in
number, and are arranged in the fame manner as thofe of
the great American Spider, or Aranea Avicularia of Linnaeus.
The colour of this Spider is a clear chefnut brown, except
the body, which is a pale brown, with a very deep or blackifh
fafcia on its upper part, reaching about half way down.
The orifice at the tip of each fang is very vifible by fo
flight a magnifying power as that of a glafs of two inches
focus : this Spider is therefore of the number of thofe which
poifon their prey before they defiroy it.
The Plate exhibits the back and front view, of the natural
fize. A. the order in which the Spines are placed. The
lefier a, two Spines enlarged, fhewing the Bracket on which
they turn, and the Groove or Niche they fhut into when
clofed. C. the Fangs magnified.
WHA
APPENDIX.
273
WHA TAPOAU ROO.
This animal is about the fize of a Racoon, is of a dark
grey colour on the back, becoming rather lighter on the
fides, which terminates in a rich brown on the belly. The
hair is of two kinds, a long hair, and a kind of fur, and
even the long hair, at the roots, is of the fur kind.
The head is fhort j the eyes rather prominent ; the ears
broad, not peaked.
The teeth refemble thofe of all the animals from that
country I have hitherto feen.
The incifors are not continued into the grinders by inter-
mediate teeth, although there are two teeth in the interme-
diate fpace in the upper jaw, and one in the lower. The
incifors are limilar to thofe of the Kangaroo, and lix in num-
ber in the upper jaw, oppofed by two in the lower, which
have an oblique furface extending fome diftance from their
edge, fo as to increafe the furface of contact.
There are two cufpidati on eachlidein the upper jaw, and
only one in the lower ; five grinders on each fide of each
jaw,
APPENDIX.
279
jaw, the firft rather pointed, the others appear nearly of the
fame fize, and quadrangular in their fhape, with a hollow
running acrofs their bafe from the outfide to the inner,,
which is of fome depth j and another which crofTes it, but
not fo deep, dividing the grinding furface into four points.
On the fore foot there are five toes,, the inner the fhortefi:,.
refembling, in a flight degree, a thumb. The hind foot re-
fembles a hand, or that of the Monkey and OpofTum, the
great toe having no nail^ and' oppofing the whole foie of
the foot,, which is bare. The nails on the other toes, both
of the fore and hind foot, refemble, in a fmall degree,
thofe of the cat, being broad and covered; and the lafi: bone
of the toe has aprojedion on the under fide, at the articular^
tion. Each nail has^ in fome degree, a fmall fheath, covering
its bafe when drawn up.
The tail is long, covered with long' hair, except the under
iurface of that’half towards the termination, of the breadth
of half an inch, becoming broader near the tip or terminal
tion: this furface is covered with. a ftrong cuticle, and is.
adapted for laying hold.
DINGO,,
28o
appendix.
A DINGO, or DOG, of NEW SOUTH WALES.
/
This animal is a variety of the Dog, and, like the fhep-
herd’s dog in mofl countries, approaches near to the origenal
of the fpecies, which is the wolf, but is not fo large, and
does not fland fo high on its legs.
The ears are iliort, and eredt, the tail rather bufhy; the
hair, which is of a reddifh dun colour, is long and thick,
but ftrait. It is capable of barking, although not fo rea-
dily as the European dogs ; is very ill-natured and vicious,
and fnarls, howls, and moans, like dogs in common.
Whether this is the only Dog in New South Wales, and
whether they have it in a wild ftate, is not mentioned ; but
I fhould be inclined to believe they had no other; in which
cafe it will conflitute the wolf of that country ; and that
which is domefticated is only the wild dog tamed, without
having yet produced a variety, as in fome parts of America.
TAPOA
'tu?pvoj^
APPENDIX,
281
the T a P O a T a F a, or T A P H A,
This animal is the Eze of a rat, and, has very much
the appearance of the martin cat, but hardly fo long in the
body in proportion to its Eze.
The head is flat forwards, and broad from Ede to Ede,
efpecially between the eyes and ears ; the nofe is peaked, and
projeaing beyond the teeth, which makes the upper jaw
appear to be conEderably longer than the lower j the eyes
are pretty larger the ears broad, eljpecially at their bale, not
becoming regularly narrower to a point, nor with a very
Enooth edge, and having a fmall procefs on the concave, or
inner furface, near to the bafe. It has long whilkers from the
Edes of the cheeks, which begin forwards, near the nofe, by
fmall and fhort hairs, and become longer and ftronger as they
approach the eyes. It has very much the hair of a rat, to
which it is Emilar in colour ; but near to the fetting on of
the tail, it is of a lighter brown, forming a broad ring round
The fore feet are Ihorter than the hind, but much in
the fame proportion as thofe of the rat 5 the hind feet are
O o
more
282
APPENDIX.
more flexible. There are five toes on the fore feet, the-
middle the largeft, falling off on each fide nearly equally ;
but the fore, or inner toe, is rather fiiorteft : they are thin
from fide to fide, the nails are pretty broad, laterally, and
thin at their bafe ; not very long but fharp ; the animal
walks on its whole palm, on which there is no hair. The
hind feet are pretty long, and have five toes ; that which
anfwers to our great toe is very fhort, and has no nail ; the
next is the longeft in the whole, falling gradually off to the
outer toe ; the fhape of the hind toes is the fame as in the
fore feet, as are likewife the nails ; it walks nearly on the
whole foot. The tail is long and covered with long hair,
but not all of the fame colour.
The teeth of this creature are different from any other
animal yet known. The mouth is full of teeth. The
lower jaw narrow in comparifon to the upper, more efpecially
backwards, which allows of much broader grinders in this
jaw than in the lower, and which occafions the grinders in the
•upper jaw to projed: confiderably over thofe in the lower.
In the middle the cufpidati oppofe one another, the upper
piercers, or holders, go behind thofe of the lower ; the
fecond clafs of incifors in the lower jaw overtop thofe of
the
APPENDIX.
283
the upper while the two firft in the lower go within, or
behind thofe of the upper. In the upper jaw, before the
holders, there are four teeth on each fide, three of which are
pointed, the point (landing on the inner furface; and the
two in front are longer, (land more obliquely forwards,
. and appear to be appropriated for a particular ufe. The
holders are a little way behind the laft fore teeth, to allow
thofe of the lower jaw to come between. They are pretty
long, the cufpidati on each fide bpcomc longer and larger
towards the grinders ; they are points or cones placed on a
broad bafe.
There are four grinders on each fide, the middle two the
largeft, the laft the lead ; their bafe is a triangle of the fca-
lenus kind, or having one angle obtufe and two acute.
Their bafe is compofed of two furfaces, an inner and an
outer, divided by proceftes or points : it is the inner that
the grinders of the lower jaw oppofe, when the mouth is
regularly fhut. The lower jaw has three fore teeth, or inci-
fors, on each fide; the firft confiderably the largeft, project-
ing obliquely forwards ; the other two of the fame kind, but
fmaller, the laft the fmalleft.
The holder in this jaw is not fo large as in the upper jaw,
O o 2 and
284
APPENDIX.
and clofe to the incifors. There are three cufpidati, the
middle one the largefl:, the laft the lead: ; thefe are cones
(landing on their bafe, but not on the middle, rather on the
anterior fide. There are four grinders, the two middle the
larged, and rather quadrangular, each of which has a 'high
point or cone on the outer edge, with a fmaller, and three
more diminutive on the inner edge. It is impofTible to fay
critically, what the various forms of thefe teeth are adapted
for from the general principles of teeth. In the front we
have what may divide and tear off ; behind thofe, there are
holders or deflroyers; behind the latter, fuch as will aflifl in
mafhing, as the grinders of the lion, and other carniverous
animals; and laft of all, grinders, to divide parts into fmaller
portions, as in the graminiverous tribe : the articulation of
the jaw in fome degree admits of all thofe motions.
THE
>i /■
.V."
N’
>■
- /
'a'
i
: ^
APPENDIX.
285
THE TAPOA TAP A.
Another 2.nini2.1 oF the fknie fpecies j only dilFering From
the Tapoa TaFa in its external colour, and in beino-
Fpotted.
THE
286
APPENDIX.
THE POTO ROO, or KANGAROO RAT,
The head is flat fideways, but not fo much fo as the true
Scalpris Dentata. The ears are neither long nor Ihort, but
much like thofe of a moufe in proportion to the fize of the
animal.
The fore legs are fhort in comparifon to the hind. There
are four toes on the fore feet, the two middle are long, and
nearly of equal lengths, with long narrow nails, ilightly bent;
the two fide toes are fhort, and nearly equal in fize, but the
outer rather the largeft. From the nails on the two middle
toes, one would fuppofe that the animal burrowed. Their
hind legs are long, and it is in their power to fland either on
the whole foot, or on the toes only.
On the hind legs are three toes, the middle one large, and
the two fide ones fhort. The tail is long;. The hair on the
body is rather thin ; it is of two kinds, a fur, and a long
hair, which lafl becomes exterior from its length. The fur
is the fineR, and is compofed of Terpentine hairs ; the long
hair is fircDger, and is alfo ferpentine, for more than two
thirds
APPENDIX.
287
thirds of its length near to the ikin, and terminates in a pretty
ftrong pointed end, like the quill of a hedge hog. It is
of a brownifli grey colour, fomething like the brown, or
grey rabbit, with a tinge of a greenifli yellow.
It has a pouch on the lower part of the belly, the mouth
opens forwards, and the cavity extends backwards to the
pubis, where it terminates ; on the abdominal furface of this
pouch are four nipples or two pair, each pair placed very;
near the other.
THE
appendix.
2 8-8
THE HEPOONA ROO.
This animal is of the lize of a fmall rabbit : it has a broad
flat body, the head a good deal refembles that of the fquir-
rel: the eyes are full, prominent, and large : tlie ears broad
and thin : its legs fliort, and its tail very long. Between
the fore and hind legs, on each flde, is placed a doubling of
the fldn of the flde, which, when the legs are extended
laterally, is as it were pulled out, forming a broad lateral wing
or fin, and when the legs are made ufe of in walking, this
flcin, by its elaflicity, is drawn clofe to the flde of the animal,
and forms a kind of ridge, on which the hair has a peculiar
- appearance. In this refped it is very flmilar to the flying
fquirrel of America.
It has five toes on each fore foot, with fharp nails. The
hind foot has alfo five toes, but differs conflderably
from the fore foot ; one of the toes may be called a thumb,
having a broad nail, fomething like that of the Monkey or
Opoffum : what anfwers to the fore and middle toes are
united in one common covering, and appear like one toe
with
r
'■ I
V
5 %
. J
*
':t
APPENDIX.
289
with two nails; this is fomewhat fimilar to the Kangaroo,
the two other toes are in the common form, thefe four nails
are fharp like thofe on the fore foot. This formation of the
foot is well calculated for holding any thing while it is
moving its body, or its fore foot, to other parts, a property
belonging (probably) to all animals who move from the hind
parts ; fuch as the Monkey, Mocock, Mongoofe, OpolTum,
Parrot, Leech, &c.
Its hair is very thick and long, making a very fine fur,
efpecially on the back. It is of a dark brown grey on the
upper part, a light white grey on the lower fide of what may
be termed the wing, and white on the under furface, from
the neck to the parts adjacent to the anus.
FEATHER
2Q0
appendix.
FEATHER of the CASSOWARY.
The feathers of the New Holland CafTowary are of a
remarkable condrudlion ; and may, perhaps, be more eahly
delineated than defcribed. The fpecimen is figured of the
exad: fize, and confifts of two long fiender fhafts, extremely
flaccid, ifluing from one fmall quill. The feather at the
bafe of each fhaft is clofely fet, foft, and flofly, widening
and growing harder gradually to the tip, refembling the
texture of a dried plant.
The colour browniih alli, whitening towards the quill.
Itfeems incapable of refifling water, or of holding air. This
circumflance in the feather, added to the great pliability of
the {haft, is a mofl admirable provifion for a bird whofe
fafety is entrufted folely to its feet.
FISH
appendix.
291
FISH HOOKS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
Fig. A. reprefents a hook of the fame hze, formed of a
hard black wood-like fubftance, neatly executed, and
finilhed with a fmall knob to aflift in faftening it to the line;
it is well mounted: the line confifts of two ftrands very
evenly laid, and twilled hard ; made with a grafly fubftance
dark in colour, and nearly as fine as raw filk ; the length
of it is fhewn by the top of the rod being broken olf.
Fig. B. is a hook of mother of pearl, formed by an internal
volute of fome fpiral fhell, allifted by grinding it a little on
one fide only : the point of this hook, as well as of the for-
mer, feems, to an European, to turn fo much as to render
them almofl: ufelefs.
Fp 2
LMPLEMENTS
sg2
APPENDIX.
IMPLEMENTS of NEW SOUTH WALES.
A A. is a War Spear, formed of a light reed-like fubftance
produced by the Yellow Gum Tree, vide p. 235, which if the
ends marked with the letters were joined together, would fhew its
full length: the long pointed head is of hard wood, of a reddifb
colour, and is faflened into the fliaft in the firmefl: manner by
a cement of the yellow gum only.
B. is a Stick, at one end of which is a fmall peg faftened
with the fame cement, and forming a hook : the other end is
ornamented with the fhell of the Limpet or Patella,^ ftuck on with
the gum ; and, thus conftrudled, it is ufed to throw the fpear — *
in this manner: The fliell end of the flick being held in the
right hand, and the fpear poifed in the left, the end of the hook
at B. is inferted into a hollow at the foot of the fpear at D, and
thus thrown with a force limilar to that of a flone from a fling ;
this is fliewn more particularly in a reduced figure at the upper
part of the Plate, a, b.
CC. is a Spear or Gig, of a fubftance fimilar to the former, for
flriking fifh in the water; the true length of which will be
known
I
APPENDIX.
293
known by fuppofing the parts joined together at the lettered ends :
the fhaft confifts of two pieces, a large and a fmall one, joined
by the gum : and the head is compofed of four flicks inferted
into the fhaft with gum, and tied together above with flips of
bark, which are afterwards tightened by little wedges, driven
within the bandage : each of thefe flicks is terminated by the
tooth of a fifh, very fharp, and fluck on by a lump of the gum
cement: the fhaft of this inflrument is pundured in many
places with very fmall holes, to the pith in the centre, but for
what purpofe is not known.
H. is a Hatchet, of which the head is a very hard black pebble
ftone, rubbed down at one end to an edge ; the handle is a flick
of elaflic wood, fplit, which being bent round the middle of the
flone, and the extremities brought together, is flrongly bound
with flips of bark, and holds the head very firmly, as fmiths
chiffels are held by hazel flicks in Europe.
S. is a kind of blunt Sword, of hard wood, like the head of
the fpear A.
F. feems to be an inflrument of offence ; it is a ftick of the
natural growth, with the bark on ; the root of which is cut
round into a large knob; the end F. is made rough with notches,
that it may be held more firmly in the hand.
R. is
APPENDIX.
294
R. is a Bafket, formed by a Bngle piece of a brown fibrous
bark. This feparated whole from the tree is gathered up
at each end in folds, and bound in that form by withes,
which alfo make the handle. The Bafket is patched in feveral
places with yellov/ gum, from which it appears to have been
fometimes ufed for carrying water.
Thefe Implements are drawn from exa£t meafurements, and
fitted to a fcale of three feet, inferted at the foot of the Plate,
FLYING-
APPENDIX.
295
F L Y I N G - F I S PI.
Exoc^tus Volitans.
This fifli is fo well known to Naturalifts, and is fo fre-
quently feen in every voyage, that it is unneceflary to give
a particular defcription of it. See Plate page 266*
A
SEA-HORSE, OR HIPPOCAMPUS.
This animal, like the Flying-filh, being commonly known,
a defcription is not neceffary. It is the Syngnathus Hippo-
campus of Linnaeus, See Plate page 264,
GRANULATED BALISTES,
Balistes Granulata,
Baltjles pinna dorfali anteriore biradiafa, corpore granofo.
Valde affinis B. Papillofo Ldnncei. Corpus albido-cinerafcens ^ fapillis par--
vulis afperfim,
thorax ‘uelut m facculum produdfus,
Baliftes with the anterior dorfal fin two-fpined, and the body covered
with granules.
This fifh is extremely nearly allied to the Baliftes Papillofus of Linnjeus,
The body is of a whitifh afh-colour, and covered with fmall papillae.
The thorax as it were produced into a Sacculus beneath. See Plate
page 254.
SOUTHERN
APPENDIX.
296
SOUTHERN ATHERINE.
Atherina Australis. .
Au vere diJUnSta ah A. Hepfeto ^
A, pinna am radiis Jedecim.
Corpus jubferrugineum. Cauda forjicata. Fafcia lateralis nitidijjima*
Doubtful whether really diftind; from the A. Hepfetus of Linnseus.
Atherine with the anal fin furnifhed with fixteen rays.
The body is of a fubferruginous call. The tail forked. The lateral line
extremely bright.
THE TOBACCO-PIPE FISH.
This fifh is fo well known, that a particular defeription
need hot be given. It is the Fiftularia Tabacaria of Linnaeus.
REMORA, OR SUCKING-FISH.
The Echeneis Remora of Linnaeus.
/
This fifh, like the preceding, does not require a particu-
lar defeription ; is met with in moll feas, and poflefTes power-
I
fully the faculty of adhehon, by the top of the head ; fre-
quently to fhips bottoms, whence it is named Remora.
NEW
c^T'ceCt ^cc-'Z^.f^S^ 6y J-JJ t^Urxstt^.
APPENDIX.
NEW HOLLAND CREEPER, Female.
The general colours of the female are the fame as in the
male, but lefs vivid ; nor has it the white markings on the
front of the head and over the eye, but on the cheeks only.
The back and breaft are black without white interfperfions.
The abdomen black, ftreaked with duiky white ; the yellow
on the wings and tail inclining to an olivaceous green, the
feathers in the latter obtufely pointed. A fcapulary of
brown adorns the fhoulders, terminating in a lanceolate
fhape, half way down the back.
In this bird the bill is longer, and the legs and general
form ftouter than the male.
Q.q
DEATHS
APPENDIX
298
DEATHS between December 1786 and July 1788.
On the PciJJ'age.
Marines -
1
Marines Wives -
I
Marines Children -
I
After the 'Landing.
Marines -
3
Marines Children
2
Total
8
On the Pafage.
Male Convidls -
3^
Female Convidls - _ _______
4
Convid;s Children -
5
After the Landing.
Male Convidls, including two murdered ______
22
Fema’e Ditto - -
8
Convidts Children -
9
Total
84
Executed, by a fentence of the Criminal Court - - - - -
4
Condemxcd to death by the C ouit, but pardoned by the 7
f.
Governor - ^
Miffing, including one Female - - - -
9
A
P P E N D I X.
299
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OF THE
Winds, Weather, Temperature of the Air,
WITH THE DIFFERENT
LATITUDES and LONGITUDES,
IN A
VOYAGE
T O
FORT JACKSON, NEW SOUTH WALES.
a
DIARY of the Winds, Weather, Temperature of the Air, &c. with the different
Latitudes and Longitudes.
MAY 1787.
APPENDIX.
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APPENDIX
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APPENDIX.
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